An analytical solution of one-dimensional consolidation for soft sensitive soil ground

An analytical solution of one-dimensional consolidation for soft sensitive soil ground is presented. The moving boundary is introduced to indicate the notable change of consolidation behaviour of sensitive soil with the increase of stress level. It is assumed that the soil structure of the upper subsoil gradually destroys downwards with the dissipation of pore pressure, and the coefficient of consolidation as well as the coefficient of permeability of the upper subsoil become small, which hinders the dissipation of pore pressure of the lower subsoil. The consolidation degree curve obtained from the present solution is found to lie between the two curves obtained from Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation solution with the parameters of the undisturbed soil and the remolded soil. The calculated results provide a new explanation for a general phenomenon in the consolidation of soft sensitive soil ground, as that for high loadings the consolidation is longer than for small ones. It should be pointed out from this study that both the deep mixing method and the long vertical drains methods are effective techniques for improving deep sensitive soil ground. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

成层软黏土地基的固结沉降计算分析

针对实际工程中软黏土地基的成层特性及竖井有时并未打穿软土层情况,采用太沙基一维固结理论和巴伦固结理论的基本假定,利用固结度联系孔压与变形,提出一种简化成层软黏土地基的固结沉降计算方法,对竖向排水地基的固结度及沉降等进行预测。对计算的几个关键问题进行探讨：如固结系数的反演选择、竖井未打穿土层时,竖井底部成层地基固结度计算、压缩土层厚度选取等问题。在上述理论的基础上,用FORTRAN语言编写排水竖井固结程序CONSOL,在工程实践中得到应用,取得良好的效果。     

考虑幂函数渗透压缩变化的双层砂井地基固结性状

采用Barron轴对称固结及大变形固结问题的某些简化与假定,推导建立了砂井地基大变形固结控制方程,利用建立的双层砂井地基大变形固结方程及编制的计算程序,通过引入软土渗透系数、有效应力与孔隙比之间的幂函数关系k =ced与e=a( )b,对瞬时加载下双层砂井地基固结性状进行算例计算。结果表明：（1）双层软土幂函数渗透关系及压缩关系中诸参数对双层砂井地基固结性状有重要影响：随着两层软土幂函数渗透关系中参数c1、c2的增加（渗透性增加）、或幂函数压缩关系中参数a1、a2的增加,各土层水平径向与竖向孔隙比减小更快,沉降发展速率与超静孔压消散速率也相应增加,且沉降发展速率快于孔压消散速率。（2）两层土在分界面处的孔隙比及平均超静孔压均出现明显的突变,将沿深度分布曲线分成形状不同的两段,表现出不同的固结性状。     

成层竖向排水井地基固结分析

实际工程中竖井地基具有成层性,有时竖井也并未完全打穿软土层。在竖井打设区满足竖井等应变固结理论、下卧层满足一维太沙基固结理论假设的基础上,将现有竖井地基固结理论推广到成层未打穿竖井地基情况。利用边界条件和竖直向连续条件,确定该系统的正交关系,并给出了其固结解答,该解具有广泛的适用性。通过对竖井打设区和下卧层层数的变化,即可获得现有关于简单未打穿竖井地基的固结解答。将该解答编制成应用程序,对一算例进行了分析。结果表明,平均固结度按孔压定义和按变形定义是不相同的,硬表层的存在会加快其下土层的固结。     

基于一维和三维固结挤土桩沉降时效计算分析

饱和软黏土地基中的挤土桩,施工引起的桩侧土体超孔隙水压力消散和竖向荷载引起的桩底土体固结是导致其沉降的主要因素。基于三维固结理论,研究了桩侧地基土再固结沉降的变化规律,并从桩-土相互作用的原理出发,结合边界条件,推导出了在桩侧地基土再固结沉降的作用下挤土桩沉降的计算公式。运用太沙基一维固结理论并采用分层总和法计算竖向荷载作用下桩底土体的沉降。提出了饱和软土中挤土桩沉降时效的计算方法。并对工程实例进行了计算分析,其结果符合工程实际沉降规律。     

