星载SAR浅海水下地形和水深测量模拟仿真──水下地形高度、坡度和方向与可测水深分析

根据星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)浅海水下地形和水深成像机理,建立了浅海水下地形和水深雷达后向散射截面仿真模型.利用该模型模拟并分析了不同地形条件下,浅海水下地形的雷达后向散射截面.分析结果表明,水下地形高度越高,SAR可测量的水深越深;水下地形坡度越大,越易被SAR所观测.水下地形的星载SAR测量还与水下地形的方向有关,与卫星飞行方向平行的水下地形最易被SAR观测,与卫星飞行方向垂直的水下地形最不易被SAR观测.     

Kelvin尾迹SAR图像仿真研究

一方面利用Kelvin尾迹水动力模型,通过对同一吃水深度(4 m)、不同船速(1-20 m/s)下的Kelvin尾迹波的仿真,提出了此模型适用的船只航行速度范围以及随着船速的变化,Kelvin尾迹波的变化情况。另一方面结合海表面波模型和雷达后向散射模型,比较同一船速、不同吃水深度(4 m、6 m和8 m)下的SAR仿真图像。结果表明,仅考虑Kelvin尾迹水动力模型时,当吃水深度不变时,在一定速度范围内,随船速的增大,Kelvin尾迹的横波波长逐渐增大,尖波变的逐渐清晰,超出此范围,Kelvin尾迹水动力模型就不再适用了;当同时考虑3种模型时,不同吃水深度下,在一定速度范围内,同一船速所仿真出的Kelvin尾迹SAR图像是不一样的,随着吃水深度的加深,Kelvin尾迹横波也随之清晰,超出此速度范围则无法看到横波。     

浅海水下地形的SAR遥感仿真研究

结合连续性方程和布拉格后向散射模型,在准一维简化浅海水下地形情况下,建立了浅海水下地形SAR海面相对后向散射强度仿真模型,将浅海水下地形区域的SAR海面后向散射强度的相对变化与大尺度背景流场、海面风场和雷达系统参数等联系起来.海上实验和研究结果表明,浅海水下地形的SAR成像主要由通过受水下地形影响的海表层流场对海表面风引起的微尺度波的水动力调制而获取浅海水下地形信息,其中潮流与水下地形的相互作用过程改变海表层流场,变化的海表层流与海表面微尺度波之间的相互作用改变海表面波的空间分布,雷达波与海表面波之间的相互作用决定雷达海面后向散射强度.因此SAR图像中浅海水下地形或水深信息量的多少不仅与海表层流场和海面风速有关,而且与雷达工作波段、雷达波束入射角和极化方式也密切相关.认为由水下地形变化引起的缓慢变化的表层流场中海表面定常微尺度波谱能量密度的变化满足波作用量谱平衡方程;而在波数空间中,海表面微尺度波谱的成长过程也可以用波数谱平衡方程描述,在此基础上,得出了海表面波高频谱(毛细-重力波)形式的解析表达式.众所周知,浅海水下地形信息是由于水下地形影响下SAR海面后向散射强度与背景海面后向散射强度的相对差异而在SAR图像上的呈现,从而在建立浅海水下地形SAR海面相对后向散射强度仿真模型的基础上,仿真计算了浅海水下地形SAR海面相对后向散射强度相对于海表层流场、海面风场等海况参数和SAR工作波段、SAR波束入射角、极化方式等雷达系统参数的数值仿真结果,分析得到了有关浅海水下地形SAR海面相对后向散射强度的特征和SAR浅海水下地形遥感的最佳海况参数与最佳雷达系统参数,为研究和开展SAR浅海水下地形遥感研究提供了有价值的参考.     

赤道海洋Kelvin波对外强迫风场的响应

采用无界理想海洋线性扰动模型,对赤道海洋Kelvin波在纬向风场异常强迫下的响应即强迫赤道海洋Kelvin波的异常做了解析求解,主要结果如下:该强迫赤道海洋Kelvin波的频率、波长和波速都与外强迫风场的相同,在赤道纬向流振幅最大并随纬度增加衰减,该风场越强,该强迫赤道海洋Kelvin波也越强,两者呈正比关系。当该风场频率和范围确定后,则该强迫赤道海洋Kelvin波被限制在一定平均水深范围内;该风场的频率越高、纬向波长越长、随纬度增加衰减越小,则该水深就越大。在所取参数下,该风场异常与该强迫赤道海洋Kelvin波流场异常的位相基本相同。在西风强迫下有东向流,反之亦然;强迫赤道海洋Kelvin波的流场与位势场则完全同位相,东向流对应于正位势,反之亦然,这也是经典Kelvin波的配置。该强迫赤道海洋Kelvin波与经典Kelvin波的不同在于:前者是频散的强迫波动,并被限制在一定水深中;后者是自由波动。将该强迫Kelvin波的解析解与热带印度洋和太平洋的实况以及诊断进行对比后知,两者总体看来一致,实际热带大洋中该强迫赤道海洋Kelvin波应确实存在。     

