渤海湾盆地渤中19-6气田潜山储层裂缝表征与产能预测方法

由于渤中19-6气田潜山裂缝性储层的储集空间多样、非均质性很强,且制约产能的主控因素认识不清,从而造成潜山裂缝性储层的产能预测困难.为了解决这一难题,综合岩心、测井、地质等资料分析了潜山裂缝性储层的特征,并基于CT扫描实验定量表征裂缝,研究裂缝微观特征,形成了以裂缝渗透率为核心的一系列裂缝参数的计算方法,建立了潜山裂缝性储层的产能预测模型,大幅提高了潜山裂缝性储层的产能预测精度.研究结果表明,潜山裂缝性储层的裂缝渗透率主要由裂缝的长度、宽度及连通性控制,与孔隙度的大小无明显关系,可以通过斯通利波反演的总渗透率与基质渗透率之差计算得到,其中基质渗透率计算的相对误差为28.50%,总渗透率计算的相对误差为15.56%;综合考虑潜山裂缝性储层的裂缝渗透率、裂缝纵向连通性和有效厚度,建立了渤中19-6气田潜山裂缝性储层的产能预测模型,其中裂缝渗透率计算结果的准确性决定了潜山裂缝性储层产能预测结果的可靠性.     

油气储层裂缝定量描述及其地质意义

在裂缝型油气藏勘探开发过程中,裂缝发育区带、裂缝密度以及连通性是影响生产的关键参数。文章在详细综述储层裂缝定量描述的必要性、地质意义、分维描述、人工智能模糊描述及微观描述等定量描述法的基础上,介绍了裂缝系统各参数之间的关系及裂缝预测方法,进而介绍了定量描述法在裂缝预测中应用的几个实例。     

煤岩体采动裂隙网络的逾渗与分形特征关系研究

以平煤八矿己15-22060工作面为背景,引入逾渗和分形理论,分析了煤岩体裂隙网络的演化特征,得到了逾渗概率和分形维数随工作面推进度的变化规律及二者的变化关系。结果表明：逾渗概率的大小受横向离层裂隙和竖向破断裂隙的发育、贯通等因素影响,随工作面推进分阶段线性增大,且增幅有增大的趋势;随工作面推进煤岩体的裂隙网络逐步向工作面前方煤体和上覆岩层扩展,分形维数大小受裂隙的长度、宽度、数量、分布等因素控制,升维过程大致可分为3个阶段;煤岩体裂隙网络的逾渗概率与分形维数的关系可分段拟合为1个幂函数和2个线性函数,且具有很好的相关性,数学模型的建立可为研究煤岩体裂隙网络的等效渗透率奠定一定的基础。     

断层相关裂缝定性识别：原理与应用

介绍一种定性识别和预测断层相关裂缝的新方法-断面脱空法。该方法以断面脱空理论为基础,通过建立断面脱空空间与断层相关裂缝之间的置换模型,从而实现通过观察断层形迹开展地下断层相关裂缝的定性识别。以塔中Ⅰ号断裂带西侧中古3、塔中72两个井区下奥陶统良里塔格组（O₃l）为例,基于地震资料分别开展剖面和平面上的断层相关裂缝识别,并将预测结果与钻井、测井及地震属性分析获得的裂缝发育特征进行对比研究。结果表明:利用断面脱空原理预测结果与钻测井揭示结果基本一致,与根据均方根检测的裂缝平面分布对比,细节上有差异,但总体特征基本一致,表明利用断面脱空原理可以定性地对断层相关裂缝做出预测。断面脱空理论的提出不仅为定性评价地表、地下断层相关裂缝发育分布规律提供一种新思路,更为定量表征断层相关裂缝提供重要的理论依据。     

基于复杂网络理论的页岩纳米孔隙连通性表征

页岩孔隙结构的表征是页岩气储层评价的基础性工作。钻取岩芯,采集鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠系延长组页岩。使用纳米CT观测10 μm3、20 μm3、30 μm3、39 μm3空间内页岩的孔隙结构,获取孔隙、喉道数量,以及连通性数据,重构孔隙结构三维模型。将孔隙结构抽象为球-棍物理模型,采用复杂网络理论建立关于孔隙结构连通性的结点-边数学模型。依据无标度网络的数学特性,使用Matlab软件生成10 μm3空间内孔隙连通性网络。引入网络连通熵的概念,用于计算不同空间范围内孔隙连通性网络的网络连通熵,评价孔隙结构的异质性。结果表明:10 μm3、20 μm3、39 μm3空间内孔隙连通性网络度分布符合幂律分布;30 μm3空间内孔隙连通性网络度分布符合指数分布;网络连通熵增加,孔隙和喉道网络的连通性减小。该方法可用于评价页岩孔隙的连通性,进而评价页岩气储层的孔渗特性。     

