中国页岩气资源及其勘探潜力分析

我国众多含油气盆地同样具备页岩气形成的基本地质条件。本文通过分析我国含油气盆地页岩分布,依据中国页岩气发育区的地质特征,利用类比法初步估算中国主要盆地和地区的页岩气资源量约为21.5×1012～45×1012m3,中值为30.7×1012m3。主要分布在南方聚气区、华北聚气区,古生界页岩气资源量大约是中生界页岩气资源量的2倍,四川盆地东部和南部下寒武统和下志留统页岩是目前勘探的主要层系。     

页岩纹层结构分类与储集性能差异 ——以四川盆地龙马溪组页岩为例

纹层结构研究对页岩系统储层有效性评价具有重要意义.以四川盆地海相志留系龙马溪组页岩为例,综合利用成像测井、光学显微镜、场发射扫描电镜、孔隙度测定、氮气吸附及含气量测试等方法,明确了龙马溪组不同尺度纹层结构特征,评价了不同纹层结构储集性能的差异.龙马溪组发育水平等厚纹层结构—中粗纹层组合、水平—小型波状纹层结构—中粗纹层...     

致密油与页岩油内涵、特征、潜力及挑战

致密油是当前全球非常规石油发展的亮点领域,页岩油是未来非常规石油发展的潜在资源。基于国内外页岩层系液态烃地质特征系统研究,提出致密油与页岩油的"甜点区"分布,应着眼烃源性、岩性、物性、脆性、含油气性与应力各向异性"六特性"匹配评价;并指出中国有利页岩层系的特点是液态烃TOC2%(S12mg/g),纹层状页岩或致密砂岩、致密碳酸盐岩,孔隙度较高(致密油储集层孔隙度大于10%,页岩油储集层孔隙度大于3%),脆性矿物含量大于40%,含油饱和度60%~90%,较低原油黏度或较高地层压力,天然裂缝发育;对比北美有利页岩层系地质特征表明,北美有利页岩层系液态烃TOC大于4%,呈纹层状页岩或泥灰岩,孔隙度大于7%,脆性矿物含量大于50%,含油饱和度50%~80%,API40°及压力系数大于1.30,天然裂缝发育。围绕中国陆相致密油与页岩油沉积储集层,初步提出陆相细粒沉积分布模式、陆源碎屑与湖相碳酸盐岩混合成因的储集层岩石分类方案,初步预测技术可采资源量致密油约(20~25)×108t,页岩油约(30~60)×108t。陆相湖盆细粒沉积成因与分布、致密储集层微-纳米级储集空间结构、页岩层系液态烃充注及流动机制、页岩层系液态烃地球物理响应模型、资源潜力及"甜点区"评价预测等,将成为新时期非常规油气地质面临主要挑战与创新重点。     

A Quantitative Evaluation of Shale Gas Content in Different Occurrence States of the Longmaxi Formation: A New Insight from Well JY-A in the Fuling Shale Gas Field,Sichuan Basin

Comprehensive quantitative evaluation of shale gas content and the controlling factors in different occurrence states is of great significance for accurately assessing gas-bearing capacity and providing effective well-production strategies. A total of 122 core samples from well JY-A in the Fuling shale gas field were studied to reveal the characteristics of S_1 l shale,15 of which were selected to further predict the shale gas content in different occurrence states, which are dependent on geological factors in the thermal evolution process. Geological parameters were researched by a number of laboratory programs, and the factors influential in controlling shale gas content were extracted by both PCA and GRA methods and prediction models were confirmed by the BE method using SPSS software. Results reveal that the adsorbed gas content is mainly controlled by TOC, Ro, SSA, PD and pyrite content, and the free gas content is mainly controlled by S_2, quartz content, gas saturation and formation pressure for S_1 l in well JY-A. Three methods, including the on-site gas desorption method, the empirical formula method, and the multiple regression analysis method were used in combination to evaluate the shale gas capacity of well JY-A, all of which show that the overall shale gas content of well JY-A is in the range of 2.0–5.0 m~3/t and that the free gas ratio is about 50%, lower than that of well JY-1. Cause analysis further confirms the tectonics and preservation conditions of S_1 l in the geological processes, especially the influence of eastern boundary faults on well JY-A, as the fundamental reasons for the differences in shale gas enrichment in the Jiaoshiba area.     

