基坑全过程开挖及邻近地铁隧道变形实测分析

根据邻近已运营地铁隧道的基坑工程监测数据,对基坑开挖全阶段施工过程的深层土体侧向位移与邻近地铁隧道变形之间的规律展开研究,探讨基坑开挖的施工危险节点与重点影响区域。研究发现,基坑开挖前期围护结构施工和降水均对地层和邻近地铁产生了不容忽视的初始位移影响,围护结构长时间无支撑暴露是基坑侧移快速增长的危险时段;基坑开挖具有空间效应,中部侧向变形要大于边角,且单向开挖易造成后挖区土体的位移场和应力场叠加,引起邻近隧道的最大变形向后挖区偏移;基坑开挖深度与邻近地铁埋深相近时,隧道结构产生显著的水平位移和“横鸭蛋”式收敛变形,竖向位移波动不大;深层土体侧移曲线表现为“阶梯鼓肚形”,土体最大水平位移与隧道变形在小范围内呈线性关系,但随着侧移量的增大,隧道变形发生偏离拟合曲线的超线性增长,在工程中应值得关注。     

软土深开挖致地铁车站基坑及邻近建筑变形特性研究

为了更深入地了解软土深开挖引起地铁车站深基坑工程围护结构及邻近建筑的变形特性,结合深厚软黏土地区某个地铁车站深基坑工程进行了系统性监测及结果分析。结果分析表明:地连墙成槽会引起邻近土体侧向位移,最大土体侧向位移值占基坑开挖期间土体侧向位移值20%左右;土体开挖期间南侧(桩基础建筑一侧)、北侧(浅基础建筑一侧)围护结构邻近土体最大侧向位移平均值分别为0.091%H_e和0.120%H_e;y/H_e值(y为垂直连续墙方向上与连续墙的距离,H_e为开挖深度)小于0.92时,基坑开挖引起土体沉降值及沉降差较大;地表变形与浅基础变形较为接近,桩基础建筑变形值明显小于浅基础建筑变形值且嵌岩桩基础建筑变形值最小;邻近浅基础建筑及桩基础建筑均受到空间效应影响,在x/H_e值(x为平行连续墙方向上与端部的距离)小于1.5时,空间效应较为明显,x/H_e值大于2.0时,邻近建筑及围护结构邻近土体变形接近平面应变状态。     

软土深开挖致地铁车站基坑及邻近建筑变形特性研究

为了更深入的了解软土深开挖引起地铁车站深基坑工程围护结构及邻近建筑的变形特性,结合深厚软黏土地区某个地铁车站深基坑工程进行了系统性监测及结果分析。结果分析表明:地连墙成槽会引起邻近土体侧向位移,最大土体侧向位移值占基坑开挖期间土体侧向位移值20%左右;土体开挖期间南侧(桩基础建筑一侧)、北侧(浅基础建筑一侧)围护结构邻近土体最大侧向位移平均值分别为0.091%H_e和0.120%H_e;y/H_e值(y,垂直连续墙方向上与连续墙的距离,H_e,开挖深度)小于0.92时,基坑开挖引起土体沉降值及沉降差较大;地表变形与浅基础变形较为接近,桩基础建筑变形值明显小于浅基础建筑变形值且嵌岩桩基础建筑变形值最小;邻近浅基础建筑及桩基础建筑均受到“空间效应”影响,在x/H_e值(x,平行连续墙方向上与端部的距离)小于1.5时“空间效应”较为明显,x/H_e值大于2.0时邻近建筑及围护结构邻近土体变形接近平面应变状态。     

软土深开挖致地铁车站基坑及邻近建筑变形特性研究

为了更深入的了解软土深开挖引起地铁车站深基坑工程围护结构及邻近建筑的变形特性,结合深厚软黏土地区某个地铁车站深基坑工程进行了系统性监测及结果分析。结果分析表明:地连墙成槽会引起邻近土体侧向位移,最大土体侧向位移值占基坑开挖期间土体侧向位移值20%左右;土体开挖期间南侧(桩基础建筑一侧)、北侧(浅基础建筑一侧)围护结构邻近土体最大侧向位移平均值分别为0.091%H_e和0.120%H_e;y/H_e值(y,垂直连续墙方向上与连续墙的距离,H_e,开挖深度)小于0.92时,基坑开挖引起土体沉降值及沉降差较大;地表变形与浅基础变形较为接近,桩基础建筑变形值明显小于浅基础建筑变形值且嵌岩桩基础建筑变形值最小;邻近浅基础建筑及桩基础建筑均受到“空间效应”影响,在x/H_e值(x,平行连续墙方向上与端部的距离)小于1.5时“空间效应”较为明显,x/H_e值大于2.0时邻近建筑及围护结构邻近土体变形接近平面应变状态。     

