考虑空间效应的地下洞室爆破开挖松动区参数场位移反分析

将地下洞室爆破开挖松动区视为一个随开挖过程演变的非均匀、非稳定三维扰动场,松动区内岩体力学参数则是一个具有时空演化特性的参数场。考虑爆破开挖扰动空间效应和岩体真实变形响应,提出了真实工作状态下开挖松动区岩体参数场辨识的位移反分析方法。基于局部监测变形空间插补得到的空间位移场,通过分析洞室爆破开挖围岩变形扰动机制,建立了开挖松动区岩体变形模量参数场数值演化模型,并进行了模型适用性和参数敏感性分析。在此基础上,以变形模量参数为例,结合围岩实测位移信息,提出了开挖松动区参数场位移反分析的动态实现过程。将该方法应用于溪洛渡地下洞室群施工期参数场反演和围岩稳定动态反馈评价及预测,结果表明,该方法合理有效,在大型地下洞群施工开挖与快速监测反馈方面具有显著的工程适用性及实用性。     

高静载条件下受频繁动力扰动时蛇纹岩动力学特性研究

基于改进的分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）岩石动静组合加载试验系统,进行了在不同静力轴压条件下受频繁动力扰动作用的动力学试验,研究蛇纹岩在高静载下受频繁冲击扰动过程中的动态变形特性、动态峰值应力和应变、能量变化规律和岩石破坏模式等动力学特性。研究结果表明：高静载条件下受频繁冲击扰动作用时,在动态峰值应力前,动态应力与应变呈正相关关系,而在动态峰值应力后,出现变形回弹和不回弹两种现象;随着动力扰动次数的增加,岩石动态峰值应力减小、动态峰值应变增大、动态变形模量减小、岩石由释放能量向吸收能量方向转化;随着预加静力轴压的增大,单次冲击过程中岩石损伤加剧,岩石破坏需要的扰动冲击次数减少,同时岩石由拉伸破坏模式向压剪破坏模式转变,破坏块度由小变大、均匀度降低。试验结果对揭示深部岩体承受高地应力和频繁开挖爆破等动力扰动作用下的破坏机制具有重要意义,同时为工程实际中通过调整围岩静应力状态和爆破以提高围岩长期稳定性的可行性提供了室内试验支持。     

Numerical simulation on excavation-induced damage of rock under quasi-static unloading and dynamic disturbance

During the excavation of underground opening, the rock may experience a complex loading path that includes the highly confined compression before excavation, unloading of confining stress and further disturbance of dynamic loading after excavation. By using Rock Failure Process Analysis for Dynamics (RFPA-Dynamics), the failure of rock sequentially subjected to this complex loading path is numerically simulated, in order to examine the rock failure mechanism induced by excavation. The RFPA-Dynamics is firstly used to reproduce the failure of rock under confined compression, followed by unloading of confining pressure, and it is validated against with the existing experimental observation. Then, the failure characteristics of rock specimen sequentially subjected to the quasi-static triaxial loading, unloading of confining pressure and dynamic disturbance are numerically simulated, where the effect of magnitude of axial loading and confining pressure, and duration and amplitude of the dynamic disturbance on the final failure patterns of rock are examined. The numerical results indicate that the arc-shaped spalling damage zone is prone to develop with the increase in the axial pressure and lateral pressure coefficient. As for the effect of dynamic disturbance, the contribution of duration and amplitude of dynamic disturbance on the energy input are similar, where the area of damage zone increases with the energy input into the rock specimen. In this regard, the area of the damage zone is influenced by both the magnitude of in situ stress and waveform of dynamic disturbance. This study denotes that it is of great significance to trace the complex loading path induced by excavation in order to capture the rock failure mechanism induced by underground excavation.     

在裂隙岩体中开挖隧道的双场耦合蠕变分析

运用黏弹性断裂、蠕变理论,对裂隙围岩在开挖时的蠕变现象进行分析,建立了隧道开挖的双场耦合蠕变模型。运用Laplace转换,推导出围岩的径向位移函数表达式,分析了应力卸荷、渗流力的作用以及节理裂隙分布对径向位移的影响。同时,利用FLAC中的FISH语言编写了FISH函数,将计算隧道模型的数值及解析结果与实测数据进行了比较。计算结果表明,径向最大位移变化量并不在主应力最大方向,也不在隧道顶端,而是受地应力分布、渗透水压和节理分布综合作用形成偏压位移,其结果可为隧道支护提供借鉴。     

