确定卸压瓦斯抽采钻孔合理层位的试验

卸压瓦斯抽采技术的关键在于根据采动裂隙场分布规律合理布置瓦斯抽采孔。针对富含水厚煤层大采高工作面快速推进,依据采动裂隙时空演化特征与瓦斯运移规律,在亭南煤矿实施了确定卸压瓦斯抽采钻孔合理层位的工业试验。通过对不同层位钻孔抽采浓度统计分析,卸压抽采钻孔终孔布置在裂隙带离层区抽采效果最好,从而确定卸压瓦斯抽采钻孔的合理层位。      

中硬低渗煤层定向长钻孔水力压裂瓦斯高效抽采技术与应用

针对黄陇侏罗纪煤田中硬煤层渗透性差、瓦斯抽采浓度及流量衰减速度快等问题,利用自主研发的水力压裂成套工艺设备,提出煤层定向长钻孔水力压裂瓦斯高效抽采技术,并在黄陇煤田黄陵二号煤矿进行工程应用试验。现场共完成5个定向长钻孔钻探施工,单孔孔深240~285 m,总进尺1 320 m;采用整体压裂工艺对5个本煤层钻孔进行压裂施工,累计压裂液用量1 557.5 m3,单孔最大泵注压力19 MPa;压裂后单孔瓦斯抽采浓度及百米抽采纯量分别提升0.7~20.5倍、1.7~9.8倍;相比于普通钻孔,压裂孔瓦斯初始涌出强度提升2.1倍,钻孔瓦斯流量衰减系数降低39.6%。试验结果表明:采取水力压裂增透措施后,瓦斯抽采效果得到显著提升,煤层瓦斯可抽采性增加,为类似矿区低渗煤层瓦斯高效抽采提供了技术支撑。      

大直径高位定向长钻孔瓦斯抽采技术及实践

针对高强开采井田王家岭煤矿综放工作面瓦斯涌出量大、上隅角瓦斯积聚问题,基于岩层控制关键层理论,对顶板垮落走向与倾向采动裂隙发育进行研究。采用数值模拟的方法研究采空裂隙随工作面推进的演化过程,分析顶板裂隙发育高度,确定大直径高位定向长钻孔最佳布孔层位及钻孔结构,并进行工程实践。结果表明,依据关键层理论计算及采动裂隙数值模拟预测层位布设大直径高位定向长钻孔,抽采效果较好,单孔最大抽采纯量2.10 m3/min,最大抽采体积分数31.39%,4个定向长钻孔累计抽采瓦斯纯量28.99万m3,工作面上隅角瓦斯体积分数最低下降至0.46%,瓦斯治理效果显著,解决了上隅角瓦斯超限问题,保障了工作面的安全回采。      

软煤夹层水射流层状卸压增透抽采瓦斯数值模拟及试验

水力冲孔是煤层瓦斯增透抽采的主要技术措施,其主要以出煤量考察卸压效果,但是也存在出煤量大、卸压不均一、应力易集中等问题。因此,提出软煤夹层水射流层状卸压增透抽采瓦斯技术,考虑瓦斯压力压缩和煤基质吸附瓦斯膨胀对本体变形的影响,建立应力场、裂隙场、渗流场耦合条件下的多物理场理论模型,并结合COMSOL数值模拟软件对软煤夹层水射流分支数、卸压影响范围内煤体的瓦斯压力和瓦斯含量变化规律进行了研究。研究表明:当水射流分支长半轴为2 m,短半轴为0.22 m时,水射流分支数为6个时较为合理;在相同出煤率情况下,相同时间内瓦斯压力和含量均随着与钻孔距离的增加而减小,抽采180 d,水射流层状卸压有效抽采半径约为常规水力冲孔有效抽采半径的2.14倍,且在有效影响范围2 m时,水射流层状卸压瓦斯含量降低量为7 m3/t,而常规水力冲孔瓦斯含量降低量为4.1 m3/t,水射流层状卸压瓦斯降低量为常规水力冲孔的1.71倍;在新义煤矿现场试验中发现,当水射流层状卸压出煤率为常规冲孔出煤率的0.29~0.71倍,抽采较高浓度瓦斯时长仍是常规水力冲孔的2倍。软煤夹层水射流层状卸压增透抽采瓦斯技术的提出,对未来煤矿井下软煤夹层水力冲孔技术的发展有着重要的意义,为井下瓦斯的治理提供了新的方法和方向。      

