我国南海天然气水合物资源潜力分析

天然气水合物是一种潜在能源,资源量大,我国天然气水合物以南海分布居多.本文分析了影响天然气水合物形成的构造沉积、烃源、温度与压力等因素,并以墨西哥湾和布莱克海台天然气水合物藏为例进行了分析.基于天然气水合物形成的影响因素,综合考虑南海海域的构造演化及油气地质条件,认为南海的构造及气源条件有利于天然气水合物的形成,同时进一步认为南海地区水合物成藏一级远景区包括台西南盆地、东沙群岛、西沙海槽—琼东南盆地和北康盆地,次级远景区包括中建南盆地和万安盆地等.并针对南海天然气水合物勘探及研究面临的挑战,提出了建议.     

海洋天然气水合物的地球物理研究(Ⅳ):双似海底反射

由于双似海底反射可望指示一个动态演化的天然气水合物-游离气体系特征，这一重要问题的研究非常有意义。目前在世界上有两个双似海底反射分布区最为典型，一是挪威西部大陆边缘，另一个为东南海海槽大陆边缘，对双BSR的解释，主要有两种，一种是残留BSR，对应古温压条件下天然气水合物稳定带底界的反射，另一种是混合气体水合物沉积的底界反射。阐明双似海底反射层空间分布特征与其成因，建立动态演化的天然气水合物-天然气体系模型，可为深入了解天然气水合物形成机制、分布规律及其地质历史中的演变提供重要的科学基础。     

天然气水合物储层参数测井评价综述

天然气水合物是一种新的非常规清洁能源,一直受到各国的重视.近期我国在南海天然气水合物地质调查和开采中取得突破性进展,使得天然气水合物在国际能源中的重要性更加突出.为促进我国天然气水合物测井评价的发展,本文在前人研究的基础上,通过对南海神狐海域的天然气水合物资料进行调研,结合国内外对天然气水合物的研究,从三个方面展开对天然气水合物的论述:首先介绍了天然气水合物三种常见的晶格结构、四种宏观分布形式及六种赋存模型;然后根据南海神狐海域地质特征,总结了南海神狐海域含天然气水合物层的测井响应规律特征;最后基于不同的岩石物理模型、测井数据和模拟实验,对天然气水合物储层的孔隙度和饱和度等物性参数进行定量评价.本文详细地综述了天然气水合物及其储层参数的地球物理测井方法,为天然气水合物的深入研究提供帮助.     

天然气水合物勘探开发新技术进展

天然气水合物是一种非常规能源,因其巨大的资源量成为目前能源研究的热点.水合物的研究目前仍处于初期阶段,人们在水合物勘探、开发模拟方面做了大量尝试,总结了许多有利于水合物勘探和开发的关键技术.本文首先介绍了天然气水合物形成的地质条件和储层特征,然后介绍了针对海底天然气水合物的地震勘探和电磁、地化等非地震勘探最新技术进展,分析了天然气水合物矿藏的测井响应特征,结合岩石物理模型对储层孔隙度、饱和度进行估算用于储量预测.最后,论述了天然气水合物开发过程中的深水区的钻井问题,水合物的开采方式总结以及商业化生产所面临的挑战.     

天然气水合物电磁勘探研究进展

天然气水合物因能源资源潜力、环境效应问题和对地质灾害影响,受到了世界各国的广泛关注,成为了科学研究热点.目前,探测天然气水合物最有效的当属地震勘探,但其存在着一些问题,如只能探测水合物的底界、无法估算水合物浓度、BSR特征与水合物储层不一一对应等,而电磁方法则成为其有益的补充,可降低勘探成本和钻探风险.本文综述了海域与陆域冻土区电磁探测天然气水合物的研究进展,介绍了国内外天然气水合物的发展历程、电磁探测水合物的物性基础和电磁探测天然气水合物的研究现状.在海域水合物电磁勘探方面,重点阐述了频率域海洋可控源电磁法的原理、电磁法数值模拟、装备研发和应用研究的相关进展;在陆域水合物电磁勘探方面,论述了电磁法在探测冻土层、水合物成藏要素以及水合物有效性的研究进展.最后结合我国天然气水合物电磁勘探研究现状,提出了相关建议,为开展相关领域研究提供有益的参考.     

天然气水合物冷泉和气泡羽状流研究进展

近些年来,天然气水合物的调查研究及勘探开发都取得了一定进展,但针对与天然气水合物相关的海底冷泉和气泡羽状流(或羽状水体)的研究报道较少.为了更好地进行天然气水合物基础研究,本文首先简要总结了天然气水合物的发展状况;然后阐述了与天然气水合物相关的冷泉和气泡羽状流的发展状况,天然气水合物羽状流识别技术情况,以及地震识别水合物的发展现状;最后针对气泡羽状流提出天然气水合物的研究方向和科学问题,为水合物的识别和勘查提供新的线索和思路.     

