IPCC-AR4模式对中国21世纪气候变化的情景预估

利用政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)第四次评估报告提供的13个新一代气候系统模式的模拟结果,分析了不同情景下(高排放SRES A2、中等排放A1B、低排放B1)中国区域未来100年的气候变化。结果表明,21世纪中国气候预估显著变暖、变湿,世纪末变暖范围在1.6℃~5℃之间,年降水量增加1.5%~20%。在A2、A1B和B1情景下,21世纪末期增暖幅度依次为5.3℃、4.3℃和2.8℃,平均3.5℃,年降水量预估增加依次为11%、9.6%和6.4%,平均达7.5%。气温和降水变化的地理分布显示:北方增温幅度大于南方,降水的增加也主要集中在北方。冬季变暖最明显,降水则在冬、春季增加较显著。模式预估结果的不确定性分析表明,新一代全球系统模式对21世纪中国气候变化预估的可靠性得到了提高。     

“过去2000年全球典型暖期的形成机制及其影响研究”进展

过去2000年全球典型暖期的形成机制及其影响研究"(2010CB950100)为"全球变化研究国家重大科学研究计划"2010年第一批启动的项目之一,由中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所等6家单位共同承担。项目重点研究:代用资料与气候变化重建结果不确定性、历史暖期辨识及其时空协同特征、不同尺度、不同时段暖期的成因机制、以及暖期气候变化影响与适应的区域差异4个科学问题;旨在揭示过去2000年全球典型暖期的时空特征及其成因机制,深入了解过去2000年气候变化对中国社会经济影响与人类对气候变化的适应过程与区域差异。     

过去2000a中国和北半球温度变化及其外部强迫因子重建研究进展北大核心CSCD

对过去2 000a气候变化的研究是解决20世纪气候变暖归因问题的关键途径之一,近年来取得了重要进展。从北半球和中国区域温度变化重建、外部强迫变化及其对温度影响等方面回顾了过去2 000a气候变化的研究历程,论述了代表性的研究成果并总结了新的科学认识。主要认识有:(1)在十年至百年尺度上,过去千年北半球中高纬地区的夏半年温度变化基本同步;(2)在百年尺度上,太阳活动在北半球温度变化中可能扮演了重要角色,而在年际到十年尺度上火山活动是北半球温度变化的主要驱动因子,但频繁的大型火山喷发事件也会造成百年尺度上气候冷暖平均态的转变;(3)温室气体是工业革命以来气候变暖的主导因素之一,但其中的年代际波动受到气候系统内部变率的影响。今后,将模拟与重建结果结合起来量化各驱动因子对气候变化的影响,进而揭示气候变化的机制是过去2 000a气候变化研究的热点。     

过去2000a中国和北半球温度变化及其外部强迫因子重建研究进展

对过去2 000a气候变化的研究是解决20世纪气候变暖归因问题的关键途径之一,近年来取得了重要进展。从北半球和中国区域温度变化重建、外部强迫变化及其对温度影响等方面回顾了过去2 000a气候变化的研究历程,论述了代表性的研究成果并总结了新的科学认识。主要认识有:(1)在十年至百年尺度上,过去千年北半球中高纬地区的夏半年温度变化基本同步;(2)在百年尺度上,太阳活动在北半球温度变化中可能扮演了重要角色,而在年际到十年尺度上火山活动是北半球温度变化的主要驱动因子,但频繁的大型火山喷发事件也会造成百年尺度上气候冷暖平均态的转变;(3)温室气体是工业革命以来气候变暖的主导因素之一,但其中的年代际波动受到气候系统内部变率的影响。今后,将模拟与重建结果结合起来量化各驱动因子对气候变化的影响,进而揭示气候变化的机制是过去2 000a气候变化研究的热点。     

基于CMIP6气候模式的东北三省农业水热资源时空变化特征

全球气候变化深刻影响农业水热资源分布,预估未来农业水热资源的时空变化有助于应对气候变化带来的机遇和挑战。该文基于CMIP6中的27个气候模式和东北三省85个气象站的观测数据,采用泰勒图法评估新一代全球气候模式对东北三省气候变化的模拟性能,在此基础上分析SSP245和SSP585情景下东北三省农业水热资源的时空变化特征。结果表明：(1)CMIP6中能较好模拟东北三省气候变化的模式为MRIE、ACC2和GFD2,且经过较优模式等权重集合修订后,模拟性能得到提升;(2)未来农业热量资源显著增加,SSP585情景下的增温速率(0.69℃/(10 a))明显高于SSP245情景(0.26℃/(10 a)),东北三省北部的增温幅度高于南部,东部高于西部,沿海高于内陆,增幅高值区位于大兴安岭;(3)未来农业降水资源有所增加,但波动较大,到21世纪末期,SSP245和SSP585情景下降水量较基准期分别增加27.8%和22.1%,呈由东南向西北递减的空间分布格局,且东部降水变率普遍高于西部,辽宁东南部将成为降水增加最显著地区。     

