黔西高原末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演变

黔西高原的长时间序列孢粉记录比较少,限制了对该地区末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演化过程和机制的认识。本研究通过对黔西高原一个连续的古湖泊沉积物孢粉记录的分析,并结合AMS14C测年,重建黔西高原末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演化。结果表明:轨道尺度上,MIS3 (氧同位素3阶段)中晚期,黔西高原主要为木本、草本植物,喜湿的针叶树种较多,西南季风较强。MIS2 (氧同位素2阶段)期间,喜湿的针叶树种减少,而草本、蕨类植物增多,指示气候冷干,西南季风减弱。千年尺度上,黔西高原西南季风响应于北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件及H3 (Heninrich 3)、H2 (Heninrich 2)和LGM (Last Glacial Maximum)事件,导致西南季风减弱,喜湿的针叶树种减少。通过对比发现,东亚夏季风和西南季风在轨道及千年尺度上协同演化,二者均响应于北半球高纬度太阳辐射变化及北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件。在19～18 cal ka BP,黔西高原经历最冷干气候,西南季风减弱,木本、草本植物近乎消失,而同期东亚夏季风增强,说明西南季风和东亚夏季风在冰后期上存在反相位关系。     

黔西高原末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演变*

黔西高原的长时间序列孢粉记录比较少,限制了对该地区末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演化过程和机制的认识。本研究通过对黔西高原一个连续的古湖泊沉积物孢粉记录的分析,并结合AMS¹⁴C测年,重建黔西高原末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演化。结果表明: 轨道尺度上,MIS3(氧同位素3阶段)中晚期,黔西高原主要为木本、草本植物,喜湿的针叶树种较多,西南季风较强。MIS2(氧同位素2阶段)期间,喜湿的针叶树种减少,而草本、蕨类植物增多,指示气候冷干,西南季风减弱。千年尺度上,黔西高原西南季风响应于北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件及H3(Heninrich 3)、H2(Heninrich 2)和LGM(Last Glacial Maximum)事件,导致西南季风减弱,喜湿的针叶树种减少。通过对比发现,东亚夏季风和西南季风在轨道及千年尺度上协同演化,二者均响应于北半球高纬度太阳辐射变化及北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件。在19~18 cal ka BP,黔西高原经历最冷干气候,西南季风减弱,木本、草本植物近乎消失,而同期东亚夏季风增强,说明西南季风和东亚夏季风在冰后期上存在反相位关系。     

阿拉善高原古湖岸堤释光测年与晚第四纪湖面变化

阿拉善高原位于现代西风环流与东亚季风环流过渡带,该地区分布的湖泊对全球性气候变化响应极为敏感,阿拉善高原广泛分布的古湖岸堤为较准确地重建晚第四纪湖泊水位变化提供了良好载体.近年对黑河、石羊河尾闾湖泊以及吉兰泰盐池、雅布赖盆地等地的古湖岸堤的沉积地层以及石英和钾长石释光测年研究,重建了不同区域较高分辨率的末次间冰期以来湖泊时空演化过程.发现早在300 ka以前阿拉善高原就已经形成了高水位湖泊,黑河尾闾额济纳盆地在MIS11或更早、 MIS9、 MIS7、 MIS5和MIS 1形成了高湖面湖泊,高湖面湖泊形成存在100 ka的周期.阿拉善高原在末次间冰期及全新世形成了稳定高湖面湖泊,但间冰期内部湖面波动具有空间差异性,东部区域湖泊高湖面出现在MIS 5e^5c和中全新世,西部湖泊高湖面出现在MIS 5a^5c和晚全新世.湖面变化的空间差异性很可能与冰期-间冰期旋回尺度及间冰期内部东亚夏季风与西风气候系统在阿拉善高原的相互作用密切相关.     