A Review on Shale Reservoirs as an Unconventional Play – The History, Technology Revolution, Importance to Oil and Gas Industry, and the Development Future

As a milestone of the entire energy industry, unconventional resources have inevitably swept the world in the last decade, and will certainly dominate the global oil and gas industry in the near future. Eventually, the “unconventional” will become “conventional”. Along with the rapid development, however, some issues have emerged, which are closely related to the viability of unconventional resources development. Under the current circumstances of low crude oil and gas price, coupled with the prominent environmental concerns, the arguments about the development and production of unconventional resources have been recently heated up. This work introduced the full-blown aspects of unconventional resources especially shale reservoirs, by discussing their concepts and definitions, reviewing the shale gas and shale oil development history and necessity, analyzing the shale plays’ geology and petroleum systems with respects to key hydrocarbon accumulation elements and mechanisms, and summarizing the technology resolution. This study also discussed the relevant key issues, including significant estimation uncertainty of technically recoverable resources, the equivocal understanding of complex geology preventing the production and technologies implementation optimization, the difficulties of experiences and technologies global expanding, and the corresponding risks and uncertainties. In addition, based on the latest production and exploration data, the future perspective of the unconventional resources was depicted from global unconventional resources assessments, technology development, and limitations constraining the development.     

湘中及湘东南地区上泥盆统佘田桥组页岩气勘探前景

湘中及湘东南地区泥盆纪佘田桥组具有良好的页岩气成藏条件,为页岩气勘探远景区。选取地质条件优越、页岩气特征明显的泥盆纪佘田桥组含气页岩作为主要研究对象,对页岩气储气特征和勘探开发潜力进行了分析。研究表明：含气页岩层分布面积广、有机碳含量高（TOC均值0.61%）、热演化程度高（Ro均值2.71%）,低孔低渗（孔隙度为0.7%,渗透率小于0.04×10^-3μm2）,且吸附能力强。含气页岩层厚度展布在凹陷盆地形成独特的“中心薄边缘厚”格局,结合其成藏特征和物化指数,划分出页岩气潜力较大的四个有利区。     

川南地区龙马溪组页岩有机质特征及其对页岩含气量的影响

四川盆地南部地区广泛发育下古生界寒武系、志留系等多套海相页岩层,其中龙马溪组是该区页岩气勘探开发的重点目标层。根据钻井岩心资料,通过有机碳、热解、碳同位素、等温吸附等地球化学实验分析,对川南地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩的有机质特征及其对页岩含气量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,川南地区龙马溪组页岩有机碳含量较高(平均1.53%),有机质类型较好(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型),热演化程度高(Ro为1.94%~2.42%),且页岩含气量较高(平均1.85m3/t)。页岩有机质特征是影响页岩含气量的主要因素,有机质丰度、有机质类型和热演化程度三者共同决定了川南地区龙马溪组页岩的含气量。     

冀北凤山盆地白垩系九佛堂组页岩气成藏潜力研究

基于以往钻井资料和相关测试数据,结合野外调查,初步分析探讨认为凤山盆地为一倾向北西的单斜构造,白垩系九佛堂组页岩层系总厚度大,上部频繁交替的致密泥质岩可作为良好的盖层,为形成页岩气藏提供了物质基础和保存条件,具备一定的页岩气成藏潜力。同时,周边地区中生代断陷盆地沉积环境多与凤山盆地类似,白垩系富有机质页岩沉积厚度大,且在已有油页岩钻孔有涌气显示,分析可将该页岩层系作为页岩气勘查突破的新方向。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界山西组页岩气成藏条件及勘探潜力

为了研究鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界页岩气的勘探潜力,对鄂尔多斯盆地二叠系山西组富有机质泥页岩样品有机地球化学、物性特征及等温吸附等方面测试获得的参数进行了数理统计和测井响应特征分析。研究发现：有效泥页岩单层厚度变化较大,最厚可达15 m以上,盆地主体部位w(TOC)一般大于1.0%,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ₂型及Ⅲ型,镜质体反射率平均为1.66%,属于成熟-高成熟阶段,有利于有机质热解生气,具备页岩气成藏的基本地质条件。黏土矿物主要以伊利石（44.9%）和高岭石（33.6%）为主,泥页岩孔隙度平均为3.98%,渗透率平均为0.133×10^-3 μm²。泥页岩吸附含气量平均为1.94 m³/t。综合考虑泥页岩有效厚度、有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化程度以及含气量等因素,预测鄂尔多斯盆地山西组页岩气有利区主要位于天环坳陷西北角、陕北斜坡带东北角及盆地中南部等区域。     

