岩溶区土洞发育机制的分析

岩溶区地下水或地表水的活动 ,将对土层产生潜蚀作用及崩解作用 ,进而形成土洞。真空吸蚀作用 ,有利于土洞的发育扩大。地下水位的变化 ,将使土洞周围土体的应力状态发生改变 ,并有可能导致土洞周围土体产生塑性破坏 ,使土洞进一步扩大甚至塌陷.     

也论覆盖型岩溶地面塌陷机理

为了更好地给覆盖型岩溶地面塌陷的处置和防治提供理论依据,根据可溶岩上覆盖层物质成分、地质结构及其物理力学性能的差异,首次将覆盖型岩溶地面塌陷机制区分为沙漏型、土洞型和泥流型3种类型。砂性土层分布区,由外界因素的触发导致沙颗粒向岩溶通道和溶洞漏失而产生的地面塌陷现象称为沙漏型塌陷。重力和岩溶提供的有效空间是产生沙漏型塌陷的必要条件,地下水作用加速了沙漏型地面塌陷发生,缩短了塌陷发生的过程。发生在黏性土和密实砂性土层中、由于土洞洞顶拱效应失效而产生的地面塌陷现象称为土洞型塌陷; 天然土洞通过地表水侵蚀与地下水潜蚀作用、砂土漏失和软土流失等3种方式形成; 土洞的形成和发展时期内洞顶上方土体是稳定的,在外部因素触发而导致洞顶拱效应失效时才发生地面塌陷; 土洞型塌陷具有隐蔽性和突发性的特点。由软弱土体流失而产生的地面塌陷现象称为泥流型塌陷。泥流型地面塌陷是软弱土体向溶蚀通道和溶洞中流失的结果。岩溶地面塌陷的触发因素包括地下水作用(垂直和水平渗流、土/岩界面处地下水位频繁波动)、外加荷载(动荷载和静荷载)和土洞顶板抗力降低(顶板强度降低、厚度减薄和结构破坏)等方面。这些外因触发了岩溶地面塌陷的发生。     

单层土体结构岩溶土洞的形成机理

岩溶土洞是岩溶区工程路基施工中的主要地质灾害。本文首先对广西桂林阳朔高速公路雁山段、西气东输二线工程广西贵港段两个典型工程路基单层土体结构的岩溶土洞进行详细剖析,然后通过室内模型试验、崩解试验的验证,研究岩溶土洞的形成机理。结果表明:单层土体结构的岩溶土洞发育是先从基岩面逐渐往地面发展,在发展过程中,对于较厚的土层,岩溶土洞的发育与扩展分为3个阶段:(1)基岩面附近的土洞形成与地下水位的承压状态和地下水位初始下降速度密切相关,土洞的形态主要以缝(洞)的形式出现,规模较小,多形成于土体中的裂隙面或非均质部位;(2)在地下水包气带(季节变动带)土洞的扩展以崩解为主,规模较大;(3)近地表(垂直渗入带)土洞扩展机制以上部降雨入渗、洞顶剥落为主,崩塌块体较大。      

土洞型岩溶塌陷发育过程气体示踪试验研究——以广州金沙洲为例

运用气体示踪进行土洞型岩溶塌陷监测预警是一种比较新的技术方法,其原理是通过气体在不同形状、规模的土体孔隙、裂缝和土洞中的运移规律研究,分析气体特征值与土体变形破坏的关系,进而间接判断土洞的发育情况,实现岩溶塌陷监测预警。本文以广州市金沙洲岩溶塌陷区为例,通过室内物理模型试验再现了土洞发育、形成到地面塌陷的全过程。运用气体示踪技术,按照土洞形成、土洞发育、土洞堵塞、土洞扩大和土洞塌陷五个过程,研究气体浓度、气体聚集时间等参数指标与土洞不同发育阶段的关系。结果表明:①土洞型岩溶塌陷发育程度与示踪气体浓度存在对应关系,气体浓度升高反映了土体变形破坏的进一步发育;②土体变形破坏程度与示踪气体浓度总体呈正相关关系,距离地面塌陷点越近浓度越高;③土体变形破坏程度与示踪气体浓度达到峰值浓度时间存在对应关系,距离地面塌陷点越近,气体浓度达到峰值的时间越快。根据以上试验结果,运用气体示踪技术进行土洞型岩溶塌陷监测预警是可行的,后期应探索预警阈值并进行野外现场实际验证。      

广州市白云区夏茅村岩溶地面塌陷特征及致灾因素和风险分析

广州市白云区夏茅村岩溶塌陷地质灾害严重,塌陷区内地质环境条件极其复杂,隐伏灰岩岩溶土洞发育强烈,溶洞、土洞规模较大,且发育多层溶洞,溶洞间相互连通,岩溶塌陷区基岩面起伏较大,高程变化剧烈,第四系覆盖层厚度较大,底部粉质黏土层土洞发育,土体中规模巨大的土洞是产生岩溶地面塌陷的基础条件。基岩断裂构造带及其影响带范围内,岩石破碎,形成导水断层,存在地下水迳流通道,沿断裂带地下水循环活跃,溶蚀强烈,形成岩溶强发育带,为岩溶塌陷的发生提供了良好的动力条件。区内楼房基础施工扰动了地下水和土洞间的平衡状态从而成为了地面塌陷发生的诱发因素。运用7项地质环境条件指标和5项经济人口指标分别定性评估岩溶地面塌陷的易发度和易损度,并将二者叠加进行地质灾害风险评估。研究结果表明,夏茅村潜在地质灾害风险大,只有严格控制地下水动力条件,才能避免再次发生岩溶地面塌陷。     

