西秦岭北缘漳县新生代伸展断陷盆地确定及其地质意义

西秦岭北缘断裂带新生代以来挤压逆冲变形起始于何时?挤压逆冲变形之前是否经历过伸展拉张过程?北缘断裂带北侧的新生代红层盆地到底是类前陆压陷挠曲盆地还是拉张断陷盆地?上述问题对西秦岭新生代盆-山构造格局重建和印度-欧亚板块碰撞汇聚的远程构造响应的时间与方式等科学问题的认识具有重要的地质约束。本文通过对西秦岭北缘构造带内漳县渐新世—中新世含盐红层盆地沉积序列和沉积旋回特征以及盆地边界断裂之间的几何学-运动学关系分析,认为西秦岭北缘构造带内漳县含盐红层盆地具有拉张伸展动力学背景下形成的断陷盆地的地质特征。西秦岭北缘构造带内渐新世—中新世断陷盆地的确定,指示了印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞汇聚而导致的青藏高原构造挤压缩短作用至少在盆地沉积充填阶段尚未扩展到西秦岭北缘及以北地区。而漳县含盐红层盆地沉积地层褶皱缩短变形以及之后角度不整合在漳县含盐红层盆地之的上新统韩家沟粗砾岩,可能记录了西秦岭北缘由伸展边界向挤压缩短逆冲边界的转换过程。因此,青藏高原东北缘真正成为青藏高原体系组成部分是在上新世的漳县含盐红层盆地封闭-构造反转之后。这一认识对地学界长期以来认为印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞汇聚而导致的高原隆升和构造挤压早在渐新世就已经波及西秦岭北缘的观点提出了挑战。     

西秦岭北缘一个新生代伸展型角度不整合及其地质意义

通过对西秦岭北缘漳县地区渐新统—中新统含盐红层地层与下伏造山带地层之间的角度不整合及其之上的砾岩、地层序列、沉积旋回等特征研究,提出了该角度不整合为伸展型角度不整合的认识。该伸展型角度不整合的存在指示了西秦岭北缘漳县渐新统—中新统含盐红层盆地具有伸展断陷盆地的属性,意味着在渐新世—中新世漳县含盐盆地形成和沉积充填时期,青藏高原东北缘(至少西秦岭北缘)一直处于伸展构造环境。这与印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞汇聚动力学作用向东北缘扩展形成的以挤压缩短和隆升为主的构造环境不协调,也就是说,青藏高原东北缘在渐新世—中新世可能尚未卷入现今青藏高原构造系统。     

南盘江盆地中部西林断隆南翼中-下三叠统沉积学特征及其大地构造意义

印支造山带对华南地质演化具有重要影响,南盘江盆地作为华南与印支造山带相关的最大的盆地,其构造演化过程备受关注,然而对于盆地由伸展到挤压的构造转换时限还存在争议。西林县位于南盘江盆地的中部,古生界和中-下三叠统出露良好,是进行沉积大地构造学研究的理想地区。为进一步明确南盘江盆地的构造演化过程,本文选取南盘江盆地中部西林县一带中-下三叠统进行了详细的沉积相分布和演化、古水流以及碎屑组成分析。结果表明,空间上,下三叠统自下而上自北向南依次出露:(1)泥岩、泥灰岩、砂屑灰岩和凝灰岩构成的潮坪-泻湖相沉积;(2)砾岩、含砾砂岩、细砂岩和粉砂岩构成的块体搬运沉积(MTD,Mass-transport deposit)与浊积扇相沉积互层;(3)中粗砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩组成的浊积扇相沉积,构成向上水体急剧加深的沉积序列。中三叠统为一套浊积扇相沉积,由粗砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩组成。古水流和碎屑组成分析结果显示,西林县一带下三叠统碎屑物主要来自北侧西林-隆林一带的碳酸盐岩台地,而中三叠统碎屑除来自北侧相邻碳酸盐岩台地外,还可能来自江南造山带、康滇古陆、云开地块和峨眉山玄武岩。沉积相的垂向变化记录了西林一带由古生代孤立碳酸盐岩台地向三叠纪半深海浊积岩盆地的演化过程,而早三叠世MTD是盆地张开过程中的直接沉积记录,以上地质事实暗示了南盘江盆地在早三叠世受控于区域伸展体制,西林一带的古生代孤立碳酸盐岩台地则是伸展过程中形成的断隆。盆地内的基性岩墙侵位(258~248Ma)以及西林一带早三叠世晶屑沉凝灰岩的锆石U-Pb年代学分析结果(249.4±1.2Ma)表明南盘江盆地在晚二叠世至早三叠世处于伸展构造背景之下,中三叠统为半深海浊积岩沉积则表明这一伸展过程至少持续至中三叠世。由于在时间上和空间上,南盘江盆地的张开都与古特提斯分支洋盆的俯冲消减有关,因而我们认为南盘江盆地也是晚二叠世到中三叠世古特提斯洋岩石圈俯冲体系的一部分。由于南盘江盆地及其邻近区缺失上三叠统沉积,这可能说明古特提斯洋俯冲结束于中三叠世。     