星载合成孔径雷达海浪图像谱仿真研究

利用Hasselm ann 的完全非线性积分方法对文氏海浪谱的星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像谱进行了仿真研究。结果表明: (1) 在星载SAR海浪成像过程中, 速度聚束调制远比水动力调制、倾斜调制和距离向聚束调制重要;(2) 图像谱有180°的方向模糊和方位向的高波数截断,距离向传播海浪的图像谱存在双峰现象; (3) 不同极化方式和雷达视向的选取对图像谱无明显影响, 因而对于海浪的星载SAR遥感而言, 可以采用单一极化和单一视向。对于不同成长状态的风浪而言, 以上结果保持不变。     

复合雷达后向散射模型与合成孔径雷达、散射计和高度计海面雷达后向散射观测的比较分析

海洋微波散射模型相比于以经验统计建立的地球物理模式函数具有不受特定微波频率限制的优势。组合布拉格散射模型和几何光学模型形成了复合雷达后向散射模型。利用南海北部气象浮标2014年海面风速风向实测值作为散射模型输入，分别比较了复合雷达后向散射模型与RADARSAT-2卫星C波段SAR、HY-2A卫星Ku波段微波散射计的海面后向散射系数，偏差分别为(?0.22±1.88) dB (SAR)、(0.33±2.71) dB (散射计VV极化）和(?1.35±2.88) dB (散射计HH极化)；以美国浮标数据中心(NDBC)浮标2011年10月1日至2014年9月30日共3年的海面风速、风向实测值作为散射模型输入，分别比较了复合雷达后向散射模型与Jason-2、HY-2A卫星Ku波段高度计海面后向散射系数，偏差分别为(1.01±1.15) dB和(1.12±1.29) dB。中等入射角和垂直入射下的卫星传感器后向散射系数观测值与复合雷达后向散射模型模拟值比较，具有不同的偏差，但具有相同的海面风速检验精度，均方根误差小于1.71 m/s。结果表明，复合雷达后向散射模型可模拟计算星载SAR、散射计和高度计观测条件下的海面雷达后向散射系数，且与CMOD5、NSCAT-2、高度计业务化海面风速反演的地球物理模式函数的计算结果具有一致性；复合雷达后向散射模型可用于微波遥感器的定标与检验、海面雷达后向散射的模拟。     

根据非连续观测资料推求海洋内波要素的方法

本文首先提出了一种从非连续观测资料中提取谐波有关要素的方法，利用图解的辅助手段，可算得谐波的振幅与周期。由于算得的周期实际上是在船舶航行中得到的，应为观测周期，而谐波的真周期还与波的传播方向与船航行方向之间的夹角，与波速和船速有关。当取三条相互垂直的观测剖面为一观测系统时，即可根据上述关系建立一方程组，从而解得某一谐波的真周期以及它的传播速度与(相对船航向的)传播方向。     

合成孔径雷达探测浅海障碍物技术实例探析

阐述了合成孔径雷达(SAR)探测水下障碍物的发展历程,研究了SAR的成像机理,分析了水下障碍物的SAR成像数学物理模型,并依据该模型设计了水下障碍物的通用仿真计算流程。依据浅海SAR影像资料,针对典型的浅海水下障碍物SAR成像进行模拟仿真,并将仿真的结果与真实的影像进行比较分析,证实该仿真模型具有良好的模拟仿真效果,为浅海水下障碍物的探测提供了科学的依据。     

强海况下波流相互作用对有效波高的影响研究

波流相互作用作为非线性科学的前沿课题,一直受到国内外广大学者的关注。本文以2016年第1号超强台风“尼伯特”为例,基于波流耦合模式研究了台风影响期间强海况下波流相互作用对有效波高的影响。研究表明：（1）波流耦合模式可有效提高强海况下海浪的模拟精度;（2）波流相互作用对有效波高的影响与波向和流向之间的夹角关系密切：当波向与流向大致相同时,波流相互作用使有效波高减小;当波向与流向大致相反时,波流相互作用使有效波高增大;当波向与流向之间的夹角越接近90°时,波流相互作用对有效波高的影响越小。波流相互作用对有效波高的影响最大可达1.5 m。     

