东亚副热带急流与东北夏季降水异常的关系

利用东北地区88个气象站点观测的7、8月(夏季)降水量和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了东北地区夏季降水与同期东亚副热带西风急流之间的关系,发现东北地区夏季降水异常偏多年,位于青藏高原上空200 hPa西风急流中心强度偏强,东北地区上空急流轴向东北方向倾斜;东北地区夏季降水异常偏少年,青藏高原上空200 hPa西风...     

南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压对我国西南地区夏季降水异常的影响

利用1961～2010年全国台站观测资料中逐日平均降水资料,及同期NCEP／NCAR再分析资料,通过统计方法,研究分析了南亚高压东脊点和西太平洋副热带高压西脊点对我国西南地区夏季区域降水的影响。分析得到：对于1961～2010年我国西南地区夏季降水异常,南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压其东西脊点之间的经距,在31候、36～37候以及45～46候,体现出明显异常特征。特别是涝年和旱年对比中,在这3个时段上存在明显差异。并且发现,31候时南亚高压东脊点与西太平洋副热带高压西脊点之间经距,与前一年的差距越大,我国西南地区该年夏季降水偏多,特别是中部与东部,效果更为显著。     

夏季南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压的相关性分析

利用1951—2010年NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料研究夏季南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)的相关性。结果发现,夏季南亚高压与西太副高的联系密切,年际尺度上强度指数之间的显著正相关关系相对稳定,两者同时偏强(简称同强)与同时偏弱(简称同弱)的模态超过70%。当南亚高压与西太副高同强(同弱)时,西风急流偏强(偏弱),高纬度地区大气环流呈经向(纬向)型,太平洋EAP遥相关为正(负)位相。贯穿对流层中上层的中纬度纬向西风与高压强度异常有密切的联系,西风急流可作为中纬度地区连接两者作用的纽带。青藏高原与太平洋地区对流层的温度差异分布对当地的环流系统造成很大影响,高原热力异常和海温异常联系着高压系统的演变。南亚高压、西太副高的异常影响了整体东亚大气环流的配置,是了解不同纬度系统相互作用的又一着眼点。     

山东夏季降水异常与大气环流特征分析

通过分析山东近40年夏季旱涝分布特征,利用NCEP再分析资料运用合成分析的方法,分析了影响山东夏季降水异常的大气环流特征,结果表明:山东夏季旱涝年,中高纬度环流、东亚大槽分布和西太平洋副高的位置和强度差异明显,涡度、散度等物理量也有明显的差异。     

夏季东亚副热带经圈环流特征及其对长江流域降水的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR 1979-2009年月平均风场资料,用质量流函数来定义东亚副热带的经圈环流指数,分析夏季(6-8月)东亚副热带经圈环流特征.结果表明,夏季东亚地区受反Hadlev环流影响,表现出与全球平均经圈环流不同的特征,用指数表征的东亚副热带经圈环流强度存在明显的年际和年代际变化.另外,利用相关性及水汽通量...     

川西北的洪涝与西太平洋副热带高压的环流特征

从历史资料中统计出川西北地区洪涝出现的特点、规律、区域分布与副高关系的特征．在副高季节性西伸北跳南撤时，将副高分为经向型和纬向型两种来研究，其经向型副高是产生川西北大范围严重洪涝乃至罕见洪涝的主要环流特征。     

夏季南亚高压及西太平洋副热带高压强度变化与前期海温异常的关系

本文利用1951—2010年NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料研究了热带海表面温度对南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压发展变化的影响,得到以下主要结论：在两高压强年与暖海温年(两高压弱年与冷海温年)里,冬、春两季赤道印度洋、太平洋海温距平呈现显著的正?负?正(负?正?负)的厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)现象,中南半岛附近的对流层高层产生异常西风(东风)气流,有利于(不利于)南侧异常反气旋环流的产生,从而促进（阻碍）南亚高压发展;菲律宾海域的对流层产生异常下沉(上升)气流,有利于(不利于)西北侧异常反气旋环流的产生,从而促进(阻碍)低层西太副高的发展。夏季,热带印度洋的暖海温（冷海温）有效地增加（降低）了当地的对流效应,使大气对流层温度增暖（减低),影响南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压的发展。     

夏季西太平洋副热带高压与山东降水的关系

在对盛夏7、8月及夏季(6~8月)平均的500 hPa高度场和同期山东降水场分别进行奇异值分解(SVD)分析的基础上,根据高度场时间系数的大小选取特征年进行高度场合成。发现夏季西太平洋副热带高压的位置、强度异常对山东夏季降水有重要影响。副高强度偏弱、位置偏北时,对应山东多雨;强度偏强、位置偏南偏西时,山东少雨。此外,南海、菲律宾等地高度场的异常与副高的位置、强度间有重要的关系。当前者处显著的正距平时,副高强度强、西伸明显;当前者处显著的负距平时,副高强度易偏弱、但位置偏北。     