银川盆地新生代构造演化：来自银川盆地主边界断裂运动学的约束

银川盆地新生代以来主要沿其边界断裂发生多期断陷活动,其边界断裂运动学特征记录了盆地的形成演化历史。基于其边界断裂滑动矢量的详细测量与分析,结合区域构造、盆地内沉积序列以及叠加变形分析,提出银川盆地新生代主要受NWSE向伸展、NESW向伸展与NESW向挤压3期构造应力场控制。结合区域构造演化与相关年代学数据,银川盆地新生代以来主要经历初始断陷、持续断陷与拉分断陷等3期构造演化,始新世-上新世受NWSE向伸展作用控制,银川盆地两侧主边界断裂发生正倾滑活动,导致盆地发生强烈断陷活动,充填了始新世-上新世红色砂岩、砾岩;更新世期间,古构造应力场转变为NESW向伸展,其主边界断裂以左行斜张活动,银川盆地持续断陷沉降;晚更新世晚期(?)以来,在NESW向挤压作用控制下,银川盆地主边界断裂发生强烈右行走滑兼正断活动,盆地受断裂剪切拉张活动,发生拉分断陷沉积。     

中国东南部中、新生代盆地特征与构造演化

中国东南部中、新生代盆地与花岗岩构成了复杂的盆岭镶嵌体系——华南盆岭构造。根据盆地的几何学、运动学、动力学与构造演化特征，将研究区中、新生代盆地划分为类前陆盆地、裂谷盆地和断陷盆地三大类型。对晚三叠世以来各个时代盆地的规模、产状、边界、岩石组合、指相矿物、沉积构造进行了分析。不同时代盆地的特征和重点区段盆区岩层的节理测量-统计结果表明，晚三叠世以来研究区的盆-岭格局至少经历过4期地球动力学演化。该盆-岭体系具有密切的时空和成因联系，二者时间相近，空间相伴，成因相关。研究表明，永定-龙南-始兴是一个中侏罗世陆内裂谷带，武夷山是晚中生代的古地理与气候分隔带，赣江带是晚中生代的火山岩界线。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗卓仑音诺尔地区中二叠统哲斯组沉积环境、形成时代及意义

内蒙古苏尼特左旗卓仑音诺尔地区哲斯组可以分为下部的粉砂岩、页岩段和上部的砾岩-砂岩段,分别代表扇中亚相的漫流沉积和扇根亚相的近源快速沉积,反映研究区二叠纪以陆相盆地干旱型冲积扇为特征的岩相古地理面貌。碎屑岩年代学研究揭示,哲斯组的物源为兴安-艾力格庙地块、早古生代的岛弧岩浆岩带及晚石炭世和早二叠世的岩浆岩体,表明盆地具有复杂源区。测年样品中最年轻一组锆石年龄的峰值为281Ma,侵入该组的石英闪长玢岩年龄为248±3Ma,限定陆相盆地的形成时代为中二叠世—三叠纪初。区域地质分析表明,中—晚二叠世兴蒙造山带中西部的不同地区均发育陆源碎屑沉积盆地,但层序特征各不相同,可能属于互不连通的小型盆地,代表二叠纪的盆岭构造,揭示兴蒙造山带在二叠纪整体处于陆内伸展的构造环境。     

柴北缘牦牛山地区牦牛山组沉积相组合特征

柴达木盆地北缘牦牛山地区出露的牦牛山组是一套由冲积扇和扇三角洲相共同构成的陆相沉积组合,冲积扇相砾岩-粗砂岩组合主要分布于研究区SE侧,扇三角洲相砂岩-泥岩组合主要分布于研究区NW侧。古水流分析表明牦牛山组沉积物主要来自其SE侧古隆起,但后期扇三角洲相包含少量来自NW和NE向的沉积物。该套沉积组合序列特征与区域上分布在牦牛山西侧同时期形成的湖泊相、滨浅海相沉积共同表明,柴达木盆地北缘在晚志留-早泥盆世时期存在一NW向倾斜的古斜坡,且晚期北侧发生抬升。砾岩和砂岩碎屑组成与区域岩石组合类型对比表明,牦牛山组沉积碎屑物主要来自于滩间山群。沉积组合序列特征、碎屑组成和区域构造背景综合研究表明,牦牛山组可能为柴达木板块向北俯冲过程中形成的局部断陷盆地的充填物。     

