四川自一里水电站气垫式调压室围岩渗透性评价

结合自一里水电工程气垫式调压室设计厂房区岩体渗透性研究,提出了从定性分析到定量计算与评价,系统刻画岩体渗透性与分区评价,以满足气垫式调压室设计要求的实用方法.该方法以基础地质与水文地质研究为背景,从系统全面的裂隙测量与统计分析中,获取岩体裂隙空间发育规律和裂隙方向、隙宽、迹长、间距和裂隙率等统计特征值,运用裂隙岩体渗透张量理论,得出分布式岩体渗透主值和综合渗透系数;在此基础上,进行岩体渗透性分区与评价.评价得出:花岗岩夹变质砂岩透镜体的厂区岩体渗透性总体随深度变化,受接触带影响局部渗透性呈强弱交替变化;区内裂隙岩体的渗透性分3级,近地表浅层岩体渗透性较强,综合渗透系数为n×100m/d～n×10-1m/d,调压室区为中等～弱渗透性岩体,渗透系数为n×10-2m/d～n×10-4m/d.     

裂隙岩体渗透系数确定方法研究

裂隙岩体渗透系数以及渗透主方向的确定对研究岩体渗透性大小及各向异性具有重要意义。高放废物地质处置库介质岩体的渗透性能将直接影响其使用安全性。本文运用离散裂隙网络模拟的方法对我国高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区3#钻孔附近裂隙岩体进行了渗透性质分析。通过对3#钻孔171.5~178.0m段压水试验数据的反演,标定了离散裂隙网络渗流模型中的裂隙渗透参数(导水系数T)。利用标定的离散裂隙网络模型对场区裂隙岩体进行了渗流模拟,确定了该区域裂隙岩体的渗流表征单元体(REV)的尺寸大小以及渗透主值和主渗透方向。运用离散裂隙网络模型计算得出的渗透主值的几何均值与现场压水试验计算结果较接近,证明了计算结果的有效性。     

岩体渗透特性的渗透张量分析在某水电工程中的应用

针对岩体渗透性能非均质、各向异性显著的特点，采用从裂隙几何参数测量、裂隙分组，到渗透张量计算这一流程，获得裂隙介质三维渗透张量场，达到准确地刻画岩体渗透特性的目地，并在西南地区某水电工程中得到成功的应用。     

层状裂隙岩体中等效渗透性分析

通过解析法和数值方法对层状裂隙的渗透等效性进行了研究,分析了两种方法对等效性计算结果的差异,得到不同分析方法的适用条件;分析了层状裂隙岩体中不同种类裂隙隙宽的变化对等效渗透性的影响,得到了层状裂隙岩体等效渗透性的一般规律.     

基于水—力耦合理论的超深隧道围岩渗透性预测

涌水预测是特长超深隧道勘测设计及许多中面临的重要问题之一。围岩渗透性是涌水预测的基础，对于超深隧道，不能通过大规模抽水试验来获得渗透性参数。以水为耦合理论为基础，该文提出了一种超深隧道围岩渗透性预测方法。其主要思想是，首先确定近地表岩体的渗透张量；根据地应力实测资料进行地应力场的量级反演；选择适当的裂隙开度－应力模型，预测不同深度的裂隙开度；在裂隙网络结构不随深度变化这一假定的基础上，计算隧道标高的围岩渗透性。     

拉西瓦水电工程岩体裂隙透水性反分析研究

80年代以来。由裂隙水在石油工程、水利工程、水资源评价以及工业废料和核废料的储存方面,起着至关重要的作用和影响,因此,裂隙水研究得到了各方面专家的广泛重视。渗透张量是研究岩体裂隙透水性的非常重要的参数。本文以拉西瓦水电工程为实例,把流场中若干点的水头实测值与计算值之误差作为目标函数,给出一种在任意四边形网格上求解裂隙流控制方程的局部坐标有限分析法,用优化单纯形法反求裂隙岩体渗透张量。本文中提出的反分析法特点在于充分研究了岩体所处的地质、水文地质环境,考虑到岩体裂隙结构面的控渗作用,反求岩体渗透性参数。 水流方向有关,增加了反分析的未知数。文章中给出的反分析法有三方面的优点:其一不仅可以求出岩体的渗透张量,而且能求出各组裂隙的渗透系数;其二减少了反分析问题中未知数个数;其三解具有唯一性。     