中纬度亚洲现代间冰期气候变化的“西风模式”讨论

中纬度亚洲地区存在主要受季风环流影响的东南部湿润地区(简称季风区)和主要受西风环流控制的内陆干旱区(包括青藏高原北部高寒干旱区,简称西风区)。根据对近年来新发表的气候变化记录证据梳理总结,发现西风区在中—晚全新世气候湿润,与亚洲季风在早—中全新世强盛的格局显著不同。过去千年的西风区中世纪暖期干旱,而小冰期相对湿润,与此相对,万象洞石笋氧同位素记录则显示季风降水在中世纪暖期时整体处于高值,在小冰期处于低值段。在近百年,尤其是近50a,西北干旱区湿度增加,而季风影响范围内的西北东部和华北等地变得更干。不仅如此,在分属西风和季风影响区的青藏高原北部和南部,年代际—百年尺度上降水变化也表现出反相位关系。据此我们提出,亚洲中部西风带控制区在现代间冰期从数千年到年代际的各个时间尺度上均存在不同于季风区的湿度(降水)变化模式,称之为现代间冰期气候变化的西风模式。     

北京西山末次间冰期植被演化与环境变迁研究

末次冰期-间冰期气候旋回研究是过去的全球变化(PAGES)研究的三大重点之一,通过孢粉分析和热释光断代建立了北京西山末次间冰期植被的演化序列,研究了该地区古植被与古环境的演化规律.研究表明:北京末次间冰期植被演化经过了6个阶段,从古到今依次对应深海沉积MIS5e,5d,5c,5b,5a及末次间冰期向末次冰期的过渡期.末次间冰期森林分布于北京西山,暖期发育以鹅耳枥属、榆属、栎属、松属、桦属为主的落叶阔叶林或针阔叶混交林,冷期则主要发育以松科、桦科、蔷薇科、毛茛科、蒿属、菊科为主的森林草甸草原或森林草原,末次间冰期气候由早期的暖湿经过波动变化向温干、凉干演化.5e是末次间冰期的大暖期,其暖湿程度好于5c,5c又好于5a,而5d的气候环境优于5b.在MIS5e阶段北京西山植被的演潜过程可分为5个阶段,揭示气候存在千年时间尺度的不稳定性,5e1为水热组合最佳时期.由末次间冰期向末次冰期过渡的降温时期,存在一次明显的气候回返事件,热释光年龄为78.5～72.5 kaBP.对比研究表明北京西山末次间冰期气候环境与深海沉积、极地冰心记录具有很好的可比性,变化幅度小于极地地区,与黄土高原及青藏高原环境演化具有更大的相似性.     

中更新世以来不同时间尺度亚洲中纬度气候演化的区域差异

亚洲中纬度气候主要受两大环流控制,继而划分出受亚洲季风控制季风区和受西风环流控制的西风区。已有研究发现在年代际至千年尺度上,两气候区的湿度演化存在错相位、甚至反相位的现象。文章综述了中更新世以来,多千年至轨道尺度上,两气候区的湿度演化模态的异同,以此深入了解亚洲气候演化的系统性。结果表明:二者的间冰期气候演化的整体趋势存在明显差别,尤其MIS 13以来,二者的演化趋势基本相反。在间冰期的多千年至万年尺度上,二者的气候演化模态呈现非同相位:高精度的释光测年结果显示天山地区的湿度变化滞后于黄土高原地区大概3~5 ka,且该现象在更早的间冰期可重复。在冰期的千年尺度上,两地的湿度演化基本一致,但西风区湿度的波动幅度更大。     