江苏省下志留统黑色页岩浅井钻探及其页岩气潜力分析

近年来上扬子地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩气勘探开发取得重大突破,属于同一大地构造单元的下扬子地区,其页岩气资源潜力和勘探前景问题日益受到关注。在下扬子地区与龙马溪组层位相当的高家边组,由于地表风化程度较强和出露情况较差等因素,其黑色页岩的分布范围和沉积厚度不甚清楚,直接影响了对下扬子地区页岩气勘探潜力的评价和预测。为此本次研究选择在江苏省南京汤山和句容仑山两地实施黑色页岩浅井钻探。基于5口钻井的岩芯提取,从黑色页岩厚度、地化、岩矿和生物地层学等多个方面揭示了下扬子地区五峰组—高家边组黑色页岩基本特征。分析结果表明:该地区黑色页岩与上扬子焦石坝地区有很好的对比性,至少有4个笔石化石带相互一致。五峰组—高家边组黑色笔石页岩厚度在汤山地区大于80.5 m,仑山地区至少39.5 m,有机质丰度较高,多数TOC含量1.2%~4%,显示了较强的生烃能力。镜质体反射率(Ro)主要在1.5%~2.6%之间,热演化程度以高—过成熟为主,进入生气阶段。黑色页岩有机质以干酪根Ⅰ、Ⅱ1型为主。因此,认为下扬子地区下志留统黑色页岩具有良好的页岩气资源潜力。     

页岩气在中国发展应循序渐进

页岩气储集层通常为低孔、低渗透率,开采寿命长,生产周期长,采收率变化较大,且低于常规天然气采收率,先进的开采技术使页岩气成为未来能源的希望。从理论研究、资源量评估、技术标准、钻完井压裂技术、国家政策、环境保护、天然气价格等方面分析当前中国开发页岩气的现状,得出目前中国还不适合大规模开采页岩气,其理论价值远大于工业价值。     

Geological Features and Reservoiring Mode of Shale Gas Reservoirs in Longmaxi Formation of the Jiaoshiba Area

Abstract: This study is based on the sedimentation conditions, organic geochemistry, storage spaces, physical properties, lithology and gas content of the shale gas reservoirs in Longmaxi Formation of the Jiaoshiba area and the gas accumulation mode is summarized and then compared with that in northern America. The shale gas reservoirs in the Longmaxi Formation in Jiaoshiba have good geological conditions, great thickness of quality shales, high organic content, high gas content, good physical properties, suitable depth, good preservation conditions and good reservoir types. The quality shales at the bottom of the deep shelf are the main target interval for shale gas exploration and development. Shale gas in the Longmaxi Formation has undergone three main reservoiring stages: the early stage of hydrocarbon generation and compaction when shale gas reservoirs were first formed; the middle stage of deep burial and large-scale hydrocarbon generation, which caused the enrichment of reservoirs with shale gas; the late stage of uplift, erosion and fracture development when shale gas reservoirs were finally formed.     

Geological Factors Controlling the Accumulation and High Yield of Marine-Facies Shale Gas: Case Study of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the Dingshan Area of Southeast Sichuan,China

The main geological factors controlling the accumulation and yield of marine-facies shale gas reservoirs are the focus of the current shale gas exploration and development research. In this study, the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the Dingshan area of southeast Sichuan was investigated. Shale cores underwent laboratory testing, which included the evaluation of total organic carbon(TOC), vitrinite reflectance(Ro), whole-rock X-ray diffraction(XRD), pore permeability,and imaging through field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM). Based on the results of natural gamma ray spectrum logging, conventional logging, imaging logging, and seismic coherence properties, the exploration and development potential of shale gas in the Dingshan area have been discussed comprehensively. The results showed that(1)layer No. 4(WF2-LM4) of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation has a Th/U ratio 2 and a Th/K ratio of 3.5–12. Graptolites and pyrite are relatively abundant in the shale core, indicating sub-high-energy and low-energy marine-facies anoxic reducing environments.(2) The organic matter is mainly I-type kerogen with a small amount of II1-type kerogen. There is a good correlation among TOC, Ro, gas content, and brittle minerals; the fracturing property(brittleness) is 57.3%. Organic and inorganic pores are moderately developed. A higher pressure coefficient is correlated with the increase in porosity and the decrease in permeability.(3) The DY1 well of the shale gas reservoir was affected by natural defects and important latestage double destructive effects, and it is poorly preserved. The DY2 well is located far from the Qiyueshan Fault. Large faults are absent, and upward fractures in the Longmaxi Formation are poorly developed. The well is affected by low tectonic deformation intensity, and it is well preserved.(4) The Dingshan area is located at the junction of the two sedimentary centers of Jiaoshiba and Changning. The thickness of the high-quality shale interval(WF2-LM4) is relatively small, which may be an important reason for the unstable production of shale gas thus far. Based on the systematic analysis of the geological factors controlling high-yield shale gas enrichment in the Dingshan area, and the comparative analysis with the surrounding typical exploration areas, the geological understanding of marine shale gas enrichment in southern China has been improved. Therefore, this study can provide a useful reference for shale gas exploration and further development.     