云南省农业生长季热量资源的时空特征

云南省是中国典型的湿润型雨养农业区，农业发展受热量资源变化影响显著。然而，当前对湿润型雨养农业区热量资源的研究较为缺乏，尤其是对区域内不同海拔梯度下各界限温度的积温研究仍有待深入。本研究基于云南省27个气象站近50年逐日气象数据，采用气候倾向率、小波分析以及Mann-Kendall检验等研究方法，分析了云南省不同海拔地区生长季≥0℃、≥10℃及≥20℃积温的时空特征，并探讨了各积温的周期演变特征与气候变化的响应。结果表明：(1)近50年，云南省不同海拔地区的各类积温均表现出稳定增加的趋势，峰值都出现在近5年，谷值出现在20世纪70年代中期。(2)除滇中城市群区域内呈现出显著性增温现象之外，不同海拔地区的各类积温呈现出高海拔地区增温趋势高于低海拔地区的特征。(3)在海拔因素、城市热岛效应和气候变暖的协同影响下，云南省气温增长多发生在≥10℃的天数上，≥20℃积温在不同海拔地区的空间分布差异性极大，增温趋势显著大于0℃积温和10℃积温。(4)不同海拔地区各类积温都存在15～25 a和40～50 a两个变化周期，且各类积温基本在20世纪90年代出现突变点，即各类积温在近20 a的增温趋势得到...     

近32 a中亚地区气温时空格局分析

中亚地区生态环境脆弱,生态系统对于气候变化的响应非常敏感,但其气候变化的时空格局并不清楚。该区域气象站点分布稀疏、高精度气象数据缺乏,利用单一数据源研究气候变化具有极大的不确定性。因此,结合站点数据和再分析数据探索中亚五国气候变化时空格局具有重要的研究价值。选取31个气象站点数据（OBS）、CRU气象插值数据和CFSR、ERA-Interim和MERRA三套高精度的再分析数据,对中亚地区1980-2011年的年、四季气温的时空格局变化进行分析。研究结果表明：（1） 近32 a中亚年均气温显著升高,增温速率为0.36～0.47 ℃·（10 a）^-1,即过去的近32 a中亚地区平均气温升高1.15～1.50 ℃。（2）四季气温变化中春季的增温速率最快（0.71～0.93 ℃·（10 a）^-1）,而冬季气温无显著性的变化。（3）中亚中部、南部、西南部、西部地区显著增温,尤其是在1990s后期至2000s前期经历了显著性地增温过程,而中亚其它地区气温无显著变化。     

全球温室效应的影响及对策

温室效应引起全球范围内增温已愈来愈引起各国政府、学者的关注。温室效应不仅导致全球范围内气候混乱异常,而且对全球生态系统、自然环境、作物产量乃至社会经济、人类活动产生一系列的影响。本文通过各种影响层次的分析,结合国际上的动态,指出了人类针对这一全球性问题应考虑的对策,其中包括:1)温室效应机理研究;2)开发替代能源;3)保护森林;4)采取适当的政策法规;5)全面系统地研究其可能影响;6)达成一些国际性协议。     

国外湿地生态系统碳循环研究进展

在全球变化背景下,面对湿地生态系统是否能维持其碳汇功能等问题,在以下几方面进行了讨论:当前湿地生态系统碳源与碳汇评估中存在的问题;湿地碳源与碳汇功能时空格局变异最新研究进展;影响湿地甲烷排放的因素;湿地碳循环过程对全球变暖的响应模式;湿地生态系统碳循环模拟。认为当前对湿地生态系统碳循环认识的局限性,是导致碳循环成为全球变暖互馈机制中不确定性的主要原因之一。针对中国当前湿地生态系统碳循环研究的特点,提出了中国未来湿地生态系统碳循环研究的焦点问题,即如何在气候变化及人类活动双重影响下,维持中国湿地生态系统现有碳储存库的功能,以及如何提高已退化湿地的固碳功能及潜力。     