晚新生代黄土高原风尘序列的粒度和沉积速率与中国北方大气环流演变

文章以风尘沉积的粗粒和细粒组分与季风和西风环流的联系为基础,利用黄土高原中部的洛川剖面、西峰剖面和灵台剖面的粒度和沉积速率记录,讨论了晚新生代中国北方季风环流和西风环流的演变历史,总结了这一时期大气环流演变的基本规律和大气环流演变的动力机制.研究表明,自8～7Ma风尘沉积发育至5Ma左右,西风环流和季风环流都有减弱的趋势;自5Ma以来,西风环流和季风环流的强度都在逐步加强;与此同步,季风环流对风尘沉积的贡献增加,而西风环流对风尘的贡献逐渐减小,这一逐渐发展的大气环流趋势与北半球高纬冰盖的逐步发展有关;大气环流的这种趋势变化在8～7Ma,3.4Ma和1.2～0.9Ma这几个时期存在着突变,可能反映了青藏高原的阶段性隆升对中国北方季风环流演化的决定性作用以及对西风环流结构和强度的重要影响.中国北方大气环流在轨道尺度变化的基本特征是,低空季风环流在冰期加强,在间冰期减弱.西风环流和季风环流在冰期和间冰期的强度和格局可能主要与全球冰量的基本状况和青藏高原原面的性质有关.黄土高原的风尘记录在万年尺度和千年尺度的气候事件上都表现出相当明显的区域差异,可能主要与局部地形的大气环流效应有关.     

中国及其邻区现代孢粉数据:空间分布特征和定量古环境重建中的应用

现代孢粉数据及其关联的古环境信息是第四纪孢粉定量气候重建的基础,本研究对中国及其邻近区域现代孢粉进行了补充采样与分析鉴定和数据收集,初步建立了较大尺度的东亚地区孢粉数据库。该数据库现拥有2858个现代样点和孢粉谱数据,覆盖的国家和地区包括中国、蒙古、日本、越南、柬埔寨、泰国、印度、俄罗斯远东部分地区以及东海和南中国海海域。数据库的孢粉种类数为729个,本文对48个代表性的孢粉类型进行了等值线作图,其结果清晰显示出绝大部分孢粉的地理分布范围明确,与相关植被和气候具有紧密的关系。本研究对该数据集进行了最佳类比法重建气候可行性的验证,结果表明无论年降雨和年平均温度,重建结果都具有较高的可信度,与观测值的相关系数均达到0.9以上。该研究首次展示覆盖东亚区域的大陆尺度孢粉空间分布特征,并检验了数据资料用于气候重建的可行性,本研究提供的现代孢粉数据将有利于提高第四纪孢粉定量气候解释的研究水平。     

南海的氧同位素3期

以南海北、西、南部3个沉积速率相对较高而且连续的沉积柱状样MD2904,MD2901和MD2897为基础,通过粒度、碳酸盐、有机地球化学和元素分析,并综合前人研究成果,对南海MIS3期进行探讨。结果显示,南海MIS3是末次冰期中的弱暖期,海水表层古温度比相邻的MIS2和MIS4期略高,但是明显比MIS1和MIS5期低。MIS3的最大特点就在于其气候的不稳定性,发生了多次气候快速变化事件。在格陵兰冰芯中记录的千年尺度快速气候变化事件（D/O事件和Heinrich事件）基本上在南海北、西、南部都有响应,具有与全球同步的特征。南海MIS3古生产力都显示出较高的特点,这与东亚季风有着密切的关系,北部主要受冬季风影响,西部和南部主要受夏季风影响。南海南部MIS3表现出比MIS5更高的古生产力和更强的夏季风强度,这一特点有待更进一步深入研究。     

湖北三宝洞石笋生长速率及其古气候意义

石笋生长速率通常被作为反映古气候或古环境变化的有效代用指标.本文以湖北三宝洞22万年以来17支石笋为材料,实测了190个230Th年龄,其生长曲线显示MIS 1和MIS 5阶段平均生长速率较大,超过70 μm/a;MIS 2,MIS 3,MIS 4和MIS 6阶段生长速率较慢,均低于25 μm/a,甚至停止生长.间冰期平均生长速率比冰期增加了1～2倍以上,且具有“爆发式”快速生长的特点.以5000年为步长的同一洞穴17支石笋生长频率支持平均生长速率的研究结果,说明在轨道尺度上较大的石笋生长速率能够有效地指示暖湿的气候条件.研究结果表明,间冰期高海平面和强太阳辐射增强了研究区季风环流,提高了地表植被覆盖率,有利于洞穴岩溶水过饱和,从而导致间冰期多支石笋连续高速生长.     

