LAMOST观测控制系统用户界面设计

位于国家天文台兴隆观测基地的大天区面积多目标光纤光谱天文望远镜(LAMOST)是世界上最大的、可操控的反射施密特望远镜。为了便于控制望远镜,提高观测效率,设计了观测控制系统图形用户界面。首先分析了LAMOST望远镜的控制软件体系结构,采用基于场景的以用户为中心的设计方法,对界面进行了分析和设计。使用Qt、CORBA、多线程技术和MVC模式,实现了用户界面,并对界面进行了测试。最后,用户界面得到了用户的认可,成功应用于LAMOST观测。     

基于两个导电滑环实现天窗驱动和状态检测

目前,可旋转天文圆顶仍被大量使用,工作时圆顶可360°旋转,望远镜通过打开的天窗进行观测。国家天文台兴隆观测基地的天窗选用5个导电滑环,但不能检测状态。为了简化天窗的状态检测、驱动系统,并提高其可靠性,利用二极管的单向导通特性设计了一种新型天窗状态检测、驱动电路。该电路只需要两个导电滑环和两个限位开关,即可实现天窗的状态检测和驱动控制。当天窗处于限位状态时,二极管构成的限位电路只允许电流单向导通。当天窗处于中间位置时,则可双向导通。该电路已经在85 cm望远镜等多个圆顶的天窗状态检测控制中成功应用。天窗状态检测、控制电路极大简化了测控系统,并可进行故障检测。     

光变曲线自动抽取程序

对各类变星的观测研究是时域天文学的重要内容。中国科学院国家天文台兴隆观测站作为亚洲规模最大的光学天文观测基地,拥有一批米级口径望远镜,每年面向全球天文工作者开放申请,承担了大量变星的测光观测任务,但至今没有完全针对兴隆观测站中小口径望远镜的测光数据自动化处理软件。介绍了一种针对兴隆观测站望远镜观测数据的光变曲线自动抽取程序,实现了从原始观测数据到获得光变曲线的全过程。该程序具备模块化和可自定义等特性,通过简单配置也可适用于其他光学天文望远镜数据。还介绍了该程序的结构、特点和使用方法,并以食变星UY UMa的实测数据处理为例展示了处理结果,最后讨论了程序的局限性和未来发展的展望。     

上海天文台1.56米望远镜光电光度计的研制

本介绍了上海天台1.56米望远镜光电光度计的光学设计、机械设计、电路原理和计算机软件。该光度计是在北京天台兴隆60厘米望远镜光电光度计的基础上研制的。结合1.56米望远镜的实际情况，在光学设计、机械结构设计、探测灵敏度、观测波段、动态范围、快速测光、软件功能以及仪器电路部分结构上都有了很大改进。     

分布式望远镜控制系统的构想和实践

介绍了一种基于分布式控制思想的望远镜系统控制方案。使用这种控制方式可以大大简化望远镜电控系统的维护和改造工作，且扩展性强。我们通过在兴隆基地几台望远镜上的前期试验，在本中提出一个基于无线串口通讯的具体实施方案。     

兴隆2.16米望远镜圆顶吊装通道通风研究

圆顶引起望远镜附近的大气湍流,造成望远镜成像质量与观测精度下降,较差的圆顶视宁度浪费了优秀台址的观测条件。圆顶通风是大型望远镜圆顶设计中必不可少的部分,可以有效解决圆顶视宁度问题。为了减小兴隆2.16 m望远镜圆顶视宁度对观测的影响,将圆顶吊装通道改造为通风口,并使用计算流体动力学软件对通风效果进行分析。分析结果表明,将圆顶吊装通道改造为通风口可以提高圆顶内外热平衡速率,使圆顶内空气更稳定,从而降低圆顶视宁度对观测的影响。根据通风效果模拟结果,可对通风策略进行优化设计。圆顶通风的研究可为2.16 m望远镜圆顶通风改造提供参考依据,以提高望远镜成像质量和观测效率。     

基于CFD软件的桁架式望远镜遮光筒扰流分析

遮光筒会影响主镜上方的空气流动,不利于主镜表面与周围空气的热交换。以兴隆基地50 cm望远镜为例,应用CFD软件分析了两种消杂散光装置(遮光筒和独立挡光环结构)对主镜区域气流运动和温度的影响。同时根据温度数据计算主镜视宁度。分析结果表明,遮光筒会造成温度分布不均匀、湍流影响范围大、非对称的漩涡绕流等影响。独立挡光环结构的情况下,主镜视宁度减小74%。由此说明,在主镜散热和空气流通方面,主镜遮光筒有较大弊端。将该分析方法与杂散光分析结合,可合理选择杂散光抑制方案,对望远镜设计及改造具有一定参考和应用价值。     