2019年夏季东亚大气环流异常及对我国气候的影响

为更好了解2019年夏季（6—8月）我国主要气候异常特征及成因,利用气象要素站点资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析大气环流资料分析了2019年夏季降水、气温的时空分布和东亚大气环流特征,并初步诊断了长江中下游降水偏少的可能原因。结果显示,2019年夏季全国气温偏暖明显,降水总量接近常年,但旱涝分布有明显的空间差异,东部主要多雨区位于江南至华南及东北地区,云南和黄淮等地气象干旱长时间持续。东部季风区降水还呈现出明显的季节内变化,尤其是江南等地在夏季前期降水过程密集,涝灾严重,但后期急速减少,高温事件迅速爆发。华南前汛期和江南梅雨开始早结束晚。2019年夏季,欧亚中高纬度地区两槽一脊的环流形势非常明显。其中黄海至日本海持续维持的低槽造成夏季西太平洋副热带高压强度偏强,位置略偏西偏南。这一低槽也是长江中下游少雨和江南多雨的直接原因。其在夏季前期位置明显偏南,和副热带高压脊线南北位置的演变非常一致。但在夏季后期,随着这一低槽的减弱北移,副热带高压迅速北跳,也造成雨带从江南快速移动到北方地区。     

西太平洋暖池海温分布型及其与东亚大气环流的关系

采用海温资料和NCEP/NCAR 49 a再分析的高度场、风场资料,利用EOF、合成分析方法,研究了夏季暖池SSTA的时空演变,结果显示:夏季暖池SSTA具有整体一致性分布和南北区域的反对称分布两种空间分布型。根据这两种分布型划分了夏季暖池海温正、负异常年,分析了相应年份的风场环流特征,结果表明:SSTA为一致性分布时,暖异常年850 hPa暖池区上空有一反气旋偏差环流,副热带地区西风和低纬度地区东风都得到加强,200 hPa南亚上空为一反气旋偏差环流,沃克环流得到加强;冷异常年则相反。当SSTA为南北反对称分布时,北暖南冷年850 hPa暖池区上空为一反气旋偏差环流,15°N附近东风气流和赤道附近西风气流增强,200 hPa反气旋偏差环流中心移到东亚大陆上空,长江中下游地区为上升气流,降水明显增多,华北地区为下沉气流,降水减少;冷异常年则相反。     

中高纬环流对1998年7月西太平洋副热带高压短期变化的影响机制

针对1998年7月长江中下游地区二度梅期间副热带高压的短期演变特征,利用NCEP逐日资料,首先揭示了此期间西太平洋副热带高压发生东西断裂、副高单体发展的短期异常特征,进而指出了中高纬环流调整与副高短期变异的对应关系.在发现与中高纬环流调整相伴随的强冷空气是副高发生变异的关键因素的基础上,利用大气热力学基本原理,研究副高短期变异的动力机制,发现在副高边缘的冷暖空气活动通过与南北风发展直接关联,而影响副高的短期变异,是副高短期变异的重要机制之一.最后,利用R42L9/LASG IAP大气环流模式,通过敏感性数值试验证实了上述冷暖空气活动影响副高发生变异的动力机制.     

Anomalous Western Pacific Subtropical High during El Niño Developing Summer in Comparison with Decaying Summer

The anomalous behavior of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) in El Niño developing summer is studied based on the composite results of eight major El Niño events during 1979-2013. It is shown that the WPSH tends to retreat eastwards with weak intensity during the developing summer. The anomaly exhibits an intraseasonal variation with a weaker anomaly in June and July and a stronger anomaly in August, indicating that different underlying physical mechanisms may be responsible for the anomalous WPSH during early and late summer periods. In June and July, owing to the cold advection anomaly characterized as a weak northerly anomaly from high latitudes, geopotential height in East Asia is reduced and the WPSH tends to retreat eastwards slightly. By contrast, enhanced convection over the warm pool in August makes the atmosphere more sensitive to El Niño forcing. Consequently, a cyclonic anomaly in the western Pacific is induced, which is consistent with the seasonal march of atmospheric circulation from July to August. Accordingly, geopotential height in the western Pacific is reduced significantly, and the WPSH tends to retreat eastwards remarkably in August. Different from the developing summer, geopotential height in the decaying summer over East Asia and the western Pacific tends to enhance and extend northwards from June to August consistently, reaching the maximum anomaly in August. Therefore, the seasonal march plays an important role in the WPSH anomaly for both the developing and decaying summer.     