Vegetation and Climate Inferred from Pollen Record in East Asian Region During MIS 5: A Review

The last interglacial, Marine Isotope Stage 5 (MIS 5, about 71~128 ka BP), is the closest to modern interglacial period, in which there are identifiable patterns that could give us clues into what will happen in the future. Pollen analysis, the study of fossil pollen and spores, is one of the key methods for the reconstruction of past vegetation and environment. Pollen data from 23 sites in eastern Asian region were reviewed to document regional patterns of vegetation and climate change during MIS 5 and to understand the large-scale controls on these changes. The regional patterns of vegetation during MIS 5 can be compared with the present-day vegetation. The climate, inferred from pollen record, was not stable during MIS 5. The substages (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d and 5e) of MIS 5 can be identi?ed by pollen assemblages in some areas, which describe the imprint of orbital-scale climate oscillations. East Asian monsoons have significantly contributed to the environment of modern eastern Asian monsoon region during MIS 5. However, the climate in Japan is also affected by the ocean currents and westerly circulation. The climate of the Tibetan Plateau is controlled by interactions of competing factors, including Indian monsoons, westerlies, and topography. In eastern Asian region, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, the high-resolution pollen records need to be further studied for the better understanding of the climate change.     

High‐latitude vegetation and climate changes during the Mid‐Pleistocene Transition inferred from a palynological record from Lake El'gygytgyn,NE Russian Arctic

A continuous pollen record from Lake El'gygytgyn (northeastern Russian Arctic) provides detailed information concerning the regional vegetation and climate history during the Mid‐Pleistocene Transition (MPT), between 1091 ka (end of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 32) and 715 ka (end of MIS 18). Pollen‐based qualitative vegetation reconstruction along with biome reconstruction indicate that the interglacial regional vegetation history during the MPT is characterized by a gradual replacement of forest and shrub vegetation by open herbaceous communities (i.e. tundra/cold steppe). The pollen spectra reveal seven vegetation successions that have clearly distinguishable glacial‐interglacial cycles. These successions are represented by the intervals of cold deciduous forest (CLDE) biome scores changing from high to low, which are basically in phase with the variations of obliquity from maxima to minima. The dominating influence of obliquity forcing on vegetation successions contradicts with the stronger power of eccentricity, as demonstrated by the result of wavelet analysis based on landscape openness reconstruction. This discrepancy shows that a single index is insufficient for catching signals of all the impacting factors. Comparisons with vegetation and environmental changes in the Asian interior suggest that global cooling during the MPT was probably the key force driving long‐term aridification in the Arctic region. The accelerated aridification after MIS 24–22 was probably caused by the additional effect of the Tibetan Plateau uplift, which played an important role on intensification of the Siberian High and westerly jet systems.     

Orbital- and millennial-scale vegetation and climate changes of the past 225 ka from Bear Lake,Utah–Idaho (USA)

Continuous high-resolution pollen data for the past 225 ka from sediments in Bear Lake, Utah–Idaho reflect changes in vegetation and climate that correlate well with variations in summer insolation and global ice-volume during MIS 1 through 7. Spectral analysis of the pollen data identified peaks at 21–22 and 100 ka corresponding to periodicities in Earth's precession and eccentricity orbital cycles. Suborbital climatic fluctuations recorded in the pollen data, denoted by 6 and 5 ka cyclicities, are similar to Greenland atmospheric temperatures and North Atlantic ice-rafting Heinrich events. Our results show that millennial-scale climate variability is also evident during MIS 5, 6 and 7, including the occurrence of Heinrich-like events in MIS 6, showing the long-term feature of such climate variability. This study provides clear evidence of a highly interconnected ocean–atmosphere system during the last two glacial/interglacial cycles that extended its influence as far as continental western North America. Our study also contributes to a greater understanding of the impact of long-term climate change on vegetation of western North America. Such high-resolution studies are particularly important in efforts of the scientific community to predict the consequences of future climate change.     