储层构造裂缝定量预测与油气渗流规律研究现状和进展

裂缝型油气藏是21世纪石油增储上产的重要领域之一，但裂缝储层本身的复杂性在一定程度上增加了研究难度。从国内外研究现状来看，尚缺乏一个能全面解决构造裂缝定量预测问题的研究方法，对裂缝型油气藏预测及评价研究仍处于探索阶段。储层裂缝研究主要涉及 3个方面的关键内容，即地下裂缝识别、裂缝空间分布预测和裂缝参数定量表征。构造裂缝发育规律、形态特征以及油气等流体渗流规律主要受控于构造应力场和储层岩石物理性质的非均质性。强调构造应力场与岩石力学属性相互作用的研究方法已成为构造裂缝空间定量预测的主流，固体应力场和流体压力场的联合作用构成流体运移的驱动机制。我国拥有相当数量的裂缝储层的地质储量，进行裂缝型油气藏研究与预测，无论对西部还是东部深层油气藏的勘探突破均有深远意义。系统综述了储层裂缝定量研究和预测方法以及裂缝储层油气渗流规律的研究现状。     

储层构造裂缝定量预测研究及评价方法

裂缝型油气藏油气产量占整个石油天然气产量的一半以上，是21世纪石油增储上产的重要领域之一，但目前致密储集体裂缝参数的定量表征和空间分布规律定量预测评价，仍是石油地质界的前沿问题，在一定程度上阻碍了世界石油工业的发展。从国内、外研究现状来看，对裂缝及裂缝型油气藏预测评价研究仍处于探索阶段。世界上大多数裂缝性油气田的裂缝主要为构造裂缝，对构造裂缝空间分布规律的合理预测评价，无疑对油气勘探开发起到科学的指导作用。本文综述了储层裂缝研究现状、进展和主要研究方法，同时通过近几年工作典型实例阐明裂缝研究在不同类型油气藏勘探中的作用。     

孔隙裂隙双重介质的三维逾渗数值模拟研究

基于三维孔隙介质的逾渗模型,首次把裂隙这一重要的渗透通道引入到三维逾渗研究中,提出了孔隙裂隙三维逾渗的研究方法,并建立了孔隙裂隙双重介质三维逾渗模型,这一模型的建立使得逾渗理论的研究成果可以被应用到更多的领域中,如煤体、岩体等。基于VC++6.0开发了孔隙裂隙双重介质三维逾渗模拟软件,模拟研究了双重介质的逾渗规律,模拟研究表明：裂隙的存在在很大程度上提高了介质的逾渗概率,使孔隙裂隙双重介质的逾渗规律明显不同于孔隙介质;随孔隙率、裂隙分形维数、裂隙数量分布初值由小到大逐渐增长,必然发生逾渗转变的自然现象。     

库车前陆盆地东部下侏罗统致密砂岩储层裂缝连通性表征及其主控因素

库车前陆盆地东部下侏罗统为裂缝性致密砂岩储层,天然裂缝的分布控制了油气聚集和单井产能.裂缝连通性是影响致密储层孔渗性能、产能以及盖层完整性的关键因素,但是对于裂缝连通性定量表征方法及其影响因素缺少系统研究.以库车前陆盆地东部依奇克里克构造带下侏罗统致密砂岩储层为例,分析了其裂缝发育特征,利用基于裂缝节点类型及比例的方法对裂缝连通性进行定量表征,并利用数值模拟对裂缝连通性影响因素进行分析.研究区发育粒缘缝、粒内缝和穿粒缝3种微观裂缝类型.从西向东,裂缝连通性逐渐变差,与裂缝发育强度具有一致性.裂缝方位分散度、裂缝长度、裂缝密度以及组间夹角是影响裂缝连通性的主要因素.随着裂缝方位分散度、裂缝长度、裂缝密度以及组间夹角的增加,裂缝连通性变好.     