煤矿井下分段水力压裂梳状定向长钻孔钻进技术研究

随钻测量梳状定向钻进技术目前主要应用于煤矿瓦斯防治、地质异常体探测和探放水等领域。但该技术还未与水力压裂增透强化抽采技术相结合应用于煤层瓦斯防治领域,由于水力压裂增透强化抽采技术对钻孔特殊要求,相应钻探装备、钻孔设计和钻进成孔工艺均需要进行研究突破。本次研究成果融合了井下梳状定向长钻孔瓦斯抽采技术及水力压裂增透强化抽采技术的优点,形成了一套适合分段水力压裂梳状定向钻孔施工设备及工艺流程,能够满足对松软煤层瓦斯远距离与区域增透技术的需求,解决松软煤层透气性差、瓦斯抽采孔成孔性差、抽采距离短、抽采区域小等难题。     

利用测井数据解析含煤地层渗透特性

研究受采动影响含煤地层渗透特性的变化规律,结合电视钻孔成像技术综合分析覆岩破坏高度,对煤矿开采瓦斯抽放系统钻孔位置合理布置具有重要意义。根据测井资料（密度、伽马）,解析地层边界、泥质含量及纯岩段夹层、弱层的存在及其对含煤地层渗透特性的影响。理论分析与现场实测表明:原始地层伽马曲线和泥质含量可以解析泥岩、粘土层和夹层、弱层的位置;含煤地层渗透率受采动影响,渗透率增高区由采前泥岩、粘土与其他岩体层交界和原始裂隙区向采后纯岩夹层、弱层区演化;被研究含煤地层冒落带顶点深度433 m,裂隙带顶点深度382 m。      

穿层钻孔各煤层瓦斯抽采比例计算方法及应用

为了测定穿层钻孔多煤层瓦斯抽采各煤层瓦斯抽采比例及残余瓦斯含量,分别提出了相应的解决方法。计算穿层钻孔多煤层瓦斯抽采各煤层瓦斯抽采比例时,提出将煤层厚度、原始瓦斯含量、透气性系数的乘积作为瓦斯抽采相关量,将瓦斯抽采相关量归一化处理来计算,考虑了影响穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采的主要因素;预测穿层钻孔多煤层瓦斯抽采各煤层残余瓦斯含量时,利用原始瓦斯含量与吨煤瓦斯抽采量来计算,吨煤瓦斯抽采量与穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采总量、穿层钻孔在该煤层的瓦斯抽采比例及该煤层的质量有关。结果表明:提出的穿层钻孔多煤层瓦斯抽采各煤层瓦斯抽采比例计算方法,与贵州省青龙煤矿现场实测结果的最大相对误差仅为2.03%,能够满足工程实践的需要。      

沿抽采井筒的煤储层渗透率模型研究

渗透率是表征瓦斯流动的重要参数,为保证煤矿瓦斯安全高效抽采,有必要探究距抽采井筒不同位置处煤层瓦斯渗流演化特征。然而,瓦斯抽采过程中伴随有效应力、煤基质对瓦斯的吸附/解吸能力以及煤储层温度的不断变化,甚至出现抽采损伤,使得煤层瓦斯运移行为异常复杂。为探究抽采过程的煤层瓦斯渗流特性,在圆柱坐标系下,考虑压力场与温度场变化对煤储层渗透率的影响,构建温度影响的孔隙压力时空演化函数,据此建立应力与温度作用下的煤储层渗透率模型。结果表明:建立的模型能合理描述沿抽采井筒孔隙压力的演化规律以及瓦斯的运移特性,即在恒定外应力的条件下,随抽采时间增加,不同位置处孔隙压力先降低后变化平缓,煤储层渗透率先降低后升高;此外,同一煤储层位置处,考虑温度比不考虑温度的渗透率计算值更低;通过讨论发现,随抽采时间增加,根据裂隙压缩与基质收缩对渗透率演化的不同效应,设置合理的负压抽采方式可提高瓦斯抽采量。      

