汶川大地震激发的地球球型自由振荡

用垂直摆倾斜仪和水管倾斜仪的数字化观测资料,利用功率谱密度估计方法,在没有对资料进行去固体潮处理的情况下,准确获得了2008年5月12日汶川8.0级大地震激发的0S6～0S32基频球型自由振荡.并与PREM模型的理论自由振荡周期进行了对比,发现实测振荡周期与PREM预测的振荡周期相吻合,除0S7振型的观测周期和PREM模型理论周期的相对误差大于0.3%外,其他振型的观测周期和PREM模型理论周期的相对误差大都集中在0.1%左右.可以从垂直摆倾斜仪和水管倾斜仪的观测资料中提取汶川地震激发的地球球型振荡信息,这为地球自由振荡的研究提供了一种新的仪器观测方法.用数字化地倾斜观测资料研究地球自由振荡问题或许有着较好的前景.     

利用琼中台重力观测资料检测智利地震所激发的地球自由振荡

基于琼中PET重力仪的数字化观测资料,利用功率谱密度估计方法,在没有对重力资料进行任何(固体潮、气压)改正的情况下,准确获取了2010年2月27日智利发生巨大地震激发的0S8～0S29基频球型自由振荡。并与PREM模型理论自由振荡的周期进行对比分析,实测周期与PREM预测振荡周期是相吻合的,除0S10周期的相对误差为0.28%,其余周期误差均小于0.1%。结论对进一步研究地球的内部结构和震源机制具有一定的意义。     

利用怀来地震台水管仪观测资料检测地球自由振荡

利用怀来地震台水管仪的数字化观测资料,采用功率谱密度估计方法,在没有对资料去固体潮处理的情况下,准确获得2004年12月26日苏门答腊9.0级地震激发的_0S_2—_0S_(38)基频球型自由振荡,并与PREM模型的理论自由振荡周期进行对比,发现实测振荡周期与PREM预测的振荡周期吻合,除_0S_2、_0S_4、_0S_7振型的观测周期和PREM模型理论周期的相对误差大于0.3%外,其他振型的观测周期和PREM模型理论周期的相对误差大都集中在0.1%左右,同时检测到7个谐频球型振荡和10个环型振荡。可以从水管倾斜仪的观测资料中提取地球球型振荡信息,为地球自由振荡的研究提供一种新的仪器观测方法。     

利用云南水管仪观测资料检测地球自由振荡

利用云南省数字化水管仪的观测资料,采用功率谱密度估计方法,在没有对资料进行去固体潮处理的情况下,准确获得了2004年12月26日苏门答腊大地震激发的0S4～0S30基频球型自由振荡,并与前人的观测结果进行比较,同时对照了PREM模型的理论计算周期,发现水管仪观测与这三者符合得非常好,除0S4振型的观测周期和周期1、周期2、周期3的相对误差均大于0.3%外,其余的差别在3‰以下。研究表明,利用数字化水管仪观测资料的确可以提取到苏门答腊大地震激发的地球球型振荡,这就为地球自由振荡的研究提供了一种新的观测手段。     

利用伸缩仪观测体应变资料检测地球自由振荡

将湖州地震台数字伸缩仪线应变观测数据转换成体应变数据,采用功率谱密度估计方法,资料未进行去固体潮处理,准确获得2011年3月11日日本大地震激发的0S4- 0S30基频球型自由振荡,对照PREM模型的理论计算周期,发现观测资料周期与之符合较好.     

利用体应变观测智利8.8级大地震激发的地球球型自由振荡

用河北省体应变的数字化观测资料,利用功率谱密度估计方法,在没有对资料进行处理的情况下,准确获得了2010年2月27日智利8.8级大地震激发的0S5-0S35摹频球型自由振荡,并与地球初步参考模型(PREM)的理论自由振荡频率进行对比,发现实测振荡频率与PREM预测的振荡频率基本符合.河北省体应变的数字化观测资料的确可以...     

利用常熟地震台水管倾斜仪观测资料检测地球自由振荡

利用常熟地震台水管倾斜仪的数字化观测资料,采用功率谱密度估计方法,在没有对资料进行去除固体潮处理的情况下,获得了2011年3月11日日本9.0级大地震激发的0S6~0S30基频球型自由振荡,并与地球初步参考模型(PREM)的理论自由振荡频率进行了对比,发现实测振荡频率与PREM预测的振荡频率基本符合。     

利用伸缩仪观测资料检测日本9．0级大地震激发的地球自由振荡

利用河南信阳台和河北张家口台伸缩仪的数字化观测资料,采用功率谱密度估计方法,在没有对资料进行去固体潮处理的情况下,准确获得了2011年3月11日日本9．0级大地震激发的0S4-0S39基频球型自由振荡,并与地球初步参考模型（PREM）的理论自由振荡频率进行了对比,发现实测振荡频率与PREM预测的振荡频率基本符合。     

中国数字地震台网记录的苏门答腊-安达曼地震激发的地球球型自由振荡的检测

利用中国数字地震台网 （CDSN）改造后的7个台站的VHZ波形资料， 提取了2004年12月26日苏门答腊-安达曼地震激发的0S2~0S54地球球型自由振荡，并与地球初步参考模型(PREM)的理论自由振荡频率进行了对比，发现与PREM模型预测的球型自由振荡周期符合得很好. 观测的该地震激发的0S2，0S3，0S4， 2S1和1S2振型自由振荡有明显的频谱分裂现象. 特别是2S1振型，是继Rosat等之后的第二次报道不叠加的情况下观测到的这种振型. 根据该地震的总体震源机制，试算了不同的地震矩，模拟了该地震0S2振型在CDSN 7个台上的自由振荡振幅， 并与记录资料进行了比较，得到该地震的地震矩可达1023Nmiddot;m；本文发现地球自由振荡记录包含了大量震源机制和地震位置的信息， 可用于地震震源破裂参数的精细研究.       

赤城台水位检测基频球型自由振荡的再认识

针对印尼9.0级大地震,我们在既保证低频自由振荡信号的分辨率,又不对高频自由振荡信号产生抑制效应的前提下,采取逐步增减样本数据的方法进行试验,首次用赤城台的水位观测资料较好地检测到了0S2~0S76的基型球型振荡,并与地球初步参考模型(PREM)的理论自由振荡频率进行了对比,发现实测振荡频率与PREM预测的振荡频率基本符合。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.