露采矿山台阶边坡结构面特性与破坏机制分析

基于四川峨胜露天矿山台阶边坡的结构面特征,结合离散单元软件3DEC对台阶边坡进行模拟,研究台阶边坡破坏机制。结果表明:(1)受区域地质构造影响,研究区域的优势结构面倾角较陡,且产状与构造迹线相关;(2)矿区台阶边坡变形破坏模式主要为平面滑动和楔形体破坏,发生倾倒破坏的可能性小;(3)边坡整体变形小,在结构面贯穿的位置有位移突变和增大的现象,临空面的楔形体出露后发生崩塌掉块,局部稳定性降低;(4)台阶边坡破坏机制为拉裂-滑移-崩塌,可分为三个阶段:弹性变形阶段,渐进变形阶段和变形破坏阶段。     

间歇型降雨对堆积层斜坡变形破坏的物理模拟研究

为研究间歇型降雨作用下缓倾堆积层斜坡的变形破坏特征,以樱桃沟滑坡为例,进行了降雨作用下斜坡变形破坏的物理模拟研究。试验结果表明：前期降雨作用下坡体变形特征表现为前缘滑移沉陷、中部滑移、后缘沉陷、坡体裂缝生成,且前缘裂缝扩张明显,后期降雨作用下坡脚区域首先发生滑塌,然后依次向后缘传递发生逐阶滑塌破坏;降雨入渗易在基岩面上储存,形成暂态地下水位、高孔隙水压力区域和坡向渗流场,基岩面附近土体饱水时间长,软化程度高,抗剪强度弱化显著,边坡易沿基覆界面土层发生滑坡;坡体滑动易发生在降雨间歇期,触发特征表现为雨后坡体暂态饱和区水分和坡表积水持续下渗,导致地下水位上升滞后于降雨,造成坡体内浮托力、渗透力和孔隙水压力增大,有效应力降低,诱发滑坡。     

大型堆积体边坡基-覆界面及坡面动态响应特性试验研究

地震动力作用下堆积体边坡的变形破坏受多种因素影响,为研究基-覆界面及坡面倾角对松散堆积体边坡的动力响应影响,通过室内物理模型试验,模拟了水平向振动荷载作用下包含不同倾角的基-覆界面和坡面的堆积体边坡的变形破坏过程。试验结果表明,堆积体边坡的破坏模式由基-覆界面及坡面倾角共同控制,当基-覆界面倾角在一定范围内(15°)时边坡只发生浅表部局部滑塌破坏,不会发生沿基-覆界面的整体下滑;随着基-覆界面倾角的增大,边坡破坏形式由局部滑塌逐渐转变为以整体下滑为主;坡面坡度控制着边坡局部滑塌的范围。     

贵州某填方边坡滑塌变形破坏监测与治理

以贵州岩溶区某机场高填方边坡滑塌破坏为工程实例,根据边坡的地质勘察资料及现场调查情况,阐述了该高填方边坡滑塌变形破坏特征.根据变形监测的数据,详细分析了滑塌体的空间运行状态、变形破坏过程及变形机制,即下伏地层发生过大沉降变形时,导致了上部土体发生滑塌变形破坏,其特点是以沉降变形为主,兼有明显水平滑移.并介绍了治理措施及治理后的效果.     

永吉高速公路黑潭坪边坡三维稳定性研究

通过对永吉高速公路黑潭坪边坡的野外调查,详细地了解了研究区工程地质条件,探讨了边坡变形破坏机理,结合室内试验和计算反演获取岩土体强度参数,在此基础上建立三维地质模型,运用FLAC3D数值分析软件采用强度折减法对不同工况下的坡体稳定性进行详细分析并提出治理建议。研究表明:(1)边坡变形破坏是内外因素综合作用的结果,岩土体性质不良是边坡变形破坏的内在因素,坡脚便道开挖和地表水下渗是边坡变形破坏的诱导因素;(2)强度折减法应用于边坡三位稳定性分析具有较好的适用性;(3)数值模拟显示采用削坡结合锚固的综合治理措施具有明显的效果。     