中国自然生态系统对气候变化的脆弱性评估

生态系统的脆弱性已经成为气候变化影响评估和适应性管理的关键问题。本文介绍和分析了生态系统的脆弱性、敏感性和阈值的概念,中国生态环境的敏感带和脆弱性,脆弱性评估和中国生态系统脆弱分布以及自然生态系统的可持续性和适应减缓对策。自然生态系统对气候变化脆弱性评估仍存在许多问题和不确定性,迫切需要在以下领域开展研究:自主开发新一代气候变化对生态系统影响综合评估模型(特别是双向耦合模型)、加强相关野外长期观测实验、开展适应性与可持续发展示范工程的研究等。     

中国自然地理学中的气候变化研究前沿进展

气候学是自然地理学的重要组成部分;过去气候变化和当代气候增暖的影响与适应研究是中国自然地理学在气候变化领域的2个主要研究方向。本文综述了这2个研究方向的主要进展,包括：分别简述研究的意义、发展历程与主要科学问题;梳理总结中国过去气候变化重建与时空特征分析,历史时期气候变化的影响,全球增暖背景下中国气候区划变动特征,全球增暖对中国自然生态系统、水资源、农业等方面影响的区域差异,气候变化的综合风险区划等方面的前沿进展,特别是在各方面所取得的主要科学认识;以期为未来的深入研究,特别是编制相关领域和学科发展战略提供参考。     

土地利用与土地覆盖变化对气候影响的国别对比（英文）

Land use and land cover change(LULCC) strongly influence regional and global climate by combining both biochemical and biophysical processes. However, the biophysical process was often ignored, which may offset the biogeochemical effects, so measures to address climate change could not reach the target. Thus, the biophysical influence of LULCC is critical for understanding observed climate changes in the past and potential scenarios in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the mechanisms and effects of large-scale LULCC on climate change through changing the underlying surface, and thus the energy balance. The key scientific issues on understanding the impacts of human activities on global climate that must be addressed including:(1) what are the basic scientific facts of spatial and temporal variations of LULCC in China and comparative countries?(2) How to understand the coupling driving mechanisms of human activities and climate change on the LULCC and then to forecasting the future scenarios?(3) What are the scientific mechanisms of LULCC impacts on biophysical processes of land surface, and then the climate?(4) How to estimate the contributions of LULCC to climate change by affecting biophysical processes of land surface? By international comparison, the impacts of LULCC on climate change at the local, regional and global scales were revealed and evaluated. It can provide theoretical basis for the global change, and have great significance to mitigate and adapt to global climate changes.     

The climatic impacts of land use and land cover change compared among countries

Land use and land cover change (LULCC) strongly influence regional and global climate by combining both biochemical and biophysical processes. However, the biophysical process was often ignored, which may offset the biogeochemical effects, so measures to address climate change could not reach the target. Thus, the biophysical influence of LULCC is critical for understanding observed climate changes in the past and potential scenarios in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the mechanisms and effects of large-scale LULCC on climate change through changing the underlying surface, and thus the energy balance. The key scientific issues on understanding the impacts of human activities on global climate that must be addressed including: (1) what are the basic scientific facts of spatial and temporal variations of LULCC in China and comparative countries? (2) How to understand the coupling driving mechanisms of human activities and climate change on the LULCC and then to forecasting the future scenarios? (3) What are the scientific mechanisms of LULCC impacts on biophysical processes of land surface, and then the climate? (4) How to estimate the contributions of LULCC to climate change by affecting biophysical processes of land surface? By international comparison, the impacts of LULCC on climate change at the local, regional and global scales were revealed and evaluated. It can provide theoretical basis for the global change, and have great significance to mitigate and adapt to global climate changes.     

过去2000年中国气候变化研究

总结了中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所在过去2000年中国气候变化研究方面的主要进展,并对未来研究动向进行了展望。在过去10余年中,中科院地理资源所的历史气候变化研究在已有基础上,面向国际本领域研究的前缘科学问题,开展了大量研究工作,在代用资料的收集、整理与数据库建设,温度与降水变化重建以及气候变化的时空特征分析等方面取得了许多新成果。未来不但需要进一步利用历史文献、树轮等气候变化重建手段,加强高分辨率的气候变化重建工作,加密气候变化代用资料的空间覆盖度,并结合历史气候模拟等手段,深入开展气候变化动力学机制研究;而且还需要进一步利用地理资源所在本领域已积累的研究优势,开展历史时期的气候变化与人类相互作用等方面的研究。     