气测录井在南方页岩气黔绥地1井中的应用

南方页岩气黔绥地1井为全井取心钻进,通过加工模拟绞车实现了绞车传感器的安装、安装开关代替了悬重传感器的安装、将泵冲传感器安装到皮带轮保护罩上等解决方法,使得气测录井在黔绥地1井中顺利进行。影响黔绥地1井气测录井结果的主要因素有储集层、钻井液、钻井工程以及脱气器,这些影响因素的存在给黔绥地1井气测录井资料解释带来了很大的困扰。为了减少对气测录井资料解释的困扰,必须加强对现场工作人员的录井培训,使录井人员在工作当中能够有效地消除可控因素对气测录井的影响,在一定程度上提高地质钻探气测录井的准确度,为南方页岩气地层划分提供有力的数据支撑。     

贵州页岩气资源潜力评价与开发思考

页岩气是指赋存于富有机质泥页岩及其夹层中,主要以吸附或游离状态残留于盆地内的泥页岩内部,成分以甲烷为主,是一种清洁、高效的能源资源。根据页岩气聚集的机理和地质条件的相似性对比结果认为:中国存在大量富含有机质页岩地层,具有广阔的页岩气藏勘探开发前景;贵州页岩气储层地质条件优越,黔北、黔东一带的牛蹄塘组黑色页岩沉积环境有利,沉积厚度大,页岩中碎屑矿物含量高,平均63.1%,成分主要为石英和长石;页岩中有机碳总量w(TOC)≥2%,成熟度Ro≥2%,孔隙度分布范围1.3%～25.6%,平均8.24%;渗透率2.2×10-3～17.2×10-3μm2,平均8.3×10-3μm2;页岩沉积厚度24～170 m,相关指标显示资源潜力大。作为历史上缺油少气的内陆地区,页岩气资源可持续的勘探开发,对调整贵州及全国的能源供应结构,促进区域经济社会发展,意义重大。     

贵州寒武系和石炭系页岩气开采对环境影响分析——以牛蹄塘组和打屋坝组为例

贵州页岩气地质资源量巨大,达到1.048×10~(13)m~3。其中寒武系牛蹄塘组与石炭系打屋坝组是重要储集层位。本文在研究牛蹄塘组页岩与打屋坝组页岩的地层结构、岩性和地球化学特征,以及储层特征的基础上,分析水力压裂方法对地下水含水层的破坏作用,建立了页岩气压裂开采导致地下水含水层、隔水层被破坏引起地下水污染模式,预测了压裂液返排地面可能造成地表环境污染的风险。同时,采取牛蹄塘组和打屋坝组页岩进行浸泡试验,试验结果表明,页岩在浸泡过程中,元素的浓度随着时间、温度的变化而变化,并呈现出一定的规律性,特别是As、Cd、Pb、Se、Co、Ba等元素呈显著浸出,据此分析了水力压裂法在开采页岩气的过程中可能会产生的环境污染问题。     

湘中涟源凹陷下二叠统梁山组页岩气勘探前景

基于涟源凹陷二叠系梁山组泥页岩野外露头、钻井等资料,通过有机地化分析测试、X-衍射分析、扫描电镜观察、等温吸附等实验测试分析,系统研究了梁山组泥页岩的地质及地化特征、矿物组成、孔隙结构及吸附性能等。研究结果表明,梁山组有效泥页岩单层厚度为6.15~35.18 m;有机质丰度较高,多数大于1%,平均为1.77%;有机质类型主要为I型,岩石热解峰温Tmax（450~533℃）和镜质体反射率（1.51%~1.83%）表明泥页岩属于高成熟阶段富有机质泥页岩。泥页岩矿物组成以石英为主,黏土矿物含量次之,黏土矿物以伊利石为主,有利于改善泥页岩储集性能。孔隙类型多样,有机质孔、粒间孔、粒内孔及微裂缝为页岩气赋存提供空间。页岩吸附气含量达0.65 m3/t,具有一定的气体吸附能力。总体上梁山组泥页岩在涟源凹陷普遍发育且规模较大,特别是向斜区南部是页岩气有利勘探区。     