古王陵变形破坏机理及稳定性研究——以国家重点文物高句丽太王陵为例

本文在现场工程地质条件及变形破坏特征勘察的基础上,对高句丽太王陵的稳定性进行了研究,并用三维有限差分程序FLAC3D对陵体在自重和渗流场藕合作用下的应力和变形规律进行了研究。研究表明:(1)太王陵出现的条石内倾、条石拉开等变形是由其本身的结构特点及其在自重作用下形成的;(2)持力层承载力不足,地基失稳是引起该国家重点文物破坏的主要原因;(3)陵坡滑移是由于本身安全储备较低,在地基失稳和地震等的共同作用下引发的。     

开挖条件下含陡倾结构面顺层岩质边坡破坏模式与稳定性预测

顺层岩质边坡易发生失稳破坏,当边坡中发育有顺坡向陡倾结构面时,更不利于边坡稳定。以贵州某水电站大坝左岸含陡倾结构面顺层边坡为例,在综合分析地质条件及开挖扰动的基础上,结合离散元软件UDEC,分析了边坡的变形破坏模式和稳定性。研究结果表明,边坡可能发生的变形破坏模式主要有滑移、拉裂—滑移两种;自然状况下及开挖后,边坡都有沿断层f_9、卸荷裂隙L_1及岩层面发生滑移的趋势,且工程开挖导致边坡沿该结构面发生内部滑动;对边坡采用预应力锚索加固后,变形得到有效控制,位移数值计算值与实际监测值基本吻合。     

基于颗粒元模拟的含软弱夹层类土质边坡变形破坏过程分析

采用基于离散单元法的颗粒元程序,引用平行连接模型,通过数值试验,确定土体细观参数与宏观力学性质的关系,并据此建立含软弱夹层的类土质边坡模型。通过路堑开挖卸荷过程模拟,再现了大变形条件下坡体渐进性破坏的完整过程,并对裂隙的发展演化过程进行实时监测。模拟结果显示,含软弱夹层类土质边坡的破坏过程历经裂隙的形成、扩大、发展直至贯通,最终发生大规模滑移破坏;裂隙从滑坡体前缘和软弱层面开始,范围逐步扩大,呈现典型的类土质边坡的渐进性破坏形式;滑坡发生后,土体结构破坏严重,承载能力大幅下降。边坡滑移过程模拟和最终滑移结果与现场滑坡状况完全吻合,表明该方法适用于类土质边坡变形破坏过程分析及其机理研究。     

陕西省金堆城露天矿排土场高边坡稳定性评价

通过野外实地调研,在详细研究金堆城露天矿排土场高边坡地质条件和边坡变形破坏特征的基础上,分析了该边坡的变形破坏机制,将破坏方式归纳为两种类型:蠕滑-拉裂破坏,拉裂-滑移破坏。通过圆弧法和破坏概率法计算和分析了高边坡在天然、爆破振动和地震条件下5个不同剖面地段的稳定性状态,并利用FLAC数值模拟进行验证,最后,根据变形破坏方式提出了相应的处理措施。为高边坡的稳定性评价、预测和防治提供了有价值的参考。     

基于FLAC~(3D)的边坡稳定性分析及治理模拟

在现场考察和工程地质勘察的基础上,详细分析了贵匀高速公路百鸟坡隧道左线进口边坡的工程地质条件及其变形特征,认为在暴雨条件下,坡体的覆盖土层与部分强风化层沿强弱风化基岩接触面附近产生滑动而发生坍塌,将隧道左洞掩埋;该边坡破坏机制属牵引式破坏;根据规范及有关经验对边坡力学参数取值,用FLAC~(3D)有限差分技术,建立边坡地质力学模型,计算暴雨条件下边坡的稳定性。结果表明:在暴雨条件下边坡处于不稳定状态,需进行治理。本文通过设计抗滑桩、钢管桩及挡土墙等措施对边坡进行支护并验证该边坡处于稳定状态,为贵匀公路的顺利完成提供了有力保障。     