中国东南部中、新生代盆地特征与构造演化

中国东南部中、新生代盆地与花岗岩构成了复杂的盆岭镶嵌体系--华南盆岭构造.根据盆地的几何学、运动学、动力学与构造演化特征,将研究区中、新生代盆地划分为类前陆盆地、裂谷盆地和断陷盆地三大类型.对晚三叠世以来各个时代盆地的规模、产状、边界、岩石组合、指相矿物、沉积构造进行了分析.不同时代盆地的特征和重点区段盆区岩层的节理测量-统计结果表明,晚三叠世以来研究区的盆-岭格局至少经历过4期地球动力学演化.该盆-岭体系具有密切的时空和成因联系,二者时间相近,空间相伴,成因相关.研究表明,永定-龙南-始兴是一个中侏罗世陆内裂谷带,武夷山是晚中生代的古地理与气候分隔带,赣江带是晚中生代的火山岩界线.     

北黄海盆地构造变形及动力学演化过程

以北黄海盆地构造几何学、运动学特征为基础,探讨了北黄海盆地的构造变形样式及动力学演化过程。研究表明,北黄海盆地的构造变形包括伸展构造变形、挤压构造变形、扭动构造变形以及反转构造变形等,北黄海盆地发育的区域动力学背景即是以区域拉伸作用为主、且叠加有水平挤压作用以及相关的扭动作用,并由此导致了北黄海盆地是以一系列地堑、半地堑式坳陷组成的拉张断陷盆地;北黄海盆地的伸展、挤压与升降作用受控于板块相互作用引起的区域引张与挤压应力场并辅以深部软流圈的微弱上拱隆起作用,其动力学演化过程包括晚侏罗世—早白垩世伸展断陷、晚白垩世—古新世热隆、始新世—渐新世裂陷、渐新世末期—新近纪早期构造反转以及新近纪热沉降等5个阶段。     

西秦岭北缘漳县韩家沟砾岩对青藏高原东北缘地壳隆升的约束

对西秦岭北缘漳县地区上新统韩家沟砾岩的地貌特征、高程分布、沉积特征、构造变形等研究表明：1）该套砾岩分布受西秦岭北缘断层系F₂逆冲断层控制,主要由巨砾-中砾砾岩组成,有近源快速磨拉石沉积的特征,代表了上新世以来西秦岭地块沿北缘断层向北逆冲挤出形成的再生前陆磨拉石盆地,指示了西秦岭地块上新世以来的一次强烈的构造隆升。2）这套砾岩出露高程及宏观地貌特征指示了其形成之后又与西秦岭地块一起经历了侵蚀夷平,形成了现今海拔2 600 m 左右统一的夷平面。该夷平面的整体隆升和解体、韩家沟砾岩雅丹地貌形成和发育六级侵蚀阶地或基座阶地的漳河水系形成才真正标志着西秦岭及北缘区域的整体隆升。现今海拔1 800 m 漳河河床与2 600 m 山顶夷平面之间的高差反映了西秦岭及其北缘第四纪以来至少相对隆升了800 m。3）西秦岭北缘漳县韩家沟砾岩下伏的渐新统-中新统红层盆地沉积序列具有伸展断陷盆地充填特征,指示了这个时期西秦岭北缘处于拉张伸展构造状态,也就是说以构造挤压缩短为动力学背景下的青藏高原隆升和构造变形在渐新世-中新世时期尚未扩展至西秦岭北缘区域。尽管该断陷盆地最上部河流相-洪泛相粗碎屑沉积增多和之后地层掀斜及褶皱缩短有可能反映了中新世末或上新世初西秦岭北缘由伸展到挤压的构造转换和构造隆升,但这并不是西秦岭及北缘区域的一次强烈隆升。综上所述,我们认为西秦岭北缘上新统韩家沟砾岩出现标志着西秦岭地块向北强烈逆冲和构造隆升,但西秦岭的这次强烈隆升仅持续到上新统韩家沟砾岩沉积结束,之后西秦岭地块和北部的再生前陆磨拉石盆地一起经历了整体隆升和侵蚀夷平,形成了上新世末或第四纪初的统一夷平面。该山顶夷平面是西秦岭及其北缘区域最后整体强烈隆升的起点。韩家沟砾岩雅丹地貌形成、发育六级侵蚀阶地或基座阶地的漳河水系形成真正指示了西秦岭及北缘区域的整体隆升过程。如果西秦岭及其北缘新生代以来隆升过程在青藏高原东北缘具有代表性,那么就说明青藏高原东北缘真正隆升成为现今青藏高原系统组成部分只是上新世末期或第四纪以来地质事件。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with