基于各向异性岩体渗透参数分析的矿区地下水环境预测

地下采矿工程势必会引起矿区周边地下水水位的变化,而地下水在岩体中渗流主要受岩体裂隙的影响,因此地下水渗流具有非均质各向异性的特点。采用统计学分析方法,根据岩体裂隙几何参数计算渗透张量,获得综合渗透系数,并与钻孔抽水试验所得渗透系数相比较,进行修正,得到渗透主值。并运用于Visual Modflow中建立地下采矿区各向异性的地下水渗流模型,进而较准确地预测采矿过程中地下水降落漏斗的影响范围及影响幅度。     

蒲石河抽水蓄能电站上库三维渗流数值模拟

根据蒲石河抽水蓄能电站上库的地质及水文地质条件,建立了裂隙岩体三维渗流数值模拟模型,计算分析了水库-岩体系统地下水运动规律及各种运行工况下的上库渗漏量和渗流场的分布特征。将模拟计算区地下水流系统概化为非均质各向异性三维稳定地下水流系统,综合利用压水试验得到的平均渗透系数值和统计学方法得到的渗透张量方向,获得裂隙岩体的渗透系数张量。数值模拟结果表明,正常蓄水位运行工况下,整个库区均未进行防渗处理时,上库总渗漏量为5832.92m3/d,防渗后渗漏量减少了3571.27m3/d。     

锦屏一级水电站枢纽区基岩裂隙渗透性研究

锦屏一级水电站枢纽区基岩裂隙发育,不同岩层中裂隙发育规律差异明显,在对坝基、抗力体及地下厂房等部位开挖揭示以及裂隙编录的基础上,依据Snow平行板水流假定对裂隙渗透系数张量及等效渗透系数进行计算分析,并对不同层位等效渗透系数随岩体水平埋深的变化规律做了初步探讨.结果表明,采用该方法能较好地刻画枢纽区基岩裂隙渗透性的各向异性特征,可为岩体渗透性分区及防渗帷幕的优化设计提供科学依据.     

岩体水力学基础（四）：岩体渗流场与应力场耦合的等效连续介质模型

本文把裂隙岩体看作等效连续介质，用渗透系数张量描述岩体的渗透性能；用应力张量描述岩体的力学性能。介绍岩体渗流场与应力场耦合的等效连续介质模型。     

用渗透性随深度变化规律确定大尺度岩体变形模量

采用渗流场-应力场耦合的观点,用表征渗透性的单位吸水量数据,反求了岩体宏观力学参数——岩体变形模量。裂隙岩体的渗透性大小是裂隙宽度的函数,而岩体不同深度的裂隙宽度由应力大小和变形模量决定,因此可以通过裂隙宽度把渗透性参数和岩体力学参数结合起来。以小浪底水库左岸砂泥岩裂隙岩体T41地层为实例研究表明,该方法求得的岩体变形模量符合随着应力增大而增加这一规律,也符合风化岩体变形模量相对较小这一规律,并且数量级与收集到的相近岩体的变形模量一致,因此所求结果是可靠的。     

Numerical estimation of REV and permeability tensor for fractured rock masses by composite element method

The Monte Carlo method is used to generate parent stochastic discrete fracture network, from which a series of fractured rock samples of different sizes and orientations are extracted. The fracture network combined with a regular grid forms composite element mesh of the fractured rock sample, in which each composite element is composed of sub‐elements incised by fracture segments. The composite element method (CEM) for the seepage is implemented to obtain the nodal hydraulic potential as well as the seepage flow rates through the fractured rock samples. The application of CEM enables a large quantity of stochastic tests for the fractured rock samples because the pre‐process is facilitated greatly. By changing the sizes and orientations of the samples, the analysis of the seepage characteristics is realized to evaluate the variation of the permeability components, the existence of the permeability tensor and the representative element volume. The feasibility and effectiveness are illustrated in a numerical example. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow–stress coupled permeability tensor for fractured rock masses