贵州青龙煤矿碎软煤层区域瓦斯递进式抽采技术

针对碎软煤层瓦斯抽采钻孔存在轨迹不可控、成孔深度浅和瓦斯抽采效果差的问题,分析了现有瓦斯抽采钻孔回转钻进技术瓶颈,集成了基于长距离顺层钻进技术和双动力复合排渣技术的压风定向钻进技术,在此基础上提出了利用压风定向钻进技术,开展碎软煤层区域递进式瓦斯抽采技术。选取黔北煤田中部青龙煤矿21606运输巷道进行现场试验,在坚固性系数为0.37碎软煤层中,施工完成253个顺煤层压风定向钻孔,95%钻孔达到设计孔深,累计进尺超过3万m,单孔瓦斯抽采纯量是普通回转钻孔的10倍以上,单孔瓦斯抽采甲烷体积分数提高约50%以上。试验表明,采用压风定向钻进技术钻进碎软煤层钻孔轨迹可控,成孔率在95%以上,区域递进式瓦斯抽采技术具有无抽采盲区的显著优势,有效缓解了采掘接替紧张局面,提升了矿井瓦斯治理技术水平,为碎软煤层瓦斯治理提供了新的技术途径。      

基于瓦斯抽采穿层钻孔的瓦斯地质勘查研究

针对回采工作面煤与瓦斯突出事故多发于煤厚变化带和隐伏小构造附近,研究了利用大量瓦斯抽采钻孔探明工作面瓦斯地质信息的技术途径。结合试验煤层工作面抽采钻孔施工设计,对抽采钻孔信息进行处理、建立数学模型,利用计算机作图软件对煤层厚度变化规律、隐伏小断层立体呈现,从而达到利用穿层抽采钻孔探明工作面前方隐伏瓦斯地质信息的目的。试验结果表明,工作面煤厚变化部位、遭遇断层位置与预测结果基本一致,回采阶段未出现瓦斯异常情况。     

Theoretical and Numerical Simulation of the Mining-Enhanced Permeability Model of Damaged Coal Seam

The pertinence and effectiveness of gas extraction for underground coal mining is an important issue for simultaneous exploitation of coal and gas. The key issue is the definition and analysis of mining-enhanced permeability of mining-induced fracture network. In order to describe the permeability evolution process during coal mining, the elasto-plastic damage constitutive model of coal was established. Based on the mining-enhanced permeability model, the effect of damage on permeability was considered, and the expression of mining-enhanced permeability considering damage was obtained. Using rock mechanics testing system and the permeability test system, the permeability test was conducted, and the permeability change law with damage was obtained. Based on the elasto-plastic damage constitutive model and the mining-enhanced permeability of damaged coal, the 3D-finite element program was developed according to the elasto-plastic damage theory, by which the analysis of mining process of one coal seam was made. Then we analyzed the distribution of permeability and mining-enhanced permeability. The result shows that: (1) considering the damage can reflect the influence of mining on fracture network and permeability of coal seam. (2) With the advance of the working face, coal units continue to break and the permeability of the coal seam increases continually. (3) The numerical simulation shows the dynamic evolution process of permeability and mining-enhanced permeability of the coal seam during the mining process. These results can provide quantitative and scientific methods for quantitative evaluation of permeability change of coal seam in mining engineering.     