流场调制下的海面对全极化雷达双站散射的影响研究

从波作用量守恒方程出发,在积分方程模型的基础上,通过特征线法对守恒方程进行求解,推导建立了受波流调制的海面雷达双站散射模型,进行了受流场调制下的海面上半空间散射系数的仿真,分析了全极化下双站散射系数受流速变化的影响,以及风场与雷达参数(雷达波频率、雷达波入射角)对流场调制作用的影响。结果表明,随着流速的增大,海面后向散射空间半球区域的散射系数逐渐减小,在前向散射空间半球区域中,交叉极化下的散射系数变化较为明显。风速的增大和风向与流向的夹角增大会导致流场调制所引起的散射系数变化减弱。入射角变化会导致调制作用最明显区域的散射角度改变。随着频率的增大,流场调制作用增大。     

Synthetic aperture radar imaging of ocean waves during the marineland experiment

X- andL-band simultaneously obtained synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data of ocean gravity waves collected during the Marineland Experiment were analyzed using wave contrast measurements. The Marineland data collected in 1975 represents a unique historical data set for testing still-evolving theoretical models of the SAR ocean wave imaging process. The wave contrast measurements referred to are direct measurements of the backscatter variation between wave crests and troughs. These modulation depth measurements, which are indicators of wave detectability, were made as a function of: a) the settings used in processing the SAR signal histories to partially account for wave motion; b) wave propagation direction with respect to radar look direction for bothX- andL-band SAR data; c) SAR resolution; and d) number of coherent looks. The contrast measurements indicated that ocean waves imaged by a SAR are most discernible whenX-band frequency is used (as compared toL-band), and when the ocean waves are traveling in the range direction. Ocean waves can be detected by bothX- andL-band SAR, provided that the radar surface resolution is small compared to the ocean wavelength (at least 1/4 of the ocean wavelength is indicated by this work). Finally, wave detection withL-band SAR can be improved by adjusting the focal distance and rotation of the cylindrical telescope in the SAR optical processor to account for wave motion. The latter adjustments are found to be proportional to a value that is near the wave phase velocity.     

Estimates of ocean wavelength and direction from X-and L-band synthetic aperture radar data collected during the Marineland experiment

Simultaneously obtainedX- andL-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data collected during the Marineland Experiment were spectrally analyzed by fast Fourier transform (FFT) techniques to estimate ocean wavelength and direction. An eight-sided flight pattern was flown over the same ocean area in order to study the sensitivity of the spectral estimate on radar look direction. These spectral estimates were compared with in situ wave measurements made by a pitch-and-roll buoy. The comparison revealed that theX-band SAR detected all gravity waves independent of radar look direction, while theL-band SAR detected all range-traveling gravity waves but failed to detect waves in three of four cases in which the waves were traveling within 25° of the azimuth direction. The analysis also indicates that azimuth-traveling waves appear longer and more range-traveling in the SAR imagery than observed by in situ instrumentation. It is postulated that degraded azimuth resolution due to scatterer motion is responsible for these observations.     

Simulation of Kelvin wakes in optical images of rough sea surface

Kelvin wake is one of the common wakes generated by moving ships and contains rich information about ships. In this paper, free wave elevations of Kelvin wake are calculated based on the Michell thin ship theory combined with a point source perturbation model. The probability density function of sea surface slopes is introduced to calculate the specular reflection of sunlight and skylight and the refraction of scattered light underwater. Satellite-detected Kelvin wakes are then simulated by adding surface specular reflectance and water-leaving reflectance. Simulation results agree well with satellite measurements. The specular reflection of sunlight is the decisive factor affecting the features of Kelvin wakes according to the simulation results. The main factors that influence the specular reflection of sunlight, such as the incident direction and observation direction, ship parameters, and background environment, are discussed. This study is helpful for wake detection and provides a preliminary theoretical method for the retrieval of ship information.     

A coupled-mode technique for the transformation of ship-generated waves over variable bathymetry regions

In the present work, a coupled-mode technique is applied to the transformation of ship's waves over variable bathymetry regions, characterised by parallel depth-contours, without any mild-slope assumption. This method can be used, in conjunction with ship's near-field wave data in deep water or in constant-depth, as obtained by the application of modern (linearised or non-linear) ship computational fluid dynamic (CFD) codes, or experimental measurements, to support the study of wave wash generated by fast ships and its effects on the nearshore/coastal environment.

Under the assumption that the ship's track is straight and parallel to the depth-contours, and relatively far from the bottom irregularity, the problem of propagation–refraction–diffraction of ship-generated waves in a coastal environment is efficiently treated in the frequency domain, by applying the consistent coupled-mode model developed by Athanassoulis and Belibassakis [J. Fluid Mech. 1999;389] to the calculation of the transfer function enabling the pointwise transformation of ship-wave spectra over the variable bathymetry region.