An Assessment of Performance in the Routine Analysis of Silicate Rocks Based on an Analysis of Data Submitted to the GeoPT Proficiency Testing Programme for Geochemical Laboratories (2001–2011)

Data reported by laboratories contributing to the GeoPT proficiency testing programme for geochemical laboratories over the period from 2001 to 2011 have been assessed to identify the elements and concentration ranges over which analytical performance can be considered satisfactory. Criteria developed in the paper indicated that performance in the content determination of the elements/constituents SiO₂, Al₂O₃, MnO, Cs, Dy, Er, Eu, Ga, Hf, Ho, Lu, Nd, Pr, Sm, Sr, Tb, Tl, Tm, U, Y, Yb and Zn was satisfactory over the full concentration range assessed. The elements/constituents TiO₂, Fe₂O₃(T), MgO, CaO, Na₂O, K₂O, P₂O₅, Ba, Be, Cd, Ce, Co, Gd, La, Li, Nb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sn, Ta, Th, V and Zr showed some degradation in performance at lower concentration levels (approaching the detection limit of some techniques). Performance in determining LOI, As, Bi, Cr, Cu, Ge, Mo, Ni, Pb and W was in general unsatisfactory over the full concentration range assessed. Other elements (especially Fe(II)O, H₂O⁺, CO₂, Ag, Au, B, Br, Cl, F, Hg, I, In, Ir, N, Os, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh, S, Se, Te) could not be evaluated as they were not routinely reported by laboratories participating in the GeoPT programme, often because they are present in silicate rocks at sufficiently low concentrations to require a pre‐concentration stage. Some suggestions are made for the causes of unsatisfactory performance, but further progress will require a detailed assessment of the methods used by participating laboratories, which will form the subject of a further paper.     

Geology and the dark side

The diabolical and supernatural folklore traditions of geology are examined systematically for the first time. The following have all been suggested explanations for fossil remains: Devil's footprints, bones, toenails, fingers, thumbs, buttons, money and ninepins; Hobgoblin's claws; Fairy's fingers, heads, faces, hearts, beads, causeways, saltcellars, bottles, weights, money and loaves; elf arrows; witches’ beads and tongues. Twinned staurolite crystals have been called Fairy crosses.     

Quality, palynology, and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Ilgin lignite, Turkey

The Ilgin lignite field can be subdivided into the Haramiköy and Kurugöl areas which are separated by an area of basement and a fault. The lignite-bearing sequence consists mainly of fluvial and lacustrine Neogene deposits. The Ilgin lignite, averaging 8 m (up to 25 m) thick, is blackish brown and dark brown in colour. The lignite contains abundant brown wood, plant remains and white gastropod shells. Samples have an average of 38.9% moisture on an as-received basis and a mean of 3.9% total sulphur on an air-dried basis. Geochemical analysis, using an ICP-MS, was undertaken. Thirteen lignite core samples from three boreholes drilled in the Kurugöl area were ashed at 750°C. The average trace element contents of the lignite show a higher concentration of U (average 43 ppm) when compared to the range for most coals in the world, while the others (Ti, P, Sc, Be, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Cs, Ba, Y, Ta, W, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, Lu) agree with the global ranges. The Ilgin lignite is identified as of Middle Miocene (Middle Serravallian) age and occurs within lacustrine sediments deposited under subtropical climatic conditions.     