土洞的形成与发育机制及处理措施——以某机场为例来说明

土洞是岩溶区常见的一种岩溶作用产物,地下水与地表水的活动是其形成与发育的最重要的影响因素,通过对昆明某机场的岩溶发育特征为例来说明土洞的形成与发育机制。     

岩溶塌陷发育的时空阶段性分析

岩溶塌陷是土洞形成与发展的结果，临界土洞的形成是土洞发育的最终阶段，以临界土洞为界，岩溶塌陷的整个发育形成过程从时间和空间上划分为内部塌陷和地表塌陷两个密不可分的阶段。内部塌陷阶段是土洞发育与扩展即覆盖层岩土体逐渐 缓变过程，土体的破坏为拉张破坏与剪切破坏相复合的混合破坏方式；地表塌陷阶段是土洞扩张导致地表土体破坏塌落的突变过程，土体破坏为剪切破坏或拉张破坏，不同的破坏方式将在地表形成不同形状的塌坑。     

岩溶地面塌陷三机理理论及其应用

为了给岩溶地面塌陷预测、监测、防治和应急措施提供理论依据,全面总结了岩溶地面塌陷的发育规律,认为岩溶、土体和诱发因素是岩溶地面塌陷的三要素。岩溶为土体丧失提供通道和储藏空间。土的工程地质性质决定了土体塌陷方式:“黏土块”坍塌、砂颗粒漏失、软弱土流失;土体塌陷方式决定了土体塌陷机理;据土体塌陷方式提出了由“土洞型塌陷”“沙漏型塌陷”和“泥流型塌陷”构成的岩溶地面塌陷三机理理论:黏性土和密实砂性土层中,在外力作用下,土洞顶板拱效应失效而产生的地面塌陷现象称为土洞型塌陷;由于诱发因素的触发导致可溶岩上方松散砂层中砂颗粒漏失而产生的地面塌陷现象称为沙漏型塌陷;可溶岩上方软弱土体在外力作用下向可溶岩中流失而产生的地面塌陷现象称为泥流型塌陷。三机理理论关注土体塌陷方式,既解释了岩溶地面塌陷现象,更回答了土体“如何塌”的问题。诱发因素是塌陷的外部影响因素,不是塌陷机理的构成要素;诱发因素产生作用力;作用力改变土颗粒运动状态,使土颗粒由“静止→运动”,土体由“稳定→塌陷”。依据三机理理论,提出了岩溶地面塌陷综合地质预测方法,建立了基于三个塌陷机理的土体塌陷确定性预测模型,系统总结了岩溶地面塌陷监测、防治和应急措施方法,形成了从理论到实践的、完整的岩溶地面塌陷思想体系。      

覆盖型岩溶土洞对地下水升降作用的响应及其塌陷演化过程研究

福建省岩溶塌陷地质灾害发育,其发育程度仅次于滑坡、崩塌地质灾害。为研究岩溶塌陷的演化过程,本文以福建省典型覆盖型岩溶塌陷为研究对象,现场采取了覆盖层土样,在自制的物理模型箱中布设光纤光栅应变传感器、孔隙水压力计、沉降计等监测仪器获取不同条件下覆盖层土体的应力-应变信息,分析了覆盖层土体的响应情况,研究了典型覆盖层岩溶塌陷的发展演化过程。研究结果表明：(1)第四系覆盖层孔隙水位升降作用下,土层的孔隙水压力值基本呈等幅变化,底层土体变形最弱,顶层土体变形最大,两者的应变差值最大可达5倍。水位升降对土洞周围土体的破坏较小,土洞尚未形成。(2)岩溶水水位反复升降的过程中,孔隙水压力的增减与渗流水位变化同步;同一水平面上越靠近溶洞的土体产生的应变越大,且土层越高,应变差值越大,顶层土体应变差值达2000με。土洞顶板变形在水动力作用与真空吸蚀作用下不断向上发展,当变形发展超过临界土洞高度40 cm时,形成地面塌陷。(3)典型覆盖型岩溶塌陷演化过程可划分为土洞发育-覆盖层内部塌陷-地表塌陷3个不同阶段。(4)闽西南岩溶土洞塌陷大多发生于山间盆地河谷两侧地下水强径流排泄区,覆盖层厚度较大,多为第四系...     

岩溶塌陷临界土洞的极限平衡高度公式

土洞的产生和发展是岩溶塌陷的基础,临界土洞是土洞发展的最终阶段,以临界土洞为界,岩溶塌陷在时间和空间上划分为内部塌陷阶段和地表塌陷阶段。内部塌陷阶段是土洞在覆盖层土体内部的发育扩展阶段,土洞顶板土体的破坏形式类似于地下洞室洞顶围岩的破坏。根据地下洞室普氏平衡拱理论,建立覆盖层土体的天然平衡拱高度,即临界土洞的极限平衡高度公式,并以唐山市体育场岩溶塌陷为例,对该公式进行验证评价,计算所得塌陷的临界土洞高度与实际情况相符合,误差仅为4.3 %。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.