“两墙合一”双环形支撑体系基坑变形特性分析

南宁市某基坑采用“两墙合一”双环形支撑体系，为研究基坑开挖工况下地下连续墙及坑外浅基础建筑物的变形特性，基于现场监测资料，对基坑开挖引起的临近建筑物沉降、地连墙顶水平位移、竖向位移以及地连墙墙体侧向位移进行了系统分析。分析结果表明：周边建筑物沉降受其高度、基础形式、埋深、距基坑距离以及与基坑相对位置等因素的影响程度较大；地连墙竖向变形受基坑开挖暴露时间以及临近建筑物的影响较大，其最大竖向位移VWY变化区间为(-0.088%～0.083%) H_e(H_e为开挖深度)；近建筑物段地连墙侧移呈现为“内凸悬臂复合式”变形形态；“坑角效应”导致位于坑角处的地连墙呈现出“阶梯内凸式”变形形态；地连墙的最大侧移变化区间为(0.02%～0.21%)H_e，平均值为0.085%H_e。     

基坑开挖对邻近不同刚度建筑物影响的三维有限元分析

受各种因素的影响,基坑邻近建筑物的刚度差异显著。为了解基坑开挖对邻近不同刚度建筑物的影响,在考虑土体小应变刚度行为的基础上,对基坑邻近不同刚度建筑物的变形展开精细化分析。算例结果表明:对于任意刚度的建筑物,当其跨越坑外沉降槽最低点以及上凸曲率最大点时,墙体所产生的拉应变最为显著,即此时对于任意刚度的建筑物来说,均为最为不利位置。随着建筑物刚度的增大,墙体挠度值与拉应变值呈对数曲线下降。当建筑物整体刚度较差时,其墙体拉应变更主要取决于坑外沉降幅度,而受自身刚度影响较小。当建筑物刚度较大时,在基坑变形的影响下,建筑物更主要表现为刚体运动,而自身内部变形则相对较小。     

考虑初始不均匀沉降的建筑物受基坑开挖影响的有限元分析

在考虑土体的小应变现象及建筑物初始变形的基础上,研究了邻近建筑物与基坑相对距离的变化及自身刚度变化对建筑物不均匀沉降的影响。对于纵墙垂直于基坑边,且跨越坑外沉降槽最低点时,墙体产生的下凹挠曲变形与建筑物的初始变形趋势相同,初始变形将在一定程度上增大墙体的拉应变,尤其是对于刚度较小的建筑物,初始变形对墙体拉应变的影响将更为显著,此时考虑建筑物的初始变形是很有必要的;而当纵墙垂直于基坑边,且处于坑外土体上凸区域时,初始挠曲与基坑开挖产生的挠曲变形趋势相反,此时不考虑建筑物的初始变形则是偏于保守的。当建筑物部分处于下凹区、部分处于上凸区时,对于建筑物的下凹区部分也应考虑其初始变形的影响。     

SMW工法支护条件下基坑工程监测试验分析

徐州某基坑工程开挖深度约9.0 m,选择6层褐黄-灰褐色黏土作为持力层。为分析SMW工法施工中对工程周边建筑物的影响情况,结合基坑工程特点,选择周边建筑物的沉降、围护结构顶部水平位移和垂直位移、周边地表竖向位移、支撑(立柱)沉/隆监测、围护结构内力、深层水平位移等主项目进行了监测。结果表明:各测点最大沉降差为10.43 mm,对于长度为50 m的建筑物其倾斜率为0.000 2;桩顶水平位最大水平位移为21 mm;最小为14mm,且逐渐趋于稳定;基坑9~16 m土体变形较小且基本保持稳定,开挖时最大位移变化率为0.71 mm/d,最大位移与最大位移速率均小于设计要求的40 mm和3 mm/d。监测分析得到的规律和结论对徐州地区SMW工法的运用提供参考,具有一定的实用价值。     