底板梳状长钻孔替代穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采技术可行性

底板岩巷穿层钻孔抽采技术和本煤层定向长钻孔抽采技术是目前高瓦斯和突出矿井回采工作面最为主要的瓦斯治理措施。晋城矿区赵庄矿煤层具松软低透气性特点,主要采用岩巷穿层钻孔消突为主,本煤层顺层钻孔消突为辅的瓦斯治理方法。但底板岩巷穿层钻孔存在工程量大、施工周期长及成本高等缺点,本煤层钻孔存在钻孔抽采不均匀、钻孔覆盖密度不足等技术缺陷。为对比考察底板梳状长钻孔与底板岩巷穿层钻孔的抽采效果,在赵庄矿1307采面开展了2种瓦斯治理方法。结果表明:抽采条件和抽采范围相同条件下,5个底板梳状长钻孔的瓦斯抽采总量占到底板岩巷穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采总量的75.4%,而底板梳状长钻孔的经济投入仅占底板岩巷穿层钻孔经济投入的29.2%。由此得出,研究区梳状长钻孔替代穿层钻孔的瓦斯抽采技术是可行的。该研究为底板梳状长钻孔替代底板岩巷的技术可行性提供了实践参考,为松软低透的高瓦斯和突出矿井的瓦斯治理提供了更为经济可行的治理方案。      

Emission reduction technology and application research of surface borehole methane drainage in coal mining-influenced region

Windblown methane is an important gas resulting in atmospheric greenhouse effect. Therefore, reduction in windblown methane is one of the important measures to mitigate atmospheric greenhouse effect. In China, weak coal seam of low permeability is common in coal mines, so it is beset with difficulties to decrease the methane emission rate by means of gas drainage from the virgin coal seam, further to decrease the windblown mine gas. Utilizing the pressure relief and permeability and fluidity improvement effect in coal mining an approach to release methane emission through surface borehole was established, for example establishing a comprehensive deformation fracture model of surface borehole in extraction area based on quantitative rule of overlying rock movement in pit and forming a technology to select the surface borehole arrangement site in extraction area on the basis of deformation of bore frame structure and distribution characteristics of extraction flow field. And optimization technology of shape and structure of surface borehole in extraction area on the basis of ultimate stress analysis of surface borehole casing was given. The technology overcomes effectively the problem that surface borehole casing is vulnerable to premature fracture due to impact of strata movement on the surface borehole, and further increases the drainage result of the surface borehole. The technology has been test in China Shanxi Jincheng Sihe Coal Mine, achieving good results, including 12,000 Nm³/d pure methane drainage rate from single borehole, 85% methane concentration and 1.1 million Nm³ accumulative methane drainage, which demonstrate practicability and advanced performance of the technology.     

Measurement of pressure drop in drainage boreholes and its effects on the performance of coal seam gas extraction: a case study in the Jiulishan Mine with strong coal and gas outburst dangers

Although it is a well-accepted belief in the petroleum industry that horizontal well productivity can be limited by the pressure drop within the wellbore, little has been reported regarding how this pressure drop affects gas extraction from a coal seam and its further effects on mitigating coal and gas outburst dangers in coal. One of the major reasons for this scarcity is that the pressure-drop distribution in horizontal drainage boreholes is difficult to obtain. In this study, measurements of pressure drops in 54 drainage boreholes were performed in the No. 2₁ coal seam, which is the primary mining layer of Jiulishan Mine and poses a strong danger of coal and gas outbursts. Next, a coupled governing finite-element model, which includes the pressure drop in the borehole, Darcy flow in fractures, gas diffusion in the matrix blocks, and the dynamic evolution of the permeability of coal, was developed and implemented using a finite-element method to quantify the pressure-drop effects. Field tests of the pressure drops indicate that the pressure increases in a parabolic form with the increasing depth of the borehole, and lower outer end pressure is associated with larger pressure increments. The numerical results indicate that the pressure drop does affect the coal seam gas extraction, the pressure around the borehole increases with increasing borehole depth, and the increment of the pressure becomes larger when the borehole’s drainage effect is enhanced. However, the impact is small and can be ignored in engineering.     