贵阳花溪地区下三叠统大冶组遗迹化石及沉积环境分析

贵阳花溪下三叠统大冶组中富产遗迹化石,产出18个遗迹属:Beaconichnus,Circulichnis,Cosmorhaphe,Dendrohaphe,Glockerichnus,Gyrochorte,Gordia,Maeandropolydora,Micatuba,Mammillichnis,Megagrapton,Planolites,Palaeophycus,Phycodes,Phycosiphon,Rhizocorallium,Thalassinoides和Undichna。自下而上可识别出三个遗迹组构,分别为Phycodes、Phycosiphon Mammillichnis和Thalassinoidess遗迹组构。根据遗迹化石各属种分布,大冶组自下而上出现四个遗迹相:Cruziana遗迹相、Zoophycoss遗迹相、Nereites遗迹相和Cruziana遗迹相。结合遗迹组构,对大冶组的沉积环境进行了讨论,Phycodes组构属于Cruziana相,指示浅水环境;Phycosiphon Mammillichnis组构属于Zoophycos遗迹相—Nereites遗迹相,代表台缘下斜坡半深海低能环境;Thalassinoides组构属于Cruziana相,指示早三叠世印度期末的浅水高能环境。     

Heavy Mineral Placer Deposits of Ekakula Beach, Gahiramatha Coast, Orissa, India

Abstract: Ilmenite, hematite, garnet, monazite, zircon, rutile, magnetite, sillimanite, pyroxene and amphibole from the beach sands of Ekakula, Gahiramatha coast, Orissa, India are reported here for the first time. Their total concentration varies from 26. 4 to 100%. Ilmenite, monazite and zircon are between 100 and 300 um in size and are well rounded in shape. Ilmenite-hematite intergrowth is common. Ilmenite has 50. 02–54. 73% TiO₂, 42. 42–46. 90% FeO (total Fe) and small amounts of Al, Mn, Mg, Ca, Ba, Si, V, Cr, and Zn. The bulk samples contain 10. 63–41. 42 % TiO₂, 6. 15–26. 07 % FeO, 5. 86–16. 75 % Fe₂O₃, 7. 41–61. 74 % SiO₂, 1. 39–12. 83% A1₂O₃, 0. 32–4. 97% CaO, 0. 53–4. 24% P₂O₅, 0. 17–3. 27% MgO, 0. 15–2. 97% Na₂O, 0. 07–2. 34% K₂O, and 0. 05–0. 71% V₂O₅ together with appreciable amounts of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Y, U, Th, Zr, and trace amounts of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, and Cr. Khondalite, charnockite, calc-silicate granulite, leptynite, migmatite, gneiss, basic granulite and pegmatite of the Eastern Ghats appear to be the major source for the above heavy mineral assemblages. The samples are amenable to gravity and magnetic methods of beneficiation.     

Taxonomical and Biogeochemical Investigation of Elements in Holocene Mollusk Shells in the South and Southwestern Marmara Basin, Turkey

Concentrations of some heavy metals and trace elements such as Cr,Ga,Ni,Zn,Mo,Cu, Pb,Yb,Y,Nb,Ti,Sr,Ba,Mn,Sc,Co,V,Zr,Fe,Al,W,Se,Bi,Sb,As,Cd in recent mollusk shells and factors affecting their distribution and deposits collected from various depths in the southern and southwestern parts of the Marmara Sea are investigated.The distribution of the elements in the shells is categorized into four groups.Of these,concentrations of 12 elements(As,Bi,Cd,Co,Ga,Mo,Nb, Sb,Se,Sc,W and Yb)are below zero [(0.053-0.79)×10~(-6)];concentrations of seven elements(Cr,Ni, Pb,V,Y,Zr and Cu)are(1.0-6.0)×10~(-6);concentrations of four elements(Ti,Mn,Ba and Zn)are 10- 20×10~(-6);and concentrations of five elements(Si,Al,Fe,Mg and Sr)are(47.44-268.11)×10~(-6).The taxonomic characteristics of the 29 elements were studied separately in mollusk shells such as Chamalea gallina(Linné),Pitar-rudis(Poll),Nassarius reticulatus(Linné),Venerupis senescens (Coocconi),Mytilus galloprovincialis(Lamarck),Mytilaster lineatus(Gemelin in Linné)and Chlamys glabra.It was found that,in mollusk taxonomy,the elements have unique values.In other words, element concentrations in various mollusk shells depend mainly on the taxonomic characteristics of mollusks.In various bionomic environments different element distributions of the same species are attributed to the different geochemical characters of the each environment.Data obtained in this study indicate that the organisms are the most active and deterministic factors of the environment.     