复杂荷载作用下考虑下卧层三维渗流的未打穿竖井地基固结分析

针对任意复杂变荷载作用下未打穿的竖井地基,通过在竖井底面以下土层中设置虚拟竖井,使其能够合理考虑下卧层土体三维渗流问题,运用Laplace变换,求得频域内竖井地基的固结解。通过Laplace逆变换,得到了任意荷载作用下竖井地基的平均固结度、孔压消散曲线、沉降曲线。结合具体算例,对影响竖井地基固结的主要影响因素进行了详细分析,并将现有未打穿竖井地基平均固结度近似计算方法的精度和适用的范围进行了对比,得到了一些有益于工程实践的结论。     

涂抹区重叠竖井地基固结特性研究

在软基处理工程中,经常出现竖井打设变密而地基固结效率降低的现象。鉴于此,建立了重叠涂抹区内土体水平向渗透系数的分布函数,给出了涂抹区重叠时竖井地基超静孔压和平均固结度的解析解。通过分析不同工况下竖井地基固结度随竖井间距的变化情况,探究了竖井间距减小而地基固结效率不增反减的成因。最后,探讨了涂抹作用和井阻作用对竖井最小临界间距的影响。结果表明：相邻竖井涂抹区重叠是竖井地基中出现竖井最小临界间距的根本原因。涂抹作用越大,则竖井最小临界间距越大;具体表现为当地基扰动程度增大时或涂抹区半径增大时,竖井最小临界间距随之增大。井阻作用越大,则竖井最小临界间距越小;具体表现为当竖井渗透系数减小时、竖井长度增大时或竖井半径减小时,竖井最小临界间距随之减小。     

In Situ Pore Water Pressure Dissipation Testing of Marine Clay under Reclamation Fills

In situ dissipation tests provide a means of evaluating the in situ coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of soft clays. Dissipation tests by means of piezocone (CPTU), dilatometer (DMT), self-boring pressuremeter (SBPT) and BAT permeameter (BAT) were utilized in the characterization of the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of Singapore marine clay at Changi in a land reclamation project. Dissipation tests were carried out prior to reclamation as well as after ground improvement with vertical drains to compare the changes in the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity prior to and after ground improvement. Tests were carried out in a vertical drain area as well as in an adjacent untreated control area after 23 months of surcharge loading, for comparison purposes. The purpose of this research is to determine the horizontal consolidation parameters of Singapore marine clay prior to reclamation as well as after 23 months of surcharge loading with and without vertical drains by means of in situ dissipation tests.     

袋装砂井爆夯处理软土地基的数值模拟方法及现场试验验证

袋装砂井爆夯法处理软土地基是利用炸药在设置有排水通道的软土中爆炸产生冲击和振动而使土体加固的方法。针对该法进行理论研究,提出了一种将袋装砂井爆夯处理软土地基的三维问题转化为二维平面应变问题的数值模拟方法：袋装砂井转化为等价砂墙;利用等效冲量原理,炮孔爆炸压力则转化为等效压力墙。数值模拟中考虑了土体骨架变形与孔隙水非达西渗流的耦合。对数值模拟的现场试验验证分析表明,沉降数值分析的结果与铁路宁启线软基处理现场测试结果具有很好的可比性。所提出的数值分析方法可模拟袋装砂井爆夯处理软土地基的超静孔隙水压产生和消散以及土体沉降变形的动态过程。     