Pore Structure Heterogeneity of the Xiamaling Formation Shale Gas Reservoir in the Yanshan Area of China: Evaluation of Geological Controlling Factors

Micro-heterogeneity is an integral parameter of the pore structure of shale gas reservoir and it forms an essential basis for setting and adjusting development parameters. In this study, scanning electron microscopy, high-pressure mercury intrusion and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiments were used to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the pore structure of black shale from the third member of the Xiamaling Formation in the Yanshan area. The pore heterogeneity was studied using fractal theory, and the controlling factors of pore development and heterogeneity were evaluated in combination with geochemical parameters, mineral composition, and geological evolution history. The results show that the pore structure of the reservoir was intricate and complicated. Moreover, various types of micro-nano scale pores such as dissolution pores, intergranular pores, interlayer pores, and micro-cracks are well developed in member 3 of the Xiamaling Formation. The average porosity was found to be 6.30%, and the mean value of the average pore size was 4.78 nm. Micropores and transition pores provided most of the storage space. Pore development was significantly affected by the region and was mainly related to the total organic carbon content, vitrinite reflectance and mineral composition. The fractal dimension, which characterizes the heterogeneity, is 2.66 on average, indicating that the pore structure is highly heterogeneous. Fractal dimension is positively correlated with maturity and clay mineral content, while it is negatively correlated with brittle mineral content and average pore size. These results indicate that pore heterogeneity is closely related to thermal history and material composition. Combined with the geological background of this area, it was found that the pore heterogeneity was mainly controlled by the Jurassic magmatism. The more intense the magma intrusion, the stronger the pore heterogeneity. The pore structure and its heterogeneity characteristics present today are a general reflection of the superimposed geological processes of sedimentary-diagenetic-late transformation. The influence of magmatic intrusion on the reservoir is the main geological factor that should be considered for detailed evaluation of the Xiamaling Formation shale gas reservoir in the Yanshan area.     

四川盆地下古生界筇竹寺组与龙马溪组页岩气勘探优选区预测

四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组和下志留统龙马溪组为盆地内重要的气源岩,在常规气田勘探中发现广泛的油气显示,表明其具有页岩气勘探的良好前景。在页岩气勘探初期,应该先进行优先层段优先区块的深入研究。目前,多名学者对筇竹寺组、龙马溪组的特征和页岩气发育的有利区位做出了预测,但使用方法不完善、不统一,评价指标比较混乱。在系统分析Fort Worth盆地Barnett页岩优选区块特征的基础上,参照美国地质调查局对Barnett页岩的选区原则,结合四川盆地自身的特征,选取页岩层总厚度、TOC、Ro、埋藏深度4个指标确定了2套岩层的页岩气优选区与延展区。研究认为,筇竹寺组有利区与外围延展区均在成都—乐山—资阳—内江为界的区域内部,龙马溪组有利区与外围延展区均在自贡—宜宾一带。     

四川盆地下古生界筇竹寺组与龙马溪组页岩气勘探优选区预测

四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组和下志留统龙马溪组为盆地内重要的气源岩,在常规气田勘探中发现广泛的油气显示,表明其具有页岩气勘探的良好前景。在页岩气勘探初期,应该先进行优先层段优先区块的深入研究。目前,多名学者对筇竹寺组、龙马溪组的特征和页岩气发育的有利区位做出了预测,但使用方法不完善、不统一,评价指标比较混乱。在系统分析Fort Worth盆地Barnett页岩优选区块特征的基础上,参照美国地质调查局对Barnett页岩的选区原则,结合四川盆地自身的特征,选取页岩层总厚度、TOC、Ro、埋藏深度4个指标确定了2套岩层的页岩气优选区与延展区。研究认为,筇竹寺组有利区与外围延展区均在成都—乐山—资阳—内江为界的区域内部,龙马溪组有利区与外围延展区均在自贡—宜宾一带。