亚洲-太平洋大气主模态与东亚副热带夏季风年代际变化关系

基于1950～2005年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,利用REOF方法提取了亚洲-北太平洋地区低层大气的主要模态,着重研究分析了亚洲-北太平洋地区低层大气耦合模态的年代际变化特征及其与东亚夏季风的年代际变化关系。结果表明:①夏季亚洲-北太平洋大气主要耦合变化型反映了蒙古低压和北太平洋高压之间的变化关系。它们之间的耦合变化主要表现为年代际的变化特征,在20世纪50年代到60年代中期为负位相,即蒙古低压中心值相对较低,北太平洋副高中心值相对较高,60年代中期到70年代中期耦合变化处在正负交替的过程,70年代中期以后,耦合模态为一致的正位相,即蒙古低压中心值相对较高,北太平洋副高中心值相对较低。②蒙古低压和北太平洋副热带高压之间的耦合变化与东亚副热带夏季风风场强度的年代际变化有显著的负相关关系,当蒙古低压和北太平洋副高之间的耦合变化处于负位相时期,东亚副热带季风偏强,耦合变化处于正位相时期则相反,即东亚副热带季风偏弱。     

Interaction Between Typhoon and Western Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone:Data Analyses and Numerical Experiments

Three kinds of typhoons with distinct tracks are sorted based on a set of typhoon data from 1958 to 1998. The results of composite analyses confirm that different typhoon tracks correspond to different patterns of the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific （SAWP）. When the tracks are westward, the SAWP is strong, with a zonal form, and stretches westward; when the tracks are recurving, the main body of the SAWP shifts eastward and breaks near 160~E; and when the tracks are northward, the SAWP is located far east of its normal position. Based on the above result, two different initial fields are configured, one has a zonal and strong SAWP, and the other has a meridional and weak SAWP. By using the GOALS R42L9 climate model, a temperature disturbance is added into these two different initial fields to force the formation of a typhoon. Westward and northward tracked typhoons are well simulated, thus verifying that different patterns of the SAWP have different effects on typhoon tracks. Results also show that typhoons can induce barotropic Rossby waves propagating to the mid and high latitudes. Under different background zonal flows, the wave trains triggered by the typhoons of westward and northward tracks are also different, and their effects on the mid and high latitude circulations and the SAWP are different. Compared to a n.orthward tracked typhoon, a westward tracked typhoon is able to induce positive geopotential height anomaly to its north and northwest, resulting in the SAWP strengthening and developing westward.     

2003年夏季淮河流域梅雨期西太平洋副高结构和活动特征及动力机制分析

通过资料分析和诊断, 揭示了在2003年6～7月淮河流域暴雨期间, 西太平洋副高相对偏北并且呈现南北变化相对稳定、东西变化明显的特征; 强劲而稳定少动的中纬度西风急流使得西太平洋副高难以北抬, 从而造成了淮河流域降雨带的稳定少动. 同时, 分析表明每一次雨锋的出现伴有高层南亚高压的东伸, 并诱发500 hPa西太平洋副高西伸至我国沿海, 导致淮河流域多雨, 江南干旱高温.分析还发现高、低空副热带高压影响天气系统发展的如下机制: (1) 沿30°N东伸的高层南亚高压脊在东部30°N以北地区引起辐散和上升, 在30°N以南地区引起辐合和下沉; (2) 江南高层的辐合下沉气流在中低空的辐散增强了局地的负涡度, 诱发西太平洋副高西伸; (3) 沿增强了的西太平洋副高西北侧的偏西南气流在30°N以北辐合, 增强了局地的上升运动, 为暴雨的产生创造了大尺度的背景流场; (4) 副高西北侧的暴雨加强了低空的南风和高层的北风, 从而使高层东伸的南亚高压和低层西伸的西太平洋副高在我国东部稳定维持.     

Precipitation Structures of a Thermal Convective System Happened in the Central Western Subtropical Pacific Anticyclone