澜沧江某水电站右坝肩工程边坡倾倒变形问题的数值 模拟研究

澜沧江某水电站处于青藏高原东部边缘地带,属于高山峡谷地形地貌,高地应力环境,岩体卸荷裂隙很发育,使得倾倒变形和岩体质量、断裂活动及地震构造一样成为影响工程边坡岩体稳定的主要因素。针对工程边坡的大变形问题可采用离散元的数值模拟分析方法。通过建立理论开挖和工程边坡开挖离散元模型,可分别得出倾倒变形破坏机理发展过程为初期弱倾倒变形岩体的层内剪切错动、强倾倒变形岩体的层内拉张变形、强倾倒变形岩体的切层张-剪破裂及极强倾倒破裂岩体的折断张裂(坠覆)破裂和工程边坡的变形范围、确定开挖面及加固方式等。通过工程边坡模型的计算结果和现场地质调查成果的比较表明,计算结果和实际情况基本吻合。     

高地应力下深埋隧洞软岩段围岩时效特征研究

“引大济湟”调水总干渠输水隧洞埋深大,地应力较高,其中穿越的洞段Ⅳ、Ⅴ类围岩占有较大的比例,在高地应力作用下围岩开挖卸荷后极可能出现大变形失稳、垮塌等,这些都极大地影响着TBM的掘进效率及施工进度。根据洞室开挖过程中实际揭示的围岩地质条件及变形特征,采用三维黏弹塑性数值方法,对围岩的流变特性与时效变形进行研究;在对实测地应力场进行分析基础上,结合围岩现场变形规律,对围岩蠕变力学参数进行了反演,进而对隧洞开挖区域的软弱围岩进行黏弹塑性数值分析,获得了规律性认识,为动态调整设计提供科学依据。     

基于开挖卸荷劣化的边坡岩体宏观力学参数USMR分析评价方法及验证

为研究锦屏某边坡岩体在开挖卸荷条件下的岩体宏观力学参数,对该区砂岩进行室内卸荷试验研究,结果表明：相对于加载试验,卸荷过程中岩样的强度及变形参数发生了劣化,低、高围压下岩石变形及破裂形式也有所不同。为此,在对SMR及CSMR修正的基础上,提出了考虑开挖方式、边坡形态及卸荷损伤的边坡卸荷岩体的评价体系USMR法。基于USMR法对研究区边坡开挖岩体宏观参数（变形模量Em、岩体抗压强度 、岩体抗拉强度 、岩体抗剪强度参数cm和 ）进行了动态分析,并分别考虑了不同围压 及卸荷损伤De条件下岩体参数的劣化规律。分析表明：开挖卸荷过程中岩体宏观参数发生了不同程度的劣化,拉应力区、低应力区和高应力区岩体参数的劣化规律有所不同,拉应力区及低应力区岩体力学参数对开挖卸荷更加敏感。研究结果对边坡开挖卸荷岩体的稳定性分析与评价具有一定指导意义。     

Blast Induced Damage and Dynamic Behaviour of Hangingwalls in Bench Stoping

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive monitoring program designed to investigate the extent of blast induced damage experienced by rock masses extracted by bench stoping methods. An array of triaxial geophones and extensometers were used to monitor blast vibration attenuation and measure hangingwall deformations during stope extraction. In addition, pre and post surveys of the hangingwall rock mass were conducted using a TV borehole camera and cavity survey instrumentation. These surveys were later used to calibrate damage profiles into the stope hangingwalls.

Peak particle velocity, hangingwall deformation measurements and stope surveys were used to develop a site specific damage model that allowed engineers to asses drilling and blasting configurations to minimise the extent of pre-conditioning and damage. In addition the study included the analysis of the frequency response, displacements and accelerations experienced by the excavation as extraction and mine filling progressed. This work aimed at improving our understanding of the influence of blasting on the dynamic behaviour of stope hangingwalls.

The study demonstrated that estimates of the maximum extent of rock mass pre-conditioning and/or damage made through the application of the Holmberg-Persson approach compared well with measured results. In addition, the study found that dynamic loading imparted on an exposed hangingwall from subsequent stope blasting was also expected to contribute to rock mass weakening and that mine filling was crucial to arrest further deterioration. Hangingwall accelerations were used to demonstrate that larger openings may be more susceptible to dynamic loading.     