A 180,000-year pollen record from Owens Lake, CA: terrestrial vegetation change on orbital scales

Pollen from the upper 90 m of core OL-92 from Owens Lake is a climatically sensitive record of vegetation change that indicates shifts in the plant associations representing warm and cold desertscrub, pinyon–juniper woodland, and pine–fir forest during the past 180,000 years. These changes are synchronized with glacial–interglacial cycles. During glacial and stadial climates, juniper woodland expanded downslope and replaced warm desert shrubs while upper montane and subalpine forests in the arid Inyo Mountains also expanded, and those in the Sierra Nevada were displaced by the ice cap and periglacial conditions. Conversely, during interglacial and interstadial climates, warm desert plants expanded their range in the lowlands, juniper and sagebrush retreated upslope, and montane and subalpine forests expanded in the Sierra Nevada. The reconstructed vegetation history demonstrates a regional climatic response, and the congruence of the pollen sequence with marine and ice cap oxygen isotope stratigraphies suggests a link between regional vegetation and global climate change at orbital scales.     

Re‐interpretation of the Meikirch pollen record,Swiss Alpine Foreland,and implications for Middle Pleistocene chronostratigraphy

The Meikirch drilling site in the Swiss Midlands north of Bern is re‐interpreted using a combination of sedimentological logging, pollen analyses and luminescence dating. The sedimentary sequence comprises about 70 m of lacustrine deposits, overlain by about 39 m of coarse glacial outwash interpreted to represent at least two independent ice advances. Pollen analyses of the apparently complete limnic sequence reveal a basal late glacial period followed by three warm phases that are interrupted by two stadial periods (Meikirch complex). The warm periods were previously correlated with the Holsteinian and Eemian Interglacials. According to luminescence dating, and with consideration of evidence for Middle Pleistocene climate patterns at other central European sites, a correlation of the Meikirch complex with marine isotope stage (MIS) 7 is now proposed. If this correlation is correct, it implies the presence of three intervals with interglacial character during MIS 7. However, the late Middle Pleistocene vegetational features of the Meikirch complex show significant differences when compared with the pollen record from the Velay region, central France. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are distinct Middle Pleistocene patterns of atmospheric circulation over central Europe and a different distribution of vegetation refugia compared to the Eemian Interglacial and the Holocene. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Late Quaternary Upwelling Intensity and East Asian Monsoon Forcing in the South China Sea

Foraminifera from two cores off eastern Vietnam and the northwestern Philippines, where modern summer and winter monsoon-driven upwelling occurs in the South China Sea, respectively, were analyzed to evaluate the changes in paleoproductivity and upper water structure over the last 220,000 yr. We observed enhanced organic carbon flux and a shoaled thermocline when upwelling intensified off eastern Vietnam during interglacial ages and off the northwestern Philippines during glacial ages. This indicates that the East Asian summer monsoon increased while the winter monsoon decreased during interglacial ages. Particularly, the upwelling reached a maximum off eastern Vietnam during late marine isotopic stage (MIS) 5 and off the northwestern Philippines during MIS 2, implying that the summer monsoon decreased gradually since MIS 5 while the winter monsoon displayed an opposite trend. The variations in upwelling proxies exhibit a distinct cyclicity with frequencies near 41,000 yr and 23,000 yr off eastern Vietnam, in contrast to a strong frequency peak near 100,000 yr off the northwestern Philippines. We suggest that the East Asian summer monsoon has been forced by changes in solar insolation associated with precession and obliquity, while ice-volume forcing is probably a primary factor in determining the strength and timing of the East Asian winter monsoon but with less important insolation forcing.     