In this paper, characteristics of precipitating clouds in a thermal convective system (TCS) occurred in the southeastern mainland of China at 15:00 BT (Beijing time) on August 2, 2003 in the central western subtropical Pacific anticyclone (WSPA) is studied by using TRMM tropical rainfallmeasuring mission PR (precipitution radar) and IR Infrared radiation measurements. The precipitating cloud structures in both horizontal and vertical, relationship among storm top, cloud top, and surface rain rate are particularly analyzed. Results show that a strong ascending air at 500 hPa and a strong convergence of moisture flux at 850 hPa in the central WSPA supply necessary conditions both in dynamics and moisture for the happening of the TCS precipitation. The TRMM PR observation shows that the horizontal scale of the most TCS precipitating clouds is about 30-40 km, their averaged vertical scale is above 10 km, and the maximum reaches 17.5 km. The maximum rain rate near surface of those TCS clouds is beyond 50 mm h-1. The mean rain profile of the TCS clouds shows that its maximum rain rate at 5 km altitude is 1 km lower than the estimated freezing level of the environment. Compared with the mesoscale convective system (MCS) of "98.7.20", both systems have the same altitude of the maximum rain rate displayed from both mean rain profiles, but the TCS is much deeper than the MCS. From the altitude of the maximum rain rate to near surface, profiles show that rain rate reducing in the TCS is faster than that in the MCS, which implies a strong droplet evaporation process occurring in the TCS. Relationship among cloud top, storm top, and surface rain rate analysis indicates a large variation of cloud top when storm top is lower. On the contrary, the higher the storm top, the more consistent both cloud top and storm top. And, the larger the surface rain rate, the higher and more consistent for both cloud top and storm top. At the end, results expose that area fractions of non-precipitating clouds and clear sky are 86% and 2%, respectively. The area fraction of precipitating clouds is only about 1/8 that of non-precipitating clouds.     

东亚夏季风降水年代际变异模态及其与太平洋年代际振荡的关系

利用全球陆地月平均降水资料、英国气象局哈德莱中心的月平均海表温度距平(SSTA)资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析大气环流资料,探讨东亚夏季风降水年代际变率及其与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)的联系。研究指出:东亚夏季风降水年代际变异模态以及PDO均在1976年前后呈现显著的年代际转折,并且东亚夏季风降水与PDO在年代际尺度上具有较好的相关关系。PDO能够在对流层低层激发出与年代际东亚夏季风环流较为相似的大气环流异常特征,表明东亚夏季风环流的年代际变化可能受大气外强迫因子PDO在对流层低层的外源强迫作用影响,最终导致东亚夏季风降水发生年代际变化。     

An East Asian Subtropical Summer Monsoon Index and Its Relationship to Summer Rainfall in China

Using the monthly mean NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the monthly rainfall observations at 160 rain gauge stations of China during 1961 1999, and based on major characteristics of the atmospheric circulation over East Asia and the western Pacific, a simple index for the East Asian subtropical summer monsoon （EASSM） is defined. The relationship between this index and summer rainfall in China and associated circulation features are examined. A comparison is made between this index and other monsoon indices. The results indicate that the index defined herein is reflective of variations of both the thermal low pressure centered in Siberia and the subtropical ridge over the western Pacific. It epitomizes the intensity of the EASSM and the variability of summer rainfall along the Yangtze River. Analysis shows that the Siberian low has a greater effect on the rainfall than the subtropical ridge, suggesting that the summer rainfall variability over the eastern parts of China is to a large extent affected by anomalies of the atmospheric circulation and cold air development in the midlatitudes. Taking into account of the effects of both the Siberian low and the subtropical ridge can better capture the summer rainfall anomalies of China. The index exhibits interannual and decadal variabilities, with high-index values occurring mainly in the 1960s and 1970s and low-index values in the 1980s and 1990s. When the EASSM index is low, the Siberian low and the subtropical ridge are weaker, and northerly wind anomalies appear at low levels over the midlatitudes and subtropics of East Asia, whereas southwesterly wind anomalies dominate in the upper troposphere over the tropics and subtropics of Asia and the western Pacific. The northerly wind anomalies bring about frequent cold air disturbances from the midlatitudes of East Asia, strengthening the convergence and ascending motions along the Meiyu front, and result in an increase of summer rainfall over the Yangtze River.     

Different Configurations of Interannual Variability of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High and East Asian Westerly Jet in Summer

This study investigates the circulation and precipitation anomalies associated with different configurations of the western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH) and the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ) in summer on interannual timescales. The in-phase configuration of the WNPSH and EAJ is characterized by the westward(eastward) extension of the WNPSH and the southward(northward) shift of the EAJ, which is consistent with the general correspondence between their variations. The out-of-phase configuration includes the residual cases. We find that the in-phase configuration manifests itself as a typical meridional teleconnection. For instance, there is an anticyclonic(cyclonic) anomaly over the tropical western North Pacific and a cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly over the mid-latitudes of East Asia in the lower troposphere. These circulation anomalies are more conducive to rainfall anomalies over the Yangtze River basin and south Japan than are the individual WNPSH or EAJ. By contrast, for the out-of-phase configuration, the mid-latitude cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly is absent, and the lower-tropospheric circulation anomalies feature an anticyclonic(cyclonic)anomaly with a large meridional extension. Correspondingly, significant rainfall anomalies move northward to North China and the northern Korean Peninsula. Further results indicate that the out-of-phase configuration is associated with the developing phase of ENSO, with strong and significant sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the tropical central and eastern Pacific which occur simultaneously during summer and persist into the following winter. This is sharply different from the in-phase configuration, for which the tropical SSTs are not a necessity.