In this paper a new analytical model is proposed to determine the permeability tensor for fractured rock masses based on the superposition principle of liquid dissipation energy. This model relies on the geometrical characteristics of rock fractures and the corresponding fracture network, and demonstrates the coupling effect between fluid flow and stress/deformation. This model empirically considers the effect of pre‐peak shear dilation and shear contraction on the hydraulic behavior of rock fractures and can be used to determine the applicability of the continuum approach to hydro‐mechanical coupling analysis. Results of numerical analysis presented in this paper show that the new model can effectively describe the permeability of fractured rock masses, and can be applied to the coupling analysis of seepage and stress fields. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of permeability in anisotropic rock-masses from integral samples

Summary Determination of Permeability in Anisotropic Rock-Masses From Integral SamplesA method is presented which makes it possible to characterize the permeability of a rock mass as an anisotropic magnitude — i. e. to determine its permeability tensor — from a characterization of its fracturing by means of integral samples.For the purpose, a theory is developed by means of which the permeability tensor can be calculated from the attitudes and openings of the fractures and — if infillings are present — also from their coefficient of permeability. All these magnitudes are determined in integral samples, it being assumed that the sampled fractures are continuous and plane, and have the same characteristics as the section of the fractures present in the samples. Possible deviations with respect to this assumption are taken into account by means of correcting factors derived from the results of pressure tests in situ. The permeability tensor of a rock mass at a point can be determined from a single integral sample, provided this is representative of the fracturing.Results of the application of the method are presented, which show it to look very promising.With 16 Figures     

Permeability tensor and representative elementary volume of fractured rock masses

Based on a simulation of three-dimensional fracture networks and a superposition principle of liquid dissipation energy for fractured rock masses, a model of the fracture permeability tensor is proposed. An elastic constitutive model of rock fractures, considering fracture closure and dilation during shearing, is also proposed, based on the dilation angle of the fracture. Algorithms of flow-path searching and calculation of the effective flow coefficients for fracture networks are presented, together with a discussion on the influence of geometric parameters of the fractures (trace length, spacing, aperture, orientation and the number of fracture sets) on magnitude, anisotropy of hydraulic permeability and the size of a representative elementary volume (REV). The anisotropy of hydraulic permeability of fractured rock masses is mainly affected by orientation and the number of fracture sets, and the REV size is mainly influenced by trace length, spacing and the number of fracture sets. The results of studies on REV size and the influence of in-situ stress on hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass on the slope of Jinping-I hydropower station, China, are presented using the developed models and methods. The simulation results agreed well with the results obtained from field water-pressure measurements, with an error of less than 10 %.     

多尺度岩石渗透特性的试验研究

岩体赋存于一定地质环境中,经过漫长的地质构造作用,形成由连续性状的岩石材料和非连续性状的各种地质结构面组成的复杂地质体。渗透率是影响这种复杂岩体渗透特性的重要参数之一,渗透率选择的正确与否直接关系到裂隙岩体渗流分析结果的可靠性与工程稳定性。采用室内试验的方法,结合达西定律确定裂隙岩体的渗透率。通过自行研发的5种尺寸压力室测定不同尺寸岩石试样的渗透率,得到由不同裂隙、孔洞组合的岩石试样在稳定流、非稳定流下的渗透率,并由此分析得到多尺度岩石的渗透特性。从多组试验结果中分析可得,随着岩石试样的尺寸增加,岩石的渗流通道增多,从而渗透率增大,但增大到一定程度后会趋于稳定,这一渗透规律对实际工程有指导意义。     