基坑变形监测现场试验研究

结合浙江省桐乡市中虹天地商住楼基坑变形监测项目,研究了基坑沉桩挤土作用,分析了边长40cm方桩沉桩时,120倍桩径处地表仍有微弱隆起变形,以及基坑周边民住房的不均匀沉降变化特征。基坑开挖过程中,围护结构的受力状态发生改变,导致围护结构产生上浮现象。基坑土体水平位移随开挖深度增加逐渐变大,且在土体蠕变作用下,水平位移量仍会有所增加。大气降水导致基坑内外地下水位差变大,增加围护结构的侧压力。支撑轴力受混凝土凝固收缩、温差以及钢筋、混凝土之间的差异徐变影响,支撑轴力计算时需进行修正。     

浙江地区软弱土深基坑变形特点及预测分析

由于影响深基坑变形的因素较多,根据基坑开挖深度等条件的不同,对浙江地区（杭州地区居多）37个深基坑工程实测数据进行了统一归纳研究,分析了在浙江软弱土大背景下的深基坑侧移曲线与周边沉降曲线的特点,得出了基坑最大侧移量与开挖深度等之间的关系。研究结果表明,浙江软土深基坑的最大侧移点在开挖面以上4 m与开挖面以下7 m之间;抛物线形沉降曲线的最大沉降一般发生在距坑边0.5倍开挖深度处;最大沉降量、最大侧移量与开挖深度呈线性增长;最大侧移量与最大沉降量的关系受土质影响较大。进一步根据实测统计数据,结合软弱土基坑侧移曲线特点,提出了一种预测基坑侧移曲线的方法,该法预测基坑侧移量与实测值较为吻合。     

软土地区采用灌注桩围护的深基坑变形性状研究

根据上海软土地区80个钻孔灌注桩围护的深基坑工程案例有关数据,系统地分析了基坑开挖引致的灌注桩变形性状。所有基坑的灌注桩最大侧向位移介于0.1 %～1.0 %倍的开挖深度之间,平均值为开挖深度的0.44 %。钢筋混凝土支撑和钢支撑在控制墙体的变形上没有明显差别,最大侧向位移一般位于开挖面上下5 m的范围内。无量纲化最大侧向位移随着支撑系统刚度的增大而减小,随着墙底以上软土层厚度的增加而增大,但与灌注桩插入比及坑底抗隆起稳定系数之间并无明显的关系。墙顶侧向位移随着首道支撑位置深度的增加而呈现出指数增长的趋势,而灌注桩最大侧向位移与首道支撑的深度位置无明显关系。     

内支撑结构基坑的空间效应及影响因素分析

具有内支撑结构的围护系统在基坑边角处具有更大的系统刚度,使得基坑边角附近处土体的位移小于距离边角较远处土体的位移,即基坑的变形问题表现出空间特性。为了更好地研究L/He（L为沿基坑纵向方向上的距离;He为开挖深度）、开挖深度等因素对空间效应的影响,量测了两个狭长形地铁车站深基坑不同位置处土体的侧向位移、土体沉降等。通过对现场监测资料的分析发现,边角效应能够减小侧向位移的平面应变比,灌注桩围护结构、SMW工法桩围护结构和地下连续墙在边角附近处的平面应变比(PSR)分别为0.50、0.61和0.72。当平面应变比(PSR)接近于1.00时,对应的L/He值分别为2.50、6.00和4.00。随着L/He值的增大,土体的纵向最大沉降呈先增大后保持稳定的趋势。随开挖深度的增加,边角效应的影响范围呈增大的趋势。在基坑纵向沉降的空间效应中,灌注桩围护结构、SMW工法桩围护结构的土体最大沉降值达到稳定时对应的L/He值分别为2.50和5.20。土体沉降和侧向位移的空间效应有一定的相关性。     

Probabilistic Inverse Analysis of Excavation-Induced Wall and Ground Responses for Assessing Damage Potential of Adjacent Buildings

This paper presents an approach for the probabilistic inverse analysis of braced excavations based on the maximum likelihood formulation. Here, the soil parameters are updated using the observations of the maximum ground settlement and/or the maximum wall deflection measured in a staged excavation. The updated soil parameters are then used to refine the predicted wall and ground responses in the subsequent excavation stages, as well as to assess the building damage potential at the final excavation stage. Case study shows that the proposed approach is effective in improving the predictions of the excavation-induced wall and ground responses. More-accurate predictions of the wall and ground responses, in turn, lead to a more accurate assessment of the damage potential of buildings adjacent to the excavation. The proposed approach offers an effective means for a probabilistic inverse analysis of braced excavations.     

