大柴旦地震序列尾波衰减Q值变化特征研究

利用大柴旦数字地震台记录的2008年6.3级和2009年6.4级的数字地震资料,系统地分析了大柴旦地震序列尾波Q值随时间的变化,着重分析了尾波Q值在强震前的短期变化特征.结果表明,Q值在大震前后有较明显的变化,基本趋势是震前Q值增高,震后降低.     

基于Aki、Sato模型的阿克陶M_S6.7地震尾波Q值特征研究

利用新疆地震台网吉根单台所记录的阿克陶M_S6.7地震发生前后的数字地震波形资料,采用Aki、Sato等两种单次散射模型,系统地研究了该次地震序列尾波Q值随时间的变化,分析了尾波Q值在强震前后的变化特征。两种模型拟合Q_C与对应频率之间的关系表达式为Q_C=110.5±35.37f1.192±0.235,Q_C=60.85±14.78f0.975±0.088,阿克陶地震序列计算得到Aki和Sato模型的Q_C值都相对较低,该地区是以高η值、低Q_C为特征的构造活跃区。根据2012年1月至2017年1月吉根台记录的数字波形尾波Q值时序进程特征表明,地震序列前的Q_C值的变化特征为上升—下降—持续—发震的趋势。     

大同地震前后介质Q值和小震震源参数的变化

本文使用北京台网微机数字记录,通过波谱分析研究了大同地震前后介质Q值和小震应力降的变化。研究结果表明:(1)大同地震发生在低Q值区,震前Q值升高,震后恢复正常。(2)大同地震前,小震应力降明显升高,震后恢复正常,震前震后应力降的变化与介质Q值变化和应力变化有关。(3)大同地震前后小震震源参数确实有明显不同,无论是应力降、平均位错还是震源尺度都有明显不同。(4)大同地震前后小震波谱有明显变化。     

1998年临猗5.0级地震Q值的时间变化特征

利用西安数字地震遥测台网记录的数字地震资料,采用P波初动半周期残差法求得了1998年7月临猗5．0级地震前后不同路径的Q值变化,发现在地震发生前Q在87～203之间,震后Q在67～164之间,震前震中区附近出现了明显的高Q值异常。结果表明,地震前的高Q值异常可以作为地震预测的一种手段。     

民乐盆地及其周围地区的Q值研究<

1988年,中法合作建立的张掖数字化地震台网投入观测,该台网位于河西走廊和祁连山中段的重点监视区内,利用张掖数字化台网的资料,测定了民乐盆地及其周围地区地壳介质的 Q 值.研究结果表明,该区 Qp 约为500——780,Qs 约为230——460.盆地内部 Q 值较高,盆地外围 Q 值较低,中、强地震大多发生在盆地外围的断裂带上.此外,Q 值随地震射线的穿透深度而增加.本文也讨论了肃南地震(Ms=5.7)前后 Q 值随时间变化的一些问题.这些结果可以用于研究和监测民乐盆地的地震危险性.      

海城地震震源区的地震尾波衰减特征

本文使用简化的能流模型(Frankel，A．et al.,1987)研究了海城地震震源区的地震尾波衰减及介质Q值的时空分布特征。结果表明,使用该方法求得的尾波Q值基本上是介质非弹性吸收的度量；海城7．3级地震前震的Q值较高，约为500，震后显著降低至380，但5．9级最大余震震源区的Q值仍与大震前相同。这可能说明大震发生时该处介质并未破裂。最大余震发生后，整个震源区的平均Q值降至344。但地震前后介质Q值发生明显变化的范围并不大，直径约为20km。     

1985年云南禄劝地震余震尾波 Q 值的某些研究

建立在用来解释地方震和区域地震的尾波散射模型的基础上,用云南短周期区域台网12个台站的 VGK 地震仪记录的68个禄劝地震的余震序列尾波观测资料,分六个时间段估算了尾波 Q 值.发现在所观测的频率范围内(0.40——1.65Hz),Q 值与频率有关,估算的 Q 值在80——240之间,频率相关值=0.45.对表示散射强度的波源因子 B(fp)的估算结果多数在10-23——10-24量级,低 Q 值地区表现出激发强度高.值得注意的是禄劝地震前后,离震中区较近的台站所测得的 Q 值发生了明显变化,有的变化达2.0倍以上.Q 值随时间的区域变化,这在地震预报中也许有重要的实际意义.此外,测定了余震震源参数.对震源参数间的定量关系的讨论结果给出:IgE=1.59ML+11.335;E=(2.1010-5M0;在3.0ML5Pa,一个显著的特征是应力降与地震震级不存在明显的线性关系.      

地震波衰减品质因子Q值与岩石孔隙度关系

正地震波衰减品质因子Q是描述地震波在传播过程中能量衰减性质的参数。近年来,研究中强地震前后尾波衰减Q_c值变化特征的文章越来越多,并认为某些频率的尾波Q_c在中强地震前会出现不同程度的变化。从理论上讲,中强地震前几年,由于应力的积累,在破裂强度较弱的部位,破裂集中丛生,会影响对地震波的散射和吸收,引起地震波衰减品质因子Q值的变化。实验表明,饱和岩石的Q值低于干燥岩石。究其原因,湿岩石中存在的一个个薄薄液膜能起到     

大同地震序列的尾波Q值变化特征研究

要：利用大同台网1990～2000年的地震记录资料,系统地分析了大同地震序列尾波Q值随时间的变化,着重分析了尾波Q值在中强地震前的短期变化特征。结果表明,分频率的尾波Q值在几次中强地震前都不同程度出现了低值,并与大同震情“窗口”出现同步的异常。     

1976年和林格尔6.3级地震前后震兆特征分析

从时空变化特征、震源参数、地震波谱特征，b值，Vp/Vs,Q值，持续时间衰减比，Ap/As等方面对1976年4月6日和林格尔6．3级地震进行了较为全面的分析，着重分析了地震前后2年左右出现的运动学和动力学变化特征，以提取和林格尔6．3级地震的短临信息，分析后认为此次地震出现的震兆特征与包头6．4级地震，张北6．级地震某些方面有相似处，对探讨分析未来阴山、燕山地震带浅源中强震的孕育过程及提取临震信息，具有参考意义。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.