高水压力作用下裂隙岩体渗透性的变化研究

渗透系数是表征裂隙岩体透水性能的一个重要参数,当水压力较小时,岩体的渗透系数变化不明显,但在高水压力条件下,岩体的渗透系数会发生明显变化,这给我们在进行渗流分析时带来了一定的困难,因为多数情况下是将渗透系数当作定值来计算的。在高压水条件下,基于非达西流方程,推导了裂隙岩体的渗透系数与水压力之间的表达式,并给出了常规压水或低水压力、高压压水时水力劈裂前后渗透系数的计算公式。现场压水试验结果表明,当岩体发生水力劈裂后,渗透系数增加明显,此时可以通过压水量和水压力的变化量来计算裂隙岩体的渗透系数。通过几个抽水蓄能电站的高压压水试验结果验证了裂隙岩体水力劈裂前后渗透系数的变化规律,并与实际裂隙岩体的渗透系数进行了比较,其误差在10%左右,表明本文给出的渗透系数表达式的合理性和准确性,为水利水电工程的渗流分析及渗漏量的计算提供了渗透系数选择的依据。     

Determining the equivalent permeability tensor for fractured rock masses using a stochastic REV approach: Method and application to the field data from Sellafield,UK

A numerical procedure to determine the equivalent permeability tensor of a fractured rock is presented, using a stochastic REV (Representative Elementary Volume) concept that uses multiple realizations of stochastic DFN (Discrete Fracture Network) models. Ten square DFN models are generated using the Monte Carlo simulations of the fracture system based on the data obtained from a site characterization program at Sellafield, Cumbria, UK. Smaller models with varying sizes of from 0.25 m×0.25 m to 10 m×10 m are extracted from the generated DFN models and are used as two-dimensional geometrical models for calculation of equivalent permeability tensor. The DFN models are also rotated in 30º intervals to evaluate the tensor characteristics of calculated directional permeability. Results show that the variance of the calculated permeability values decreases significantly as the side lengths of the DFN models increase, which justifies the existence of a REV. The REV side length found in this analysis is about 5 m and 8 m with 20% and 10% acceptable variations, respectively. The calculated directional permeability values at the REV size have tensor characteristic that is confirmed by a close approximation of an ellipse in a polar plot of the reciprocal of square roots of the directional permeability.

裂隙岩体三维柔度张量的数值试验方法

在裂隙岩体二维柔度张量数值试验的基础上,建立了裂隙岩体三维柔度张量及其表征单元体积（REV）尺度研究的简化数值试验方法。首先根据岩体裂隙的统计参数及分布规律,运用蒙特卡罗方法在研究域内获得与实际岩体裂隙同分布的三维随机裂隙网络,提取位于不同方位的岩体试件,运用二维柔度张量的数值试验方法求出各个平面方向上的二维柔度张量,然后根据二维与三维柔度张量的拓扑关系,用数学方法求解裂隙岩体的三维柔度张量。对于含3组正交全贯通裂隙的岩体,通过数值试验获得的柔度张量与理论解相比,其主对角线上各参数的误差在5%以内,表明该数值试验方法较为可靠。最后将此方法运用到小湾水电站工程中,确定左岸坝区裂隙岩体的应力REV为11 m×11 m×11 m,并获得该区域裂隙岩体的三维柔度张量。     

某水工隧洞裂隙岩体高水头作用下的渗透性试验研究

结合某抽水蓄能电站高压引水隧洞裂隙岩体的高压压水试验、常规压水试验和室内试验,分析了裂隙岩体在高水头条件下渗透流量与压力关系所反映的岩体渗透特性变化规律;在定量计算基础上探讨了裂隙岩体渗透系数与压力的相互关系。通过对比高压压水试验、常规压水试验和室内试验得到的渗透系数,分析了环境应力状态和压力变化对渗透系数取值影响的原因。研究结果表明,高水头作用下裂隙岩体的渗透系数明显大于低水压条件下的渗透系数,室内试验渗透系数因应力解除影响而大于原位压水试验渗透系数值。