基于黏弹性理论的沉桩再固结问题分析

假设桩周土体为饱和黏弹性介质,采用Burgers流变模型进行描述,同时考虑竖向和径向固结,建立了固结控制方程。根据不排水和自由排水情况,将边界条件分为3类并分别得到超孔隙水压力消散的级数解答,该解答能够为孔压静力触探反求固结系数提供一定的理论依据。在此基础上编制了应用程序,对Burgers流变模型中主要参数进行了分析。结果表明,地基表面自由排水、桩端地基不排水条件下,在一定深度以内的桩周土体的固结速度随深度降低,但超过某一范围后固结速度趋于稳定;上、下边界均自由排水条件下,固结速度随深度增加呈现下降、稳定、升高;上、下边界均不排水条件时,孔压消散速度不随深度变化,可简化为本解答仅考虑径向固结的特例。同时土体的流变特性对超孔隙水压力消散的影响比较显著,流变参数G1/1的变化使超孔隙水压力趋于某不为0的定值,且该值随G1/1比值的增大而增加;其他参数不变时,土体剪切刚度比G1/G2的增大会引起孔压消散速度的下降。     

基于非等温管道流竖井地基热排水固结模拟

针对新技术热排水固结法,采用非等温管道流模拟竖井中U型导热管的传热过程,考虑温度对竖井扰动区和未扰动区渗透性的影响,在COMSOL Multiphysics有限元软件中进行二次开发,建立了竖井地基热排水固结法的有限元模型。以热排水固结软基处理原型试验为例,重点分析了模型耦合、部分耦合和不耦合情况下软土地基的固结度。结果表明,相对于传统排水固结法的不耦合模型,部分耦合模型下因温度产生的孔压增量延缓了地基固结的发展,固结速率有所减慢;耦合模型下温度虽也产生一定的孔压增量,但温度有效地改善了竖井涂抹区土的渗透特性,地基的固结速率加快,固结周期缩短,与试验结果一致。     

Consolidation behavior of soil–cement column improved ground

Columnar inclusion is one of the effective and widely used methods for improving the engineering properties of soft clay ground. This article investigates the consolidation behavior of composite soft clay ground using both physical model tests under an axial-symmetry condition and finite element simulations using the PLAXIS 2D program. It was determined that the final settlement and the rate of consolidation of the composite ground depended on the stress state. For an applied stress that is much lower than the failure stress, the final settlement of the composite ground was lower, and the consolidation was rapid. When the soil–cement column failed, the stress on the column suddenly decreased (due to strain-softening); meanwhile, the stress on the soil increased to maintain the force equilibrium. Consequently, the excess pore pressure in the surrounding clay increased immediately. The cracked soil–cement column acted as a drain, which accelerated the dissipation of the excess pore pressure. The consolidation of the composite ground was mainly observed in the vertical direction and was controlled by the area ratio, which is the ratio of the diameter of the soil–cement column to the diameter of the composite ground, a. The stress on the column was shown to be low for a composite ground with a high value of a, which resulted in less settlement and fast consolidation. For a long soil–cement column, the excess pore pressures in the surrounding clay and the column were essentially the same at a given consolidation time throughout the improvement depth. It is proposed that the soil–cement column and surrounding clay form a compressible ground, and the consolidation occurs in the vertical direction. The composite coefficient of consolidation (c_v(com₎) that was obtained from the physical model test on the composite ground can be used to approximate the rate of consolidation. This approximation was validated via a finite element simulation. The proposed method is highly useful to geotechnical engineers because of its simplicity and reliable prediction.     

Characterization of thick varved-clayey-silt deposits along the Delaware River by field and laboratory tests

The existence of thick compressible varved clayey silt deposits along the Delaware River presents one major obstacle for design and construction of structures or industrial facilities in this region. To understand the characteristics of this thick weak soil layer and then develop reliable soil parameters for future earthwork design and construction, a comprehensive soil testing program was carried out. The program consisted of both in situ tests [e.g., standard penetration test borings, piezocone penetration test (CPT) soundings, Marchetti flat dilatometer test soundings, seismic shear wave test soundings, CPT pore pressure dissipation tests, and field vane shear tests] and laboratory tests (e.g., soil index tests, consolidation tests, triaxial tests, and chemical tests). Additionally, a field surcharge test program with and without installation of wick drains was carried out to investigate the compressibility of the thick clayey silt deposit and the efficiency of wick drains to help accelerate consolidation. The field and laboratory test results showed that the varved clayey silt deposit was normally consolidated to slightly overconsolidated and moderately to highly compressible. Its physical properties were intermediate between those of Savannah muddy clay and Shanghai soft clay, while much closer to that of Shanghai soft clay. Due to its lamination structure in the horizontal direction, the horizontal consolidation coefficient of the varved clayey silts was significantly greater than that in the vertical direction. The measured undrained shear strength of the varved clay silt almost increased linearly with depth. The installation of wick drains in the thick clayey silt deposits accelerated primary consolidation, but showed no effect on the secondary consolidation under constant loading. The findings obtained from this study will be beneficial for future design and construction of earthworks along the Delaware River.     