Efficiency of excavations with buttress walls in reducing the deflection of the diaphragm wall

Installation of buttress walls against diaphragm walls has been used as an alternative measure for the protection of adjacent buildings during excavation, but their mechanism in reducing movements has not yet been fully understood. This study performs three-dimensional finite element analyses of two excavation case histories, one in clay with T-shape buttress walls and another in dominant sand with rectangular buttress walls, to establish analysis model. Then, a series of parametric study were performed by varying soil types, types and length of buttress walls based on the above-mentioned excavations. Results show that the mechanism of buttress walls in reducing wall deflections mainly came from the frictional resistance between the side surface of buttress wall and adjacent soil rather than from the combined bending stiffness from diaphragm and buttress walls. The buttress wall with a length <2.0 m had a poor effect in reducing the wall deflection because the soil adjacent to the buttress wall had almost the same amount of movement as the buttress wall, causing the frictional resistance little mobilized. Since the frictional resistance of buttress walls in a deep excavation has fully been mobilized prior to the final excavation depth, the efficiency of buttress walls in reducing the wall deflection in a deep excavation was much less than that in a shallow excavation. Rectangular shape of buttress walls was of a better effect than T-shape in the shallow excavation because frictional resistance between buttress walls and adjacent soil played a major role in reducing the wall deflection rather than bearing resistance of the flange. When the excavation went deeper, the difference in reducing the wall deflection between the R-shape and T-shape became small.     

A simple prediction model for wall deflection caused by braced excavation in clays

Deep excavations particularly in deep deposits of soft clay can cause excessive ground movements and result in damage to adjacent buildings. Extensive plane strain finite element analyses considering the small strain effect have been carried out to examine the wall deflections for excavations in soft clay deposits supported by retaining walls and bracing. The excavation geometry, soil strength and stiffness properties, and the wall stiffness were varied to study the wall deflection behavior. Based on these results, a simple Polynomial Regression (PR) model was developed for estimating the maximum wall deflection. Wall deflections computed by this method compare favorably with a number of field and published records.     

土体水平位移对邻近既有桩基承载性状影响分析

城市建设中经常会遇到由于堆载或基坑开挖所引起的土体水平位移现象,土体水平位移的作用会使邻近建筑物的桩基础产生附加内力或变形,并可能导致邻近桩基的破坏而发生工程事故。针对此类问题,基于Winkler地基模型以及桩-土变形协调条件,建立单桩水平位移控制方程,根据内力与位移的微分关系,采用两阶段方法进行求解。结合典型的工程事故,通过参数分析,研究土体水平位移对邻近桩基承载性状的影响程度。分析表明,基坑工程围护墙体的稳定和开挖深度对邻近桩基的安全有着重要影响,并提出了近期发生在上海的某小高层楼房整体倒覆事故的一种可能原因。     

A simple estimation model for 3D braced excavation wall deflection

A series of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) finite element analyses using the Hardening Soil (HS) model were carried out to investigate the influences of soil properties, wall stiffness, excavation length, excavation depth, clay thickness at the base of the excavation and wall embedment depth, on the maximum wall deflection induced by braced-excavation. The results show that the 3D maximum wall deflections are generally much smaller than those for 2D. Comparisons were also made with other commonly used semi-empirical charts. Based on the finite element results in this study, a simple wall deflection equation was developed for estimating the maximum wall deflection that takes the 3D effects into consideration through different ratios of excavation length over excavation width.     

Test and numerical research on wall deflections induced by pre-excavation dewatering

Numerous studies have been devoted to the performance of excavations and adjacent facilities. In contrast, few studies have focused on retaining wall deflections induced by pre-excavation dewatering. However, considerable inward cantilever deflections were observed for a diaphragm wall in a pre-excavation dewatering test based on a long and narrow metro excavation, and the maximum deflection reached 10 mm (37.6% of the allowable wall deflection for the project). Based on the test results, a three-dimensional soil–fluid coupled finite element model was established and used to study the mechanism of the dewatering-induced diaphragm wall deflections. Numerical results indicated that the diaphragm wall deflection results from three factors: (1) the seepage force around the dewatering well and the soil–wall interaction caused the inward horizontal displacement of the soil inside the excavation; (2) the reduced total earth pressure on the excavated side of the diaphragm wall above approximately 1/2 of the maximum dewatering depth disequilibrated the original earth pressure on both sides of the diaphragm wall; and (3) the different negative friction on the excavated and retained sides of the diaphragm wall led to the rotation of the diaphragm wall into the excavation.