南海含天然气水合物地层地震反射特征及可能分布研究

天然气水合物是当前能源与环境领域的研究热点之一,南中国海是天然气水合物赋存的有利区域。天然气水合物的存在改变了沉积地层的声学特征,这一性质使多道地震勘探成为发现海洋天然气水合物的主要手段。本文首先根据地震成像结果定性分析南海可能含天然气水合物沉积地层的地震反射特征,初步确定天然气水合物存在的可能性并指出地震成像关键技术。在无井条件下,构建虚拟井进行波阻抗反演得到定量的地层速度参数进一步证实这一可能性,最后将反演获得的速度场与ODP184 航次在此区域获得的地球物理、地球化学信息综合分析,可以确定此区域天然气水合物的存在及其空间展布。     

岩石物理和AVO在天然气水合物勘探中的应用

与其他的孔隙流体相比，天然气水合物展示出独特的弹性。本文通过AVO研究孔隙流体，对天然气水合物填充岩石的AVO特性进行研究，并且探索了AVO在天然气水合物勘探中应用的潜力。     

东海冲绳海槽陆坡天然气水合物的地震学研究

本文通过对东海973 航次在冲绳海槽取得的多道地震数据进行有针对性的特殊处理,形成一套针对天然气水合物地震学研究行之有效的处理思路,提高速度分析的精度和分辨能力,压制浅层多次波,资料在保持一定信噪比的基础上尽可能的提高分辨率,相对振幅处理以及用于AVO分析的预处理等.在此基础上对天然气水合物进行识别和预测,我们发现在冲绳海槽南部西侧槽坡附近以及海槽内部发育有一系列泥底辟构造,在这些底辟构造的顶部明显存在与天然气水合物赋存相关的地球物理特征,如似海底反射层（BSR）、与海底反射同相轴极性相反,BSR上方的振幅空白区以及BSR上下的速度异常.从该区域的地质背景资料分析,冲绳海槽不仅具有很高的沉积速率并且海槽西侧的断层活跃,提供了富含有机质的物源以及用于天然气运移的通道,有利于天然气水合物的形成.     

资讯

<正>我国建成天然气水合物勘探技术体系6月15日,中国地质调查局广州海洋地质调查局承担的863计划海洋技术领域"天然气水合物勘探技术开发"主题项目通过科学技术部组织的项目技术验收。专家组认为,项目针对天然气水合物资源开展了地质、地球物理、地球化学探测技术与装备关键技术研究,取得了一批具有自主知识产权的技术成果,形成了天然气水合物资源勘探技术体系。项目突破形成了海域天然气水合物冷泉声学探测技术、     

Geomorphological study on a clastic accretionary prism: The Nankai Trough

Abstract The Nankai Trough, off southwest Japan, is one of the best sites for the study of geomorphic characteristics of a clastic accretionary prism. A recent multibeam survey over the central and eastern parts of the Nankai accretionary prism has revealed a large variation of the topography along the trough axis. Analysis of the bathymetric data suggests the existence of prism deformational features of different scales, such as depressions, embayment structures and cusps. These structures are the results of slope instability caused by basement relief of subducted oceanic plate. Unstable slopes recover by new accretion and development of a low angle thrust. Small-scale deformation due to the subduction of a small isolated seamount is then adjusted to the regional trend. By contrast, a 30 km indentation of the wedge observed in the eastern part of the Nankai Trough, the Tenryu Cusp, has seemed to retain its geometry. The subducted Philippine Sea plate has deformed greatly near the eastern end of the Nankai Trough, because of the collision between the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) arc and central Japan. Therefore, the indentation may be the result of the continuous subduction of a basement high, such as the Zenisu Ridge, which has been formed under north-south compression due to the arc-arc collision.     