Numerical results are presented for simplified ship-wave systems, obtained by the superposition of source–sink Havelock singularities simulating the basic features of the ship's wave pattern. The spatial evolution of the ship-wave system is examined over a smooth but steep shoal, resembling coastal environments, both in the subcritical and in the supercritical case. Since any ship free-wave system, either in deep water or in finite depth, can be adequately modelled by wavecut analysis and suitable distribution of Havelock singularities e.g. as presented by Scrags [21st Int. Conf. Offshore Mech. Arctic Eng., OMAE2002, Oslo, Norway, June 2002], the present method, in conjunction with ship CFD codes, supports the prediction of ship wash and its impact on coastal areas, including the effects of steep sloping-bed parts.     

对ENVISAT ASAR level2算法固有误差的分析

欧洲空间局的ENVISAT ASAR level 2算法是从合成孔径雷达(SAR)单视复图像反演涌浪方向谱的算法.该算法假设双峰海浪谱的SAR图像交叉谱是涌浪的图像交叉谱和风浪的图像交叉谱之和.实际上双峰海浪谱的SAR图像交叉谱中还有一个混合项,正是该混合项导致ENVI-SAT ASAR level 2算法有固有误差.利用遥感仿真的方法分析了不同海况条件下该算法的这一固有误差,结果表明,只有在有效波高较小、或风浪的成分较少、或双峰海浪的传播方向较靠近SAR距离向、或波长较长时固有误差才较小,ENVISAT ASAR level 2算法对海浪谱的反演才较为适用.     

Satellite-based RAR performance simulation for measuring directional ocean wave spectrum based on SAR inversion spectrum

Some missions have been carried out to measure wave directional spectrum by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and airborne real aperture radar (RAR) at a low incidence. Both them have their own advantages and limitations. Scientists hope that SAR and satellite-based RAR can complement each other for the research on wave properties in the future. For this study, the authors aim to simulate the satellite-based RAR system to validate performance for measuring the directional wave spectrum. The principal measurements are introduced and the simulation methods based on the one developed by Hauser are adopted and slightly modified. To enhance the authenticity of input spectrum and the wave spectrum measuring consistency for SAR and satellite-based RAR, the wave height spectrum inversed from Envisat ASAR data by cross spectrum technology is used as the input spectrum of the simulation system. In the process of simulation, the sea surface, backscattering signal, modulation spectrum and the estimated wave height spectrum are simulated in each look direction. Directional wave spectrum are measured based on the simulated observations from 0° to 360°. From the estimated wave spectrum, it has an 180° ambiguity like SAR, but it has no special high wave number cut off in all the direction. Finally, the estimated spectrum is compared with the input one in terms of the dominant wave wavelength, direction and SWH and the results are promising. The simulation shows that satellite-based RAR should be capable of measuring the directional wave properties. Moreover, it indicates satellite-based RAR basically can measure waves that SAR can measure.     

Ocean wave parameters retrieved directly from compact polarimetric SAR data

We aim to directly invert wave parameters by using the data of a compact polarimetric synthetic aperture radar(CP SAR) and validate the effectiveness of ocean wave parameter retrieval from the circular transmit/linear receive mode and π/4 compact polarimetric mode. Relevant data from the RADARSAT-2 fully polarimetric SAR on the C-band were used to obtain the compact polarimetric SAR images, and a polarimetric SAR wave retrieval algorithm was used to verify the sea surface wave measurements. Usin...     

Scattering of Semidiurnal Internal Kelvin Wave at Step Bottom Topography

A three-dimensional, multi-level model was used to study the energy dissipation of semidiurnal internal Kelvin waves due to their interaction with bottom topography. A simplified topography consisting of a channel with an additional shallow bay was used to clarify the wave’s scattering process. When the first mode semidiurnal internal wave given at an open boundary arrives at the bay mouth, higher-mode internal waves are generated at a step bottom of the bay mouth. As a result, the energy of the first mode internal Kelvin wave is effectively decayed. The decay rate of the internal Kelvin wave depends on both the width and length of the additional bay. The maximum decay rate was found when a resonance condition occurs the bay, that is, the bay length is equal to a quarter of wave length of the first mode internal wave on the shallow region. The decay rate in the wide bay cases is higher than that in a narrow case, due to a contribution from the scattering due to the Poincare wave that emanates from the corners of the bay head. The decay rate with the additional bay is 1.1–1.8 times that of the case without the additional bay. The decay rate due to the scattering process is found to be of the same order as that of the internal and bottom friction.     

合成孔径雷达图像中海洋内波的特征检测

海洋内波在合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像中具有特定纹理分布,因此可以根据海洋内波SAR图像的纹理分布特性,进行内波海面特征检测。利用功率谱对具有不同纹理特征的SAR图像进行分析,并对特征进行分类统计得出内波的功率谱特征。在海洋内波区域,利用多孔小波变换及多尺度融合提取海洋内波特征,在此基础上对波-流散射系数进行提取。提出了"内波特征的功率谱特征-多孔小波综合检测算法",为海洋内波参数反演奠定了基础。