上硬下软反倾边坡开挖变形响应的物理模拟

现有上硬下软边坡的研究大都集中在压缩挤出变形的近水平泥岩、页岩基座型边坡变形演化过程,针对倾倒变形的板岩基座型边坡开挖响应研究甚少,本文以西藏玉曲河某水电站厂址边坡为研究对象,根据现场地质调查建立符合坡体实际情况的地质结构模型,采用物理试验的方法模拟原型边坡开挖。通过试验揭示上硬下软反倾边坡在开挖条件下的变形响应特征及破坏模式。研究结果表明:（1）开挖条件下上硬下软型边坡变形破坏过程分为a）下部软岩倾倒弯曲加剧;b）软岩倾倒折断,上部卸荷硬岩沿已有裂隙剪切;c）倾倒软岩滑移,卸荷硬岩剪断岩性分界部位,折断面贯通3个阶段。其变形破坏模式为下部软岩倾倒—上部硬岩剪断组合滑移型破坏;（2）开挖强倾倒区岩体会使下部软岩迅速失稳并促使上部硬岩剪切破坏;开挖引起的反倾上硬下软边坡大变形在短时间内完成,前期变形和能量积累是一个较长的过程;（3）开挖时需避免对坡脚倾倒岩体“大开挖”施工。     

Deformation behaviour of a large underground cavern

Summary The Imaichi underground power station, with a cross sectional area of 1420 m², which is now under construction by Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc., is one of the largest underground caverns in the world. Due to the considerable depth of the over-burden of 400 m, the horseshoe-shaped section was adopted for the first time in Japan to minimize excesive stress concentration on the surrounding bedrock and keep loosened zones to a minimum.The bedrock consists of sandstone, slate, siliceous sandstone and breccia. The rock is generally hard and compact, with few fractured zones which may have an adverse influence on the excavation of the cavern.The supporting system of the cavern consists of prestressed rock anchors, rock bolts and shotcrete.Approximately 800 instruments, mainly multiple stage extensometers, were used to monitor behaviour of the surrounding rock during excavation of the cavern. With the exception of some cracks which occurred in a portion of the shotcrete when about half the height of the cavern had been excavated, excavation work was completed without any major trouble. In spite of the symmetrical shape of the cavern, the deformation behaviour of the surrounding rock during excavation was remarkedly asymmetric. The reason for this was concluded to be the peculiar deformation behaviour exhibited by Breccia during stress relief, as shown by in-situ rock tests, etc., and analysis of deformation data after completion of the excavation work.     

岩爆破坏过程能量释放的数值模拟

岩爆是地下岩石开挖中的一种工程灾害现象,是岩体结构发生破坏时,由于内部储存的弹性能释放并转换为动能而造成动力形式的破坏。岩爆破坏过程中的能量释放与岩体在应力峰值前后的应力-应变特性紧密相关。另外,施工中开挖速度引起的加载速率的变化也会对岩爆的产生有明显影响。以岩体全过程应力-应变曲线试验为基础分析岩爆破坏过程。分析中采用的模型考虑了岩石峰值后应力-应变特性及加载速率的影响。运用数值方法对岩石洞室的开挖过程进行了模拟,在模拟中对岩体破坏的发生及弹性能释放过程进行了分析。数值分析结果显示,岩体洞室开挖过程中岩石破坏由岩体表面向岩体内部发展,岩石的弹性能释放率也随着破坏的发展而不断增加。分析结果还显示,岩体破坏时的弹性能释放速率会随着开挖速率的提高而明显增加。     

秦岭公路隧道通风竖井岩爆预测和防治措施

秦岭公路隧道2号通风竖井,为国内乃至世界公路隧道规模最大的竖井工程。根据工程地质资料分析,岩爆是该竖井施工过程中的主要难题。为了从岩性角度评价竖井围岩的岩爆倾向性,开展了室内岩石单轴压缩变形试验和物理模型试验,根据改进脆性指数指标和模型试验的结果,表明竖井围岩有岩爆倾向性,必须加强岩爆预测和防治。根据水压致裂法的地应力测试结果和地应力分布特点,采用三维有限元回归分析反演了竖井工程区域的初始应力场。根据竖井围岩地应力场和Kirsch解得到的围岩二次应力场,结合Russenes和陶振宇岩爆判据,进行了竖井岩爆综合预测和分析,得出竖井有轻微和中等岩爆发生的结论,并提出岩爆防治措施。     