软黏土层一维有限应变固结的超静孔压消散研究

根据土力学固结理论计算分析软黏土层固结过程的超静孔隙水压力值,确定软黏土体固结过程的强度增长,对排水固结法处理软土地基至关重要。软黏土层固结过程中土体变形较大时,有限应变固结理论和小应变固结理论计算分析软黏土固结所得结果差异较大。利用非线性有限元法及程序,通过对软黏土层固结工程算例的计算结果分析,研究了有限应变固结理论和小应变固结理论计算分析软黏土层一维固结超静孔压值消散的差异;探讨了软黏土体一维固结过程中,几何非线性、土体渗透性变化和压缩性变化对超静孔隙水压力消散的影响。研究结果表明,当土体的变形较大时,有限应变固结理论计算出的超静孔压要比小应变固结理论得到的值消散的更快。考虑土体固结过程中渗透性的变化时,超静孔压消散变慢;可用软黏土渗透性变化指数ck 反映渗透性变化对超静孔压消散的影响,渗透性变化指数ck值越小、超静孔压消散越慢。固结过程中软黏土压缩性的大小及变化也影响超静孔压的消散,可用软黏土的压缩指数cc反映固结过程中压缩性的大小及变化对超静孔压消散的影响,软黏土的压缩指数cc越小,固结过程软黏土层中的超静孔压消散越快。     

离心模型试验模拟塑料排水板处理软土地基的方法和应用

采用大型土工离心机对某工程近海软土地基上堤坝施工期及运行期进行了模拟。试验中采用停机加载法模拟分级施工加载过程, 原型中采用塑料排水板固结法处理软土地基, 模型中则根据固结过程相似的原理, 换算成等效圆截面排水体, 在模型制作中采用等效透水滤芯进行模拟。根据激光位移传感器和孔隙水压力传感器数据可以得出相应原型软土地基的沉降特性和孔隙水压力变化情况。根据试验得到的沉降曲线, 采用"经验双曲线法"推算出了地基最终沉降, 然后得出按沉降推算的分层地基平均固结度随时间的变化。对比试验模拟得到的软土地基固结度和理论计算结果, 二者基本接近, 表明塑料排水板模拟方法用于离心模型试验是可行的。      

不同竖向排水体下淤泥地基冲击能传递规律模型试验研究

静动力排水固结法中,土体固结效果与排水体间距有很大关系。为研究高能量冲击下不同排水体间距设置对软土能量传递规律影响,利用多向高能高速电磁力冲击智能控制试验系统,在模型箱中设置多组不同排水体系,对淤泥土进行静动力排水固结模型试验（1:30相似比）,获得了高能量多遍冲击作用下不同排水体系中能量传递规律:（1）冲击荷载作用下,非插板（无人工排水体）区产生的孔压难以消散、附加应力难以沿埋深方向往下传递,而插板区则可,但其传递需要经历一定夯击遍数;插板较密区比插板较疏区的孔压更易消散,其工中沉降更大;（2）插板区软土层是由上至下逐步加固的;插板越密,随着夯击遍数增加,能量在软基深层分布的比例越大,且深层最终能量增量占处理厚度总能量的分布比例最大,表现出主要压缩区向下移动趋势更为明显。试验表明,排水体设置是必要的;在给定条件下,插板越密,越有利于地基深部的加固。上述结果的重要工程意义在于,当施加足够遍数的夯击且设置相适应的排水体时,对于淤泥类高含水量软土地基,运用静动力排水固结法,可加固深厚淤泥地基。     