兴隆1m光学望远镜杂散光效应研究

兴隆1m光学望远镜采取了加装挡板等基于经验和定性分析的杂散光抑制措施。用Tracepro光学分析软件对圆顶内1m望远镜的杂散光传播路径做了计算和分析,提出了对1m望远镜的杂散光抑制的改进措施,通过在Tracepro中计算的系统杂散光"归一化点源辐照度透过率(PSNIT)"函数对改进措施进行了评价。计算结果表明:对于有效视场外30°范围的杂散源,改进措施可使得1m望远镜的PSNIT全部下降到10-10;模拟1m望远镜在满月条件下对偏月25°的天体观测(R波段、15等星、t=15~150s),1m望远镜观测信噪比可提高约147%。     

我们的新“眼睛”——近十年部分自主望远镜剪影

郭守敬望远镜（LAMOST）在长城之外、燕山群峰中,坐落着国家天文台兴隆观测基地的郭守敬望远镜（LargeSkyAreaMulti-ObjectF1breSpectroscopyTelescope,简称LAMOST）。这座2011年正式投入运行的巨无霸,由我国科研人员自主研制,主要任务是对天体进行“户口普查”,一次可得多至4000个天体的光谱,将成为世界上光谱获取率最高的望远镜,而且也是世界上口径最大的大视场（野）望远镜。     

基于兴隆观测基地80厘米望远镜的CSST无缝光谱地面测试

我国预计2025年发射的巡天空间望远镜(Chinese Space Station Telescope, CSST),主要用于开展大规模的多色成像与无缝光谱巡天工作。发射前需要利用地基望远镜对空间望远镜的光学成像系统、探测器,以及设备长时间运行稳定性进行地面测试。设计了兴隆观测基地80 cm望远镜的无缝光谱地面测试,利用A型恒星、B型恒星和沃尔夫拉叶星HD4004的强吸收和发射线特征,拟合色散方程,并发现色散方程具有空间分布特征。对HR3173的53条数据的零级谱位置信息及色散方程系数进行了二次曲面拟合,并利用该曲面对HR3173零级像位置范围内的HR718数据进行了波长定标,得到的CCD上8×13 pixels范围内的平均视向速度精度为51 km/s。     

应用ATA的对数周期馈源方案于FAST的可能性探讨

介绍应用于美国凤凰计划的Allen望远镜阵(ATA)的对数周期馈源(LPA)概况，初步给出此种馈源的基本参数及性能，仿真估算了其驻波比和方向图，并结合正在进行中的我国500m孔径球面射电望远镜(FAST)计划，探讨了应用这种宽带馈源的可能性及其限制。     

In-flight Performance of the Advanced Camera for Surveys CCDs

The Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), installed in the Hubble Space telescope in March 2002, will significantly extend HST's deep, survey imaging capabilities. ACS has met, or exceeded, all of its key performance specifications. In this paper we briefly review the in-flight performance of the instrument's CCD detectors and preview early ACS science observations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于边缘探测器的FMG稳像探测研究

全日面矢量磁像仪(Full-disk vector Magnetograph, FMG)是先进天基太阳天文台(Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory, ASO-S)卫星的主要载荷之一,为确保其可获得高空间分辨率的全日面太阳矢量磁场图, FMG配备了一套高精度稳像控制系统.FMG稳像系统采用边缘探测器对太阳入射倾斜偏差进行测量.基于FMG望远镜的太阳像仿真数据分析边缘探测器在太阳像能量分布下的输出特性以及太阳像尺寸与边缘探测器量程和灵敏度的关系.最后,在实验室搭建了一套验证系统对FMG稳像系统边缘探测器进行了相关性能验证实验.实验结果与理论分析一致,太阳像尺寸越大,边缘探测器量程越大,边缘探测器灵敏度越低.     

On the Substantial Spatial Spread of the Quadrantid Meteoroid Stream

We explored the substantial spatial spread of the Quadrantid stream, based on the backward integration of orbital motions of the Quadrantids, impulsively perturbed by Jupiter. We found that the Jovian impulses can widely spread out them in the early twentieth century, especially their perihelia extended by a factor of ∼90 than those at the observed epoch. We regarded the spread as the intrinsic one of the Quadrantid stream itself.     

Properties of the negative effective magnetic pressure instability

As was demonstrated in earlier studies, turbulence can result in a negative contribution to the effective mean magnetic pressure, which, in turn, can cause a large‐scale instability. In this study, hydromagnetic mean‐field modelling is performed for an isothermally stratified layer in the presence of a horizontal magnetic field. The negative effective magnetic pressure instability (NEMPI) is comprehensively investigated. It is shown that, if the effect of turbulence on the mean magnetic tension force vanishes, which is consistent with results from direct numerical simulations of forced turbulence, the fastest growing eigenmodes of NEMPI are two‐dimensional. The growth rate is found to depend on a parameter β_* characterizing the turbulent contribution of the effective mean magnetic pressure for moderately strong mean magnetic fields. A fit formula is proposed that gives the growth rate as a function of turbulent kinematic viscosity, turbulent magnetic diffusivity, the density scale height, and the parameter β_*. The strength of the imposed magnetic field does not explicitly enter provided the location of the vertical boundaries are chosen such that the maximum of the eigenmode of NEMPI fits into the domain. The formation of sunspots and solar active regions is discussed as possible applications of NEMPI (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Effect of tidal evolution in determining the ages of eclipsing-variable early main sequence close binary systems