新场气田须二气藏天然裂缝有效性定量表征方法及应用

天然裂缝是地层中广泛分布的一种地质构造现象,当其在油气开发过程中保持一定有效性时具有重要作用,其有效程度高低是裂缝性油气藏高产富集的关键.本次研究以川西新场气田须二气藏裂缝特征及成因认识为基础,利用气藏各类动静态资料对裂缝张开度、裂缝渗透率、裂缝孔隙度等参数进行解释和评价,明确了不同资料计算获取裂缝参数的物理含义及相互之间的关系,为裂缝有效性评价奠定了基础.文中以井筒附近、地质模型网格单元体内裂缝网络系统作为裂缝有效性定量表征对象,通过裂缝网络系统裂缝参数的分布特征,选取并组合了参数分布的特征变量从而建立了裂缝有效性定量表征指标;基于裂缝有效性定量表征方法和建立的定量表征指标对新场气田须二气藏单井产层段裂缝的有效性及气藏裂缝有效性的纵横变化规律进行了研究和评价,其评价结果与区域构造、应力场分布、井下监测、生产动态具有很好的一致性.本文对油气藏中天然裂缝有效性的认识和定量表征方法为裂缝性油气藏地质建模中裂缝有效参数场的建立和数值模拟工作奠定了基础,为裂缝性油气藏的描述和生产动态研究提供了方向和思路.     

Analysis of fracture network connectivity using percolation theory

Connectivity aspects of fracture networks are analyzed in terms of percolation theory. These aspects are of fundamental importance in characterization, exploitation, and management of fractured formations. General connectivity and power law relationships are determined that characterize the density of fractures and average number of intersections per fracture necessary to ensure network connectivity, the likelihood of a fractured formation being hydraulically connected, and the probability that any specific fracture is connected to the conducting portion of the network. Monte Carlo experiments with a two-dimensional fracture network model confirm the percolation theory predictions. These relationships may prove useful in formulating theoretically tractable approximations of fracture nerworks that capture the essential system properties.     

A Connectivity Index for Discrete Fracture Networks

Connectivity is an important measure for assessing flow transport in rock, especially through fractures. In this paper, rock fracture systems are modelled by a discrete fracture model simulated by a marked point process. A connectivity index is then introduced to quantify the connectivity between any two points in space. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the connectivity index for stationary cases and relationships between the connectivity index and the parameters of the discrete fracture model are analysed. The average number of intersections per fracture, X_f, and the fracture intensity, P12 (P32), are calculated and the relationships between these parameters and the connectivity index are investigated, concluding that X_f is the more suitable parameter for the classification of rock mass flow properties. The relationships between the connectivity index and the percolation state of the fractured medium are also discussed. An edge correction is briefly discussed and a practical example is used to demonstrate the method of computing the connectivity index.     

Sedimentary stylolite networks and connectivity in limestone: Large-scale field observations and implications for structure evolution

Stylolites are rough surfaces, formed by localized rock dissolution, and prevalent in carbonates and other sedimentary rocks. Their impact on porosity and permeability, and capacity to accommodate compactive strain, are well documented. This paper presents a meso-scale field study on sedimentary stylolites in carbonates, characterizing large-scale distributions of stylolites, including measurements conducted on longer than kilometer-long stylolites. Our field study suggests that on large scales connections between stylolites become important. Since connectivity, and also lack of connectivity, are expected to play a significant role in strain accommodation and hydraulic rock properties, we suggest that large-scale analysis may require a new characterization scheme for “stylolite populations”, based on their connectivity. We therefore divide sedimentary stylolite populations into three end-member types, which are correlated with the three possibilities for percolation of such systems: isolated stylolites (with zero percolation/connectivity), long-parallel stylolites (with 2-dimensional percolation/connectivity), and interconnected stylolite networks (with 3-dimensional percolation/connectivity). New statistical parameters and measures are devised and used to quantitatively characterize the different population types. Schematic mechanistic models are then offered to explain the evolution of the three end-member connectivity-classes. In addition we discuss the effect on fluid flow of the different population types.     