Rejuvenated extension of the Philippine Sea plate and its effect on subduction dynamics in the Nankai Trough

The Nankai Trough, Japan, is a subduction zone characterized by the recurrence of disastrous earthquakes and tsunamis. Slow earthquakes and associated tremor also occur intermittently and locally in the Nankai Trough and the causal relationship between slow earthquakes and large earthquakes is important to understanding subduction zone dynamics. The Nankai Trough off Muroto, Shikoku Island, near the southeast margin of the rupture segment of the 1946 Nankai earthquake, is one of three regions where slow earthquakes and tremor cluster in the Nankai Trough. On the Philippine Sea plate, the rifting of the central domain of the Shikoku Basin was aborted at ~15 Ma and underthrust the Nankai forearc off Muroto. Here, the Tosa-Bae seamount and other high-relief features, which are northern extension of the Kinan Seamount chain, have collided with and indented the forearc wedge. In this study, we analyzed seismic reflection profiles around the deformation front of accretionary wedge and stratigraphically correlated them to drilling sites off Muroto. Our results show that the previously aborted horst-and-graben structures, which were formed around the spreading center of the Shikoku Basin at ~15 Ma, were rejuvenated locally at ~6 Ma and more regionally at ~3.3 Ma and have remained active since. The reactivated normal faulting has enhanced seafloor roughness and appears to affect the locations of slow earthquakes and tremors. Rejuvenated normal faulting is not limited to areas near the Nankai Trough, and extends more than 200 km into the Shikoku Basin to the south. This extension might be due to extensional forces applied to the Philippine Sea plate, which appear to be driven by slab-pull in the Ryukyu and Philippine trenches along the western margin of the Philippine Sea plate.     

Gas hydrate saturation at Site C0002, IODP Expeditions 314 and 315, in the Kumano Basin,Nankai trough

The degree of gas hydrate saturation at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site C0002 in the Kumano Basin, Nankai Trough, was estimated from logging‐while‐drilling logs and core samples obtained during IODP Expeditions 314 and 315. Sediment porosity data necessary for the calculation of saturation were obtained from both core samples and density logs. Two forms of the Archie equation (‘quick‐look’ and ‘standard’) were used to calculate gas hydrate saturation from two types of electrical resistivity log data (ring resistivity and bit resistivity), and a three‐phase Biot‐type equation was used to calculate gas hydrate saturation from P‐wave velocity log data. The gas hydrate saturation baseline calculated from both resistivity logs ranges from 0% to 35%, and that calculated from the P‐wave velocity log ranges from 0% to 30%. High levels of gas hydrate saturation (>60%) are present as spikes in the ring resistivity log and correspond to the presence of gas hydrate concentrations within sandy layers. At several depths, saturation values obtained from P‐wave velocity data are lower than those obtained from bit resistivity data; this discrepancy is related to the presence of free gas at these depths. Previous research has suggested that gas from deep levels in the Kumano Basin has migrated up‐dip towards the southern and seaward edge of the basin near Site C0002. The high saturation values and presence of free gas at site C0002 suggest that a large gas flux is flowing to the southern and seaward edge of the basin from a deeper and/or more landward part of the Kumano Basin, with the southern edge of the Kumano Basin (the location of site C0002) being the main area of fluid accumulation.     

南海北部陆坡水合物勘探区典型站位不同类型热流对比

随着南海北部陆坡天然气水合物勘探工作的深入开展,在南海北部陆坡天然气水合物勘探区典型的集中了钻孔、探针和BSR三种测量方式获得的热流数据.为了解海底热流不同测量方式的差异,以及南海北部陆坡水合物勘探区的热流特征,文章以SH-2和SH-5孔作为典型站位,分别介绍三种热流测量方法并对两个站位的不同类型热流进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)在SH-2孔处探针热流与钻孔热流基本一致,但在SH-5孔处探针热流明显低于钻孔热流;采用钻孔实测沉积物平均热导率计算的SH-2和SH-5两个站位处的BSR热流都与相应钻孔热流基本一致.(2)根据地震剖面及相邻位置探针热流特征分析,SH-5站位处探针热流明显偏低,可能是受到流体活动的影响.(3)相对SH-2孔,SH-5孔具有较高的地温梯度和热流特征,可能是SH-5钻孔未钻到水合物的重要原因,而晚期泥底辟侵入可能是造成SH-5孔具有较高的温度场并导致原本赋存的水合物分解的原因.     

南中国海神狐海域天然气水合物 地震识别及分布特征

南中国海北部陆坡神狐海域是天然气水合物发育的有利地区,钻井取芯表明此区域的天然气水合物以细颗粒状分布于水合物稳定带内.以三维地震数据为基础,讨论海洋天然气水合物调查的高分辨率地震成像关键技术,综合利用不同的地球物理方法(阻抗反演、属性聚类分析及神经网络方法等),以钻井结果为约束分析不同方法对天然气水合物识别的适用性,确定利用属性聚类方法来获得神狐海域天然气水合物与游离气的三维空间展布特征.将钻井取芯结果与地质条件相结合,综合多方面地球物理信息,分析产生这一分布特征的地质原因,指出断层与裂缝是南海北部陆坡神狐海域水合物、游离气的分布模式及天然气水合物形成的主要地质控制因素.     