过去千年气候变化重建研究新进展

20世纪气候变暖的归因是当前全球共同关注的焦点之一,而解决这一问题的途径之一是对过去千年的气候变化历史进行精确重建。简要回顾过去千年气候重建的研究进展,重点关注古气候空间重建方法方面的最新进展,并将目前古气候空间重建方法划分为3类,即综合-比例法（Composite Plus Scale, CPS）、气候场重建法（Climate Field Reconstruction, CFR）以及状态空间模型（State-space Model）法,同时指出了这些方法的优缺点以及可能的解决途径。     

20世纪中国气候变化研究

Studies on the 20th century climate change in China have revealed that under the background of global warming over the past century,climate in China has also experienced significant change with mean annual temperature increased by about 0.5 °C.More reliable results for the latter part of the 20th century indicate that the largest warming occurred in Northwest China,North China and Northeast China,and the warming in winter is most significant.Although no obvious increase or decrease trends were detected for mean precipitation over China in the past half century,regional differences are very distinct.In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,precipitation increased,while that in the Yellow River Basin markedly decreased.Studies suggest that climate change in China seems to be related not only with the internal factors such as ENSO,PDO,and the others,but also with the anthropogenic effects such as greenhouse gas emissions,and land use.The future climate change studies in China seem to be important in narrowing understanding the nature of China's climate change and its main causes,since it is significant for projection and for impact assessment of climate change in the future.     

Water resource formation and conversion and water security in arid region of Northwest China

Climate change and water resource issues are global problems of common concern to the international community, and they are major bottlenecks affecting the eco-environment and sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China. On the basis of results from previous studies, this paper points out that the unique landscape of Northwest China increases the complexity and uncertainty of the climate system. This paper analyzes the key constraints on socio-economic development and ecological security in the region, discusses the impact of climate change on water resources in Northwest China, identifies common themes and the main problems present in research on climate change and water resources in the arid northwest region, and finally, based on the importance and urgency of conducting research on the region’s water resources, proposes scientific problems that need to be addressed: first, the impact of climate change on the formation, conversion and future trends of water resources in the region; second, bidirectional coupling of high-resolution regional climate models and water cycle models of arid region land surface patterns; third, the impact of climate change and human activities on water resources of the arid northwest region. Through consideration and discussion of the above, this paper seeks to further clarify specific areas of research on pressing issues related to climate change and water resources in Northwest China, so as to establish a solid scientific basis for significantly enhancing our ability to respond to climate change and water shortages.     

西北干旱区水资源形成、转化与水安全研究（英文）

Climate change and water resource issues are global problems of common concern to the international community, and they are major bottlenecks affecting the eco-environment and sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China. On the basis of results from previous studies, this paper points out that the unique landscape of Northwest China increases the complexity and uncertainty of the climate system. This paper analyzes the key constraints on socio-economic development and ecological security in the region, discusses the impact of climate change on water resources in Northwest China, identifies common themes and the main problems present in research on climate change and water resources in the arid northwest region, and finally, based on the importance and urgency of conducting research on the region's water resources, proposes scientific problems that need to be addressed: first, the impact of climate change on the formation, conversion and future trends of water resources in the region; second, bidirectional coupling of high-resolution regional climate models and water cycle models of arid region land surface patterns; third, the impact of climate change and human activities on water resources of the arid northwest region. Through consideration and discussion of the above, this paper seeks to further clarify specific areas of research on pressing issues related to climate change and water resources in Northwest China, so as to establish a solid scientific basis for significantly enhancing our ability to respond to climate change and water shortages.     

Progress in China’s climate change study in the 20th century

IPCC (2001) pointed out that the earth's climate was undergoing a remarkable change with characteristics of global warming over the past 100 years. The latest research showed that the global mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.6 oC since 1861. It is very likely that the last 20 years in the 20th century was the warmest decades. The Northern Hemisphere temperatures in the 20th century appeared to have been unprecedented during the past millennium. The research also indicates th…     

过去2000年中国气候变化研究的新进展

回顾过去2000年中国气候变化的研究历史,总结了本领域在最近10年的新成果,并对未来研究动向进行了展望。主要内容包括：代用证据采集、过去2000年温度序列重建与冷暖期辨识、降水及干湿序列重建与变化特征分析、过去千年气候变化模拟与机制诊断、历史气候变化影响分析等。主要进展体现在：加密了中国气候变化代用资料的空间覆盖度,提升了2000年气候变化序列重建、资料分析和影响辨识等研究的定量化程度,深化了对中国过去2000年气候在年代—百年尺度的变化特征及其形成机制与影响的认识。为进一步揭示地球系统的变化规律,特别是更深入认识中国气候的时空变化规律提供了更好的基础。