Consolidation of sensitive clays: a numerical investigation

Consolidation of sensitive clay layers, which have significant compressibility at different stress states, is investigated via a nonlinear one-dimensional consolidation approach with a piecewise linear e ~ log₁₀σ′ model. The behaviour of sensitive clays during consolidation and the limitations of conventional consolidation theory are addressed. It is shown that (1) the sensitive clay layer can be divided by the preconsolidation pressure into two zones, that is, high- and low-compressibility zones. The progressive destruction of particle cementation bonding through the soil layer is shown by the moving front of the interface between these two zones; (2) the excess pore pressure dissipation primarily takes place in the low-compressibility zone, which results in a small settlement during the early stages of consolidation; (3) conventional consolidation theory highly overestimates the settlement and gives a poor prediction of effective stress distribution.     

分级施工河堤下高灵敏性黏土的强度增加

软黏土地基由于其含水量高、孔隙比大、强度低、渗透性差,因此,在灵敏度很高的软黏土地基上建造高度较高的路堤,其稳定性很难得到保证。一般采用分级加载的方法使软土地基在路堤荷载的作用下发生固结,强度获得增长。为加速固结,常采用塑料排水板处理地基,使之能在较短的时间内完成固结,加速地基强度增加。针对日本佐贺县高灵敏度的有明黏土地基上修建的分级加载的6.5 m高河堤下软黏土的物理力学性质的变化,说明分级加荷的重要性。现场软土地基为结构性黏土,有很高的灵敏度。而且该软黏土地基的渗透系数极低。因此采用塑料排水板进行了加固处理,施工过程中对地基土的物理与力学性质随固结过程的变化进行了测试。分析了其发展规律,结果表明地基土的单轴强度在250 d内增长了近1倍。     

考虑影响区真实形状的竖向排水井地基固结解

针对现有竖向排水井地基固结解析理论对影响区一律采用圆形等效假定的缺陷,研究了影响区真实形状为正六边形的按梅花形布置的竖向排水井地基的固结问题。通过建立新固结方程和引入新的边界条件,并考虑土体水平渗透系数变化,得到了相应的解析解。对于土体水平渗透系数的3种变化模式,分别给出了各种模式下的特殊解。在此基础上,分析了3种模式下3个主要的无量纲参数对地基固结性状的影响,并比较了计算结果和现有理论结果。分析结果表明,影响区和涂抹扰动区范围越大,固结越慢;土体的最大与最小水平渗透系数之比越小,固结越快;在相同条件下,考虑扰动区渗透系数线性变化的模式2固结最快,而假定扰动区渗透系数不变的模式1的解与现有理论解相当接近,验证了现有竖向排水井地基固结解析理论中对影响区采用圆形等效假定的合理性     

市政污泥真空预压模型试验研究

《城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术规范》[1]执行前,市政污泥往往直接倾倒于填埋场形成污泥库,导致垃圾设计库容显著降低。为恢复填埋场库容,许多填埋场面临污泥库的原位加固处理。通过2组模型试验,探讨真空预压处理污泥的可行性。试验结果表明,真空预压后污泥含水率显著降低,强度提高至2~4 kPa;污泥排水固结系数随预压过程发展表现出非线性;排水板周围污泥含水率和渗透系数降低明显,阻碍离排水板较远处污泥排水固结,因此减少排水板间距可显著提高污泥处理效果;真空预压过程中污泥中孔压变化规律与常规淤泥质土有明显区别,特别是远离排水板的位置孔压消散幅度小,表明污泥中孔压消散规律不符合传统的太沙基固结理论;污泥真空预压过程中,间歇式通正气压会在处理初期阶段加快排水速率,但整体改善作用不明显;真空预压可作为污泥减量化的一种途径,如要满足后续堆载垃圾的要求,还需配合其他原位处理方法进一步提高强度。