基于“S”型函数的隧道开挖变形预测模型

基于不同开挖阶段围岩阶段变形曲线几何特征,提出一种基于"S"型函数的隧道开挖全过程变形预测模型,实现隧道开挖全过程中的围岩变形预测。对比分析了常用"S"型函数适应性,建立了基于Logistic模型的隧道围岩变形分析模型,模型精度控制在2%以内,并提出了模型参数辨识过程。利用Logistic隧道围岩变形模型,讨论了隧道开挖瞬时变形特征,提出了一种求解隧道瞬时开挖变形值的方法,计算出不同工程条件下瞬时变形值处于2. 192～43. 288 mm,瞬时位移占最终位移的6. 61%～18. 33%。以马尾山隧道为工程实例,建立了具体的工程隧道围岩变形模型,得到隧道开挖瞬时位移值处于1. 041～9. 475 mm,瞬时位移占总位移比值处于5. 52%～36. 44%。     

深部复合地层TBM开挖扰动模型试验研究

针对全断面隧道掘进机（TBM）开挖过程掌子面岩体软硬交替变化的特点,以兰州水源地建设工程为背景,采用模型试验与数值模拟方法研究了复合地层TBM开挖过程隧洞围岩的动态响应规律。通过开展相似配比试验配制了不同围岩强度比的复合地层岩体相似材料,运用光纤光栅技术全程捕捉了隧洞开挖过程复合地层应变演化规律,并分析了隧洞围岩的宏观破裂形态。模型试验结果表明：TBM推进过程中复合地层应变变化规律体现了掌子面推进的空间效应,软岩部分应变要大于硬岩部分应变,且随着开挖步数的增加两种岩层应变差值越大;隧洞内岩体完全挖除后,围岩宏观破裂形态表明因复合地层岩体物理力学性质的差异,上覆软岩变形破坏较为严重,破裂和变形较为显著,在软、硬岩层交界面出现“变形不协调”现象。选取工程沿线某洞段的地质力学参数,基于破坏接近度（FAI）指标评价了隧洞开挖过程中复合地层围岩的稳定性,数值结果表明：开挖过程软岩中FAI变化较为明显,塑性区和破坏区分布范围更广,而下部硬岩受开挖扰动影响较小,只有拱底小范围岩体进入破坏状态。模型试验和数值结果均说明交替变化的掌子面岩体在开挖过程中其围岩在变形破坏等规律方面存在明显差异,因此,TBM在复合地层施工可采取重点部位监测预警、提前采取相应措施等手段,减少或避免卡机事故的发生。该研究成果对于指导复合地层TBM施工具有一定的借鉴和指导意义。     

高地应力环境下坚硬岩体河床坝基开挖的变形破坏机理研究

小湾水电站坝基岩体在开挖过程中,暴露出一系列的变形破坏现象,主要表现为板裂、表面岩爆、沿已有裂隙张开、扩展和错动等。在对上述变形现象分析的基础上,研究了高应力环境下坝基岩体开挖的地质力学响应,发现:河床坝基岩体在开挖过程中所表现出的变形主要集中在坝基浅表,且具有时效性。根据变形破坏现象分析和变形响应研究,对高地应力环境下坚硬岩体河床坝基开挖的变形破坏机理有了新的认识,是河谷下切和开挖卸荷过程中的应力重分布造成的浅表生改造的结果。最终,将河床坝基岩体的变形破坏归纳为压致拉裂卸荷回弹模式,且以压致拉裂为主。     

A numerical model for foundation settlements due to deformation accumulation in granular soils under repeated small amplitude dynamic loading

Repeated small amplitude dynamic loading of the soil in the vicinity of buildings, as arising from traffic or construction activities, may cause differential foundation settlements and structural damage. In this paper, a numerical model for soils under repeated dynamic loading is formulated. It is assumed that the dynamic part of the loading is small with respect to the static part, reflecting the stress conditions in the soil underneath buildings. As the plastic deformation in the soil is only observed after a considerable amount of dynamic loading cycles, only the accumulation of the average plastic deformation is considered. The model accounts for the dependency of the deformation on the stress conditions and the dynamic loading amplitude. The accumulation model is implemented in a finite element framework, using a consistent tangent approach in combination with a backward Euler integration scheme. A triaxial test is considered in a first numerical example. The available analytical solution for this problem allows to validate the numerical implementation. Second, the differential settlement of a two‐storey building founded on loose sandy soil under repeated vehicle passages is considered. The differential foundation settlement causes the stresses to increase at the bottom of the wall, which may result in damage. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大埋深高地应力关山隧道围岩变形破坏分析