西太平洋暖池冰期旋回中的类ENSO式演化及其驱动机制

作为全球接受太阳辐射最多、表层海水温度最高的区域,西太平洋暖池区通过厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)和季风等过程影响着全球气候的变化。越来越多的沉积记录证明,在地质历史时期西太平洋暖池也存在类似于现代ENSO过程的“类ENSO式”变化。而目前类ENSO式变化与冰期—间冰期旋回之间的响应关系和驱动机制及其与东亚季风的关联仍存在争议。本文利用位于暖池核心区的B10岩心浮游有孔虫氧同位素、Mg/Ca(质量分数比)和黏土矿物参数重建了暖池区氧同位素8期以来的古气候记录,并结合已有的热带海表温度记录、中国石笋氧同位素和南大洋地区海表温度记录,研究了西太平洋暖池冰期旋回中类ENSO状态的演化规律及其与东亚季风的关系,并探讨了暖池区类ENSO演化的驱动机制。结果发现:冰期时,西太平洋暖池区温跃层变浅,赤道东、西太平洋温差减小,同时,东亚夏季风减弱,暖池区降水量相对减少,与现代El Niño时期气候态类似;间冰期时,西太平洋暖池区温跃层加深,赤道东、西太平洋温差增大,东亚冬夏季风增强,暖池区降水量相对增加,与现代La Niña时期气候态类似。频谱分析结果表明,西太平洋暖池区海表温度的变化具有偏心率周期(96 ka)。冰消期时,低纬度太阳辐射量的增加,增大了纬向上的SST梯度,并使得次表层海水储存了更多的热量,积累的热量会通过调节次表层环流向暖池区的热传输,最终调控赤道太平洋地区Walker环流强度和ENSO活动的长期变化。而冰期时,南大洋地区降温所引起的东南信风和大洋环流异常可能对类ENSO式起到调控的作用。     

Pollen Evidence of Changing Holocene Monsoon Climate in Sichuan Province, China

Pollen evidence from Lake Shayema, Mianning County, was obtained to examine postglacial vegetation and climatic change in southwestern Sichuan, China. The sclerophyllous character of the region's warm temperate vegetation today is a reflection of extreme drought in spring before the onset of the Asian monsoons. The pollen record displays several changes in the vegetation over the last 11,000 yr. From 11,000 to 9100 yr B.P., cold-tolerant species, such as Abies , Betula, and deciduous oaks, dominated the vegetation. Between 9100 and 7800 yr B.P., the abundance of deciduous oaks decreased and evergreen oaks increased, as did Tsuga and mesic deciduous species. This change suggests a warming climate with increased precipitation. From 7800 to 4000 yr B.P., sclerophyllous species increased at the expense of mesic deciduous species, an indication that precipitation was becoming more seasonal. Except for increased disturbance starting ca. 1000 yr B.P., the predominance of sclerophyllous vegetation continued until today. The pollen results are compatible with proposed global circulation hypotheses of a strengthened monsoon system during the early to mid Holocene.     

中国热带MIS 3气候特征探讨

本文根据30多个古气候分析实例,探讨中国热带MIS3气候波动的相位特征、变幅特征和周期特征.MIS3为回暖期,曾出现早、晚2个暖期,晚期比早期更暖.MIS3的气候与现今的气候相比较,东部热带以热湿为主,年均温比今高1°～2℃或2°～2.5℃,年降水量比今多700mm或400～500mm;西部热带以凉湿为主,年均温与今相似或约低1.5℃,年降水量比今多700mm左右.MIS3期间出现2个冷-暖-冷的旋回,平均周期为17.5ka,这与岁差周期大体相符.中国热带MIS3的气候波动不仅有万年尺度的地球轨道周期,也有千年尺度的周期,后者与太阳辐射总量本身的变化有关.     

Reconstruction of millennial-scale variations in the East Asian summer monsoon over the past 300 ka based on the total carbon content of sediment from Lake Biwa,Japan

The total carbon content analysis for Takashima-oki core extracted from Lake Biwa with time resolutions of approximately 150 years was used to reconstruct millennial-scale climate change in the East Asian monsoon region over the past 300 ka. The total carbon content of the Takashima-oki core is an indirect proxy for the East Asian summer monsoon, because the total carbon content reflects primary productivity within the lake, which is controlled by precipitation in the catchment area. Using these data, we clarify temporal variations in the East Asian summer monsoon prior to MIS 5, which were previously unresolved. The observed variations show a ∼1,500-year cycle that is also recorded by paleoclimate indices in the North Atlantic region. We propose that the East Asian summer monsoon underwent abrupt millennium-scale changes during interglacial stages such as MIS 5 and 7.