New Claret evolutionary model-tracks, constructed for the first time for studying close binary systems (CBS) including tidal evolution constants, are used to determine the age of 112 eclipsing-variable stars in the Svechnikov-Perevozkina catalog by the method of isochrones. There is some interest in comparing the calculated ages with previous estimates obtained for these same close binary systems using evolutionary modeltracks for individual stars taking their mass loss into account. A correlation of the ages of the principal and secondary components is noted, which is most marked for massive close binaries with principal components having masses M₁ ≥ 3 M_⊙. A rejuvenating effect is found to occur for the systems studied here as calculated on the new tracks; it is most distinct for low-mass close binaries with a total mass M₁ + M₂ ≤ 3.5 M_⊙ and is predicted theoretically in terms of magnetic braking. The calculated broadband grid of isochrones, from zero-age main-sequence (ZAMS) to the age of the galaxy, can be used for estimating the ages of close binaries from other catalogs. Ages are given for the 112 eclipsing-variable close binaries with detached components lying within the main sequence. __________ Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 299–312 (May 2007).     

Angular velocity glitches of the Vela pulsar in a model with “centrifugal buoyancy” of vortices

The forces acting on the solid crust of a differentially rotating neutron star are examined when a nonuniform excess of chemical potential exists. The resultant of the external forces, a stress force, is expressed in terms of a centrifugal buoyancy force and the deformation of the star’s crust under the action of this force is calculated. It is shown that there is a region within the star where the resulting stresses lead to fracture of the crust when the difference in the angular velocities of the superfluid and normal components reaches a critical value. The “centrifugal buoyancy” mechanism for generating a glitch is used to estimate the parameters of glitches in the Vela pulsar. __________ Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 183–197 (May 2007).     

Numerical Experiments Base on the Catastrophe Model of Solar Eruptionstwo

On the basis of the catastrophe model developed by Isenberg et al., we have used the NIRVANA code to perform the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) numerical experiments to look into the various behaviors of the coronal magnetic configuration that includes a current-carrying flux rope for modelling the prominence levitation in the corona. These behaviors include the evolution of the equilibrium height of magnetic flux rope with the background magnetic field, the corresponding interior equilibrium of magnetic flux rope, the dynamic properties of magnetic flux rope after the system loses equilibrium, as well as the impact of the reference radius on the equilibrium height of magnetic flux rope. In our calculations, an empirical model of the coronal density distribution given by Sittler & Guhathakurta is used, and the physical dissipation is included. Our experiments show that a deviation between the simulated equilibrium height of magnetic flux rope and the theoretical result of Isenberg et al. exists, but it is not apparent, and the evolutionary features of the two results are similar. If the magnetic flux rope is initially located at the stable branch of the theoretical equilibrium curve, the magnetic flux rope will quickly reach the equilibrium position after several rounds of oscillations as a result of the self-adjustment of the system; when the system is located at the critical point it will quickly lose equilibrium and evolve to the eruptive state; the impact of the variation of reference radius on the equilibrium height of magnetic flux rope is consistent with the prediction of the theory; in the eruptive state, the kinetic properties of magnetic flux rope are consistent with the results given by the Lin-Forbes model and observation, and the fast-mode shock in front of the magnetic flux rope is observed in our experiments; furthermore, because that the dissipation is included in our numerical experiments, the energy conversion from the magnetic energy to other forms of energy is very apparent in the eruptive process.     

Kinematic control of the inertiality of ICRS catalogs

We perform a kinematic analysis of the Hipparcos and TRC proper motions of stars by using a linear Ogorodnikov-Milne model. All of the distant (r>0.2 kpc) stars of the Hipparcos catalog have been found to rotate around the Galactic y axis with an angular velocity of M ₁₃ ^? =?0.36±0.09 mas yr^?1. One of the causes of this rotation may be an uncertainty in the lunisolar precession constant adopted when constructing the ICRS. In this case, the correction to the IAU (1976) lunisolar precession constant in longitude is shown to be Δp₁=?3.26±0.10 mas yr^?1. Based on the TRC catalog, we have determined the mean Oort constants: A=14.9±1.0 and B=?10.8±0.3 km s^?1 kpc^?1. The component of the model that describes the rotation of all TRC stars around the Galactic y axis is nonzero for all magnitudes, M ₁₃ ^? =?0.86±0.11 mas yr^?1.     

NTSC—PTB链路的GPS全视法时间比对数据分析

采用通过中国科学院国家授时中心(NTSC)GPS单、双频这2类观测设备得到的实测数据,进行了NTSC—PTB(physikalisch-technische bundesanstalt(Germary))链路的全视法比对计算和分析。利用这2类设备得到的GPS AV(全视)的结果与BIPM公布的AV方法的A类不确定度一致,从而确定国家授时中心的2类GPS观测设备的性能达到了国际同类水平。如果对双频观测设备时延校准后,采用P3类型进行比对,有望将NTSC现有的比对精度提高50%。