Relationship Between the Geometric Parameters of Rock Fractures,the Size of Percolation Clusters and REV

Modeling fractured rocks with numerical methods requires some derived parameters, among which the fracture network connectivity and the size of the representative elementary volume (REV) are both of crucial importance. Percolation and REV analyses were made by the RepSim code. The program uses input parameters such as fractal dimension of the fracture midpoints (D _c), length exponent (E) and relative dip (α ^r) data. For percolation analysis, the relative sizes of the largest percolation clusters have been calculated by stochastic realizations of the simulated fracture networks with different parameter triplets. Furthermore, fracture networks can be classified into three major types on the basis of their (E,D _c,α ^r) parameters. For the REV calculations, the porosity of the generated fracture network was calculated. The derived REV size of a fracture network depends essentially on input parameters and shows a decreasing tendency with increasing D and E and vice versa. The method mentioned above was tested on both metamorphic samples of the Pannonian Basin and Variscan granitoid rocks of the Mórágy Complex. Percolation values predicted for the Mórágy granite are highly sensitive to alterations in the input parameters. The amphibolite bodies displayed a modeled fracture network with 80 to 90% of all fractures being interconnected, while the largest achievable percolation cluster size of gneiss is less than 10%. The REV size of the amphibolite is about 20 m as a result of connected fractures filling the whole body, while gneiss has lower porosity and higher REV (approximately 70 m).     

Groundwater flow into underground openings in fractured crystalline rocks: an interpretation based on long channels

Rethinking an old tracer experiment in fractured crystalline rock suggests a concept of groundwater flow in sparse networks of long channels that is supported by results from an innovative lattice network model. The model, HyperConv, can vary the mean length of ‘strings’ of connected bonds, and the gaps between them, using two independent probability functions. It is found that networks of long channels are able to percolate at lower values of (bond) density than networks of short channels. A general relationship between mean channel length, mean gap length and probability of percolation has been developed which incorporates the well-established result for ‘classical’ lattice network models as a special case. Using parameters appropriate to a 4-m diameter drift located 360 m below surface at Stripa Mine Underground Research Laboratory in Sweden, HyperConv is able to reproduce values of apparent positive skin, as observed in the so-called Macropermeability Experiment, but only when mean channel length exceeds 10 m. This implies that such channel systems must cross many fracture intersections without bifurcating. A general relationship in terms of flow dimension is suggested. Some initial investigations using HyperConv show that the commonly observed feature, ‘compartmentalization’, only occurs when channel density is just above the percolation threshold. Such compartments have been observed at Kamaishi Experimental Mine (Japan) implying a sparse flow network. It is suggested that compartments and skin are observable in the field, indicate sparse channel systems, and could form part of site characterization for deep nuclear waste repositories.     

Estimation of 2-D and 3-D Fracture Densities from 1-D Data - Experimental and Field Results

2-D and 3-D densities of fractures are commonly used in mining safety design, natural gas and oil production in fractured reservoirs, and the characterization of subsurface flow and transportation systems in fractured rocks. However, many field data sets are collected in 1-D frequency (f) (e.g., scanlines and borehole data). We have developed an ARC/ INFO-based technology to calculate fracture frequency and densities for a given fracture network. A series of numerical simulations are performed in order to determine the optimal orientation of a scanline, along which the maximum fracture frequency of a fracture network can be obtained. We calculated the frequency (f) and densities (both D1 and D2) of 36 natural fracture trace maps, and investigated the statistical relationship between fracture frequency and fracture density D1, i.e. D1=1.340f+ 0.034. We derived analytical solutions for converting dimensional density (D1) to non-dimensional densities (D2 and D3) assuming that fracture length distribution f     

基于离散裂隙网络模型的裂隙水渗流计算

离散裂隙网络模型(Discrete Fracture Network（DFN）)是研究裂隙水渗流最为有效的手段之一。文章根据裂隙几何参数和水力参数的统计分布,利用Monte Carlo随机模拟技术生成二维裂隙网络,基于图论无向图的邻接矩阵判断裂隙网络的连通,利用递归算法提取出裂隙网络的主干网或优势流路径。基于立方定律和渗流连续性方程,利用数值解析法建立了二维裂隙网络渗流模型,分析不同边界条件下裂隙网络中的流体流动。结果表明,该方法可以模拟区域宏观水力梯度和边界条件下,裂隙网络水力梯度方向总的流量,以及节点的水位、节点间的流量和流动方向的变化特征,为区域岩溶裂隙水渗流计算提供了一种实用、可行的方法。      

地下水封石油洞库深部岩体二维裂隙网络模拟

低渗透性的裂隙岩体是地下水封石油洞库建库的最佳选择.为研究深部岩体的稳定性及裂隙渗流特征,对深部洞库区进行了二维裂隙网络模拟.通过深部钻孔裂隙统计和地表裂隙测量统计相结合的方法,得出了洞库区剖面二维裂隙网络图和线密度图.分析了运用钻孔成像结果获得深部裂隙统计参数的优点,并对模拟结果做了进一步分析,结果显示,模拟区主要发...