Application of AVO analysis to gas hydrates identification in the northern slope of the South China Sea

Amplitude versus offset (AVO) analysis is a conventional seismic exploration technique in geophysical and lithological interpretation and has been widely used in onshore and offshore exploration. Its use in marine gas hydrate research, however, is still in initial stages. In this study, AVO analysis is applied to seismic profiles at drilling sites where hydrate samples have been recovered. The AVO responses of free gas, bottom simulating reflector (BSRs), and gas hydrates are discussed, and the AVO attributes in relation to gas hydrates are summarized. The results show that changes in intercept, gradient, fluid factor and Poisson’s ratio clearly reflect: (i) location of free gas and the BSR, and (ii) spatial relations between blank zone, BSR, gas hydrate, and free gas.     

Development of Long-period Ground Motions from the Nankai Trough, Japan, Earthquakes: Observations and Computer Simulation of the 1944 Tonankai (Mw 8.1) and the 2004 SE Off-Kii Peninsula (Mw 7.4) Earthquakes

Strong ground motions recorded in central Tokyo during the 1944 Tonankai Mw8.1 earthquake occurring in the Nankai Trough demonstrate significant developments of very large (>10 cm) and prolonged (>10 min) shaking of long-period (T > 10–12 s) ground motions in the basin of Tokyo located over 400 km from the epicenter. In order to understand the process by which such long-period ground motions developed in central Tokyo and to mitigate possible future disasters arising from large earthquakes in the Nankai Trough, we analyzed waveform data from a dense nation wide strong-motion network (K-NET and KiK-net) deployed across Japan for the recent SE Off-Kii Peninsula (Mw 7.4) earthquake of 5 September 2004 that occurred in the Nankai Trough. The observational data and a corresponding computer simulation for the earthquake clearly demonstrate that such long-period ground motion is primarily developed as the wave propagating along the Nankai Trough due to the amplification and directional guidance of long-period surface waves within a thick sedimentary layer overlaid upon the shallowly descending Philippine Sea Plate below the Japanese Island. Then the significant resonance of the seismic waves within the thick cover of sedimentary rocks of the Kanto Basin developed large and prolonged long-period motions in the center of Tokyo. The simulation results and observed seismograms are in good agreement in terms of the main features of the long-period ground motions. Accordingly, we consider that the simulation model is capable of predicting the long-period ground motions that are expected to occur during future Nankai Trough M 8 earthquakes.     

东海陆坡及相邻槽底天然气水合物的稳定域分析

利用实测的海底温度和海底热流资料对东海陆坡和冲绳海槽中轴以西的槽底地区的海底温度场和热流场进行了分析. 利用地震声纳浮标和OBS（Ocean Bottom Seismometer）资料将本研究区的地层划分为6层，自上而下地层的速度分别为1.8(1.8～2.2) km/s、2.2（2.0～2.5）km/s、2.8（2.7～3.2）km/s、3.4～3.6km/s、4.2（4.1～4.7）km/s、5.1km/s. 上部的1.8～2.2 km/s的速度层相当于第四纪的地层，2.8 km/s的速度层相当于上新世上部的地层，3.4～4.2 km/s的速度层相当于上新世下部的地层. 天然气水合物稳定域覆盖的面积从水深约500m的陆坡下缘到冲绳海槽的中轴部分约70000km2，相当于整个东海海域面积的十分之一. 稳定带的厚度从400m（研究区中部）到1100m（研究区北部和南部）不等. 适合水合物稳定赋存的地层主要是第四纪（1.8km/s、2.2km/s）和上新世的地层（2.8km/s）. 根据热流、构造活动性和稳定带的厚度分析，研究区北部和南部更适合天然气水合物的稳定赋存.     

基于支持向量回归的陆域天然气水合物成藏预测

天然气水合物,俗称“可燃冰”,自2008年在青海木里冻土区首次钻获天然气水合物以来,人们已在此地开展了大量的勘查工作,但该区地质情况复杂,天然气水合物成藏规律不清,单一的地球物理方法难以充分利用信息,因此难以有效地圈定出天然气水合物异常区。本文选取木里地区为主要研究区域,综合区内勘查已获得的地球物理、地球化学和地质资料,分析和提取对水合物成藏有利的特征,给出相应的预测变量转化规则。采用支持向量回归方法进行成藏预测研究,并对结果进行评估。结果显示,钻遇水合物的钻井与预测得到的高有利度区吻合,未遇水合物的钻井基本落于低有利度区,算法有效实用,能够提供一定的指导意义。