甘肃省关山隧道是一条受高地应力影响的大埋深硬脆性闪长岩铁路隧道,位于青藏高原东北缘,构造活跃,运动速率较大,且方向变化显著的六盘山挤压隆升构造区。在隧道开挖过程中围岩变形破坏现象明显,围岩等级低于前期岩体质量分级,表现出强烈的岩体质量劣化和各向异性。针对该问题,除了采用矿物成分和微结构分析寻找原因,还通过现场结构面统计分析对围岩质量劣化和各向异性进行描述,同时运用自行研发的钻孔电视进一步分析开挖前后一定时间间隔内围岩的渐进式变形和破坏。钻孔电视试验结果表明,尽管闪长岩作为一种硬脆性岩体,单轴抗压强度（UCS）高于现场地应力值,但其变形和破坏却普遍发生,开挖过程中新生裂隙迅速发育,原先在高地应力下闭合的裂隙也会重新张开和发展,围岩劣化,稳定性降低。为了进一步分析围岩的变形破坏过程,设计了变压力大小和方向的单轴抗压试验,试验中闪长岩的单轴压力值低于单轴抗压强度,试验结果与钻孔电视试验观测结果吻合,证明了在开挖引起的地应力剧烈变化条件下硬脆性闪长岩结构劣化,存在变形破坏的可能性。在大埋深高地应力条件下,除了岩体的各向异性,地应力的变化也是硬脆性围岩稳定性的重要考量因素。     

Dynamic and Static Stability Assessment of Rock Slopes Against Wedge Failures

Summary ?The stability of slopes during and after excavation is always of great concern in the field of rock engineering. One of the structurally controlled modes of failure in jointed rock slopes is wedge failure. The limiting equilibrium methods for slopes under various conditions against wedge failure have been previously proposed by several investigators. However, these methods do not involve dynamic assessments and have not yet been validated by experimental results. In this paper, the tests performed on model wedges under static and dynamic loading conditions are described and the existing limiting equilibrium methods are extended to take into account dynamic effects. The applicability and validity of the presented method are checked through model tests carried out under well controlled conditions and by actual cases studied by the authors, both in Turkey and Japan.     

基于RFPA3D和微震监测的白鹤滩水电站左岸边坡稳定性分析

白鹤滩水电站左岸边坡受缓倾角软弱面及NW向断层影响,施工、运行期的边坡稳定性问题尤为重要。为研究左岸边坡在开挖卸荷过程中应力场、位移场分布规律,揭示岩体内部破坏失稳机制,利用RFPA3D（realistic failure process analysis）软件以拱轴线剖面为例建立准三维数值模型,再现坝基边坡岩体裂隙萌生、发育、扩展直至贯通的渐进损伤破坏过程。结合左岸边坡开挖卸荷及应力调整过程中的微震活动演化特征,圈定工程边坡潜在危险区域,探讨可能的失稳破坏模式。分析表明：基于离心加载法计算得到工程边坡开挖后安全系数为1.33;边坡表层区域受缓倾角错动带控制,变形破坏最为明显,以小范围楔形体滑移为主。该研究结果可为白鹤滩水电站坝基边坡后期施工提供依据,对于类似岩质边坡工程施工具有一定的指导作用。     

Numerical prediction of blast‐induced stress wave from large‐scale underground explosion

This paper presents a numerical model for predicting the dynamic response of rock mass subjected to large‐scale underground explosion. The model is calibrated against data obtained from large‐scale field tests. The Hugoniot equation of state for rock mass is adopted to calculate the pressure as a function of mass density. A piecewise linear Drucker–Prager strength criterion including the strain rate effect is employed to model the rock mass behaviour subjected to blast loading. A double scalar damage model accounting for both the compression and tension damage is introduced to simulate the damage zone around the charge chamber caused by blast loading. The model is incorporated into Autodyn3D through its user subroutines. The numerical model is then used to predict the dynamic response of rock mass, in terms of the peak particle velocity (PPV) and peak particle acceleration (PPA) attenuation laws, the damage zone, the particle velocity time histories and their frequency contents for large‐scale underground explosion tests. The computed results are found in good agreement with the field measured data; hence, the proposed model is proven to be adequate for simulating the dynamic response of rock mass subjected to large‐scale underground explosion. Extended numerical analyses indicate that, apart from the charge loading density, the stress wave intensity is also affected, but to a lesser extent, by the charge weight and the charge chamber geometry for large‐scale underground explosions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.