中国煤中的九种金属元素

在煤的加工利用过程中,煤中金属元素进入大气、水体和土壤,以致污染环境,这是人们关心的事。本文将介绍镉、钴、铬、铜、锰、钼、镍、铅、锌等九种元素在我国煤中的分布和赋存情况。     

酸溶蚀模拟实验与致密砂岩次生孔隙成因机理探讨： 以鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段为例

鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段发现并探明了一批目前中国内陆最大的致密砂岩气田（藏）,该致密砂岩气田的储层岩性主要为 一套“低长石、低杂基、高成分成熟度”的石英砂岩,储集空间类型以多类型的次生溶蚀孔隙为主。针对盒8段致密砂岩 次生孔隙的成因机理,本文在大量薄片观察、扫描电镜、场发射、CT扫描分析的基础上,开展了高温高压条件下真实岩心 的酸溶模拟实验,实验样品为鄂尔多斯盆地石盒子组绿灰色中粗粒含凝灰质长石石英砂岩、绿灰色中粗粒含凝灰质长石岩 屑砂岩、灰色中粗粒含凝灰质岩屑石英砂岩和灰色中粗粒含凝灰质石英砂岩等4种不同类型的砂岩岩心,采用地层水中普 遍存在的乙酸配置成0.5mol/L的反应介质,选用2mL/min流速,动态溶蚀100h后,不同类型砂岩的次生孔隙显著增加, 物性明显改善,通过对不同岩性实验前后样品的同位扫描、水-岩反应速度、离子浓度等测定分析,发现盒8段致密砂岩储 层次生孔隙的成因主要为凝灰质、长石等铝硅酸矿物和碳酸盐矿物的溶蚀,探讨了实验样品中不同矿物的溶蚀序列,凝灰 质、碳酸盐矿物主要在低温条件下发生溶蚀蚀变,高温条件下主要为长石的溶蚀。揭示凝灰质、碳酸盐岩、长石等矿物溶 蚀、次生孔隙形成、新生矿物的发育机理,结合埋藏史、热史分析,建立了盒8段致密砂岩储层埋藏-成岩-孔隙演化模 式,明确了鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段石英砂岩次生孔隙的成因机理。     

老君庙油田古近系M层冲积扇低渗透 储层特征及形成机理

通过薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、岩心物性及测井曲线对老君庙油田古近系M层进行了储层特征与形成机理研究, 包括沉积储层基本特征、成岩作用及孔隙演化分析等。结果表明,M层为快速堆积下的沉积物,分选差,杂基含量高,总 体属于相对细粒的冲积扇相沉积;主要储集空间为粒间孔,为中孔低渗储层;成岩作用类型主要有压实、胶结和溶解作用 等。沉积作用控制了储层的原始孔隙度,杂基含量高,分选较差的储层原始物性差,主要分布在扇根片流带片流砂坝和扇 中漫流带;相比而言,低杂基含量,分选相对较好的辫流带砂岩受到碳酸盐胶结物的影响大,胶结作用进一步降低了这类 储层物性,使储层整体物性表现为低渗透。杂基含量和碳酸盐胶结是导致储层为低渗透的主要因素。     

太阳系形成及演化研究方法

通过对陨石的研究,说明太阳系的形成与演化历史,包括太阳星云的凝聚过程、高温加热熔融事件和低温蚀变过程,陨石母体的热变质作用、熔融分异作用以及冲击变质作用等。对太阳星云的化学组成和同位素组成不均一性、前太阳物质的存在及其意义、太阳系形成和演化的同位素绝对年龄、间隔年龄以及宇宙射线暴露年龄等进行了讨论。结合太阳系形成和演化的研究,特别对电子探针、离子探针、透射电子显微镜以及拉曼光谱等微束分析技术在该领域的应用和相关问题进行了讨论。