高位钻场长钻孔在淮南刘庄煤矿瓦斯抽采中的应用

刘庄煤矿东二采区121102工作面所开采的11-2煤层为非突出煤层,但在工作面回采期间,存在瓦斯突出的可能。为防止工作回风巷尤其是上隅角瓦斯超限,确保工作面的正常生产,同时兼顾瓦斯资源的抽采利用,施工了最大长度496m,钻孔直径133mm的瓦斯抽采孔。实际应用表明,该孔投入使用后,整个工作面回采过程中均未发生过瓦斯超限现象,说明利用大口径长距离钻孔取代巷道抽放瓦斯是完全可行的。本文介绍的高位钻场长钻孔的设计、施工和瓦斯抽采情况,可以为今后同类工作面中长钻孔的施工提供借鉴。     

碎软煤层顶板梳状长钻孔水力压裂区域瓦斯高效抽采模式

瓦斯区域超前治理是实现煤矿安全、高效及智能化开采的重要保障,针对碎软煤层区域瓦斯高效抽采难题,以陕西韩城矿区3号煤层为研究对象,提出井下煤层顶板梳状长钻孔水力压裂区域瓦斯抽采模式。采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验等多手段相结合的方法,验证模式适用性,阐明紧邻煤层顶板梳状钻孔压裂裂缝延展规律、抽采机理和压裂曲线特征,进而建立适用于500 m孔深的集地质条件动态分析、分段水力压裂、封隔器遇阻解卡和压裂范围连续探查于一体的顶板梳状长钻孔裸眼分段水力压裂关键技术体系,实现煤层顶板梳状钻孔主孔轨迹距离煤层5 m左右、多段均匀压裂、压裂范围全孔监测和孔内事故高效处理。以此为基础,在韩城桑树坪二号井开展2孔次的工程实践:压裂主孔深度588 m、距3号煤层2 m左右,单孔压裂6段,压裂范围探查深度381 m、压裂影响半径20 m以上;压裂后,钻孔抽采瓦斯平均体积分数40%以上、瓦斯抽采量1 m3/min以上,抽采效果是常规钻孔的4倍,120 d瓦斯抽采有效半径可达9 m,实现了碎软煤层瓦斯区域高效抽采。并提出了适用于碎软煤层大区域瓦斯抽采以及高瓦斯压力碎软强突煤层远程区域抽采卸压等规模化应用技术思路。      

Research on Correlation Between Abutment Pressure and Gas Drainage Flow of Coal Seam

In this paper, based on the field test of No.S3012 working face of Shan Mushu Coal Mine in Sichuan Coal Group, monitoring the abutment pressure and gas drainage flow during the mining process, studying the change law of the abutment pressure and gas drainage flow of the coal seam, and using the numerical simulation method research on the evolution of abutment pressure and displacement of coal seam during the mining process. The results shown that: with the advance of coal mining face, the abutment pressure of coal seam can be divided into stress decreasing area, stress increasing area and original stress area, and the stress state of coal seam and the pore, crack structure and permeability of coal body are obviously changed. With the advance of the mining face, the abutment pressure in front and back of the coal mining face is the moving abutment pressure, and the coal mining face to be in the pressure relief area, the front abutment pressure peak value deep into the coal body 5–10 m, the influence scope reaches the front coal mining face to 90–100 m, this area is the stress increasing area. And the evolution law of the roof displacement of goaf is similar to the elliptical with the axial ratio changes, when the ratio is close to 1, the roof subsidence affected area is similar to the shape of “O”.     

韩城矿区碎软煤层顶板梳状孔水力压裂瓦斯抽采工程实践

韩城矿区碎软煤层发育,煤层透气性差,本煤层钻孔钻进困难,瓦斯抽采效果差。顶板梳状孔水力压裂技术结合了水力压裂技术和定向钻进技术二者的优势,是解决碎软低渗煤层瓦斯抽采难题的有效技术途径。在韩城矿区王峰煤矿3号煤层顶板粉砂岩中施工长钻孔并向煤层开分支,采用套管+封隔器座封的整体压裂方式进行水力压裂工程试验。钻孔总长度344 m,有效压裂长度284 m,累计注水量874.79 m3,最大泵注压力9.4 MPa。试验结束后对钻孔瓦斯抽采相关参数连续监测86 d,钻孔瓦斯抽采体积分数27%~51%,平均42.11%,钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量8.25~21.41 m3/min,平均17.02 m3/min,钻孔累计抽采瓦斯量约210万m3。与常规的穿层钻孔水力冲孔技术相比,该技术百米钻孔瓦斯抽采量提高了11.48倍,初步证明了该技术在碎软煤层瓦斯强化抽采领域的适用性。