帕克太阳探测器热防护系统研究及启示

帕克太阳探测器(Parker Solar Probe, PSP)是以现代太阳风和磁重联理论的奠基人——尤金·纽曼·帕克(Eugene Newman Parker)命名的航天器,将穿过太阳的日冕层,探测人类从未探测过的区域,对日冕和太阳风的起源和动力学特征进行直接探测,有望破解日冕高温和太阳风加速度奇高这两大谜团,其热防护系统遇到的困难和挑战远超目前所有航天器。首先介绍了探测太阳的意义和帕克太阳探测器的科学目标,然后简述了帕克太阳探测器轨道和轨道热环境并指出热防护的难点。分析了帕克太阳探测器热防护系统的结构,然后详细阐述了热防护系统的热盾及迎日涂层、太阳能电池板及冷却系统设计,最后总结了帕克太阳探测器热防护系统对我国抵近太阳探测器热防护系统设计的启示。     

宁静日冕和冕洞研究现状

主要论述宁静日冕洞，以及日冕加热问题的研究现状。讨论了宁静日冕的理论模型、观测模型和混合模型，以及冕洞区大气模型和太阳风加热问题。最后对计划中的日冕空间探测作了简要介绍。     

太阳风对火星探测通信信道的影响及抗闪烁策略研究

太阳上合期间,太阳风严重影响深空通信链路,严重时可能导致通信链路中断。论述了信道与太阳之间的距离是决定太阳风对深空通信信道影响的主要因素,并分析了太阳风对信道影响的具体特征。最后,以中国的火星探测任务为背景,从理论上分析可行的抵抗太阳风影响的通信信道改善策略。     

基于卫星DOR信号的VLBI相时延解算方法研究

VLBI技术是深空探测中主要的测角手段,其对与视线垂直方向上卫星的轨道和位置变化有很高的灵敏度.基于DOR信号的VLBI观测量一般是群时延,其精度一般为纳秒量级,在约2000 km的基线长度上,月球探测器的位置测量误差达近百米,对深空探测器来说位置测量误差会更大.为了提高卫星测定轨测定位精度,研究了含微小偏倚量的VLBI相时延的解算算法,并利用嫦娥—号△DOR观测数据对连续观测和间断观测时的算法进行了验证.结果表明:两种观测模式下皆可行.经过比较,相时延的随机误差大幅降低.     

漫谈粒子和宇宙（七）：太阳等离子体漫谈

等离子体天体物理学是研究宇宙间最广泛存在的物质状态规律的科学。太阳最外层大气日冕的温度约达到一二百万度,高温下的太阳物质呈现高温等离子体状态;地球电离层是处于温度相对较低的等离子体状态。人造地球卫星以及太阳系深空探测表明,行星际空间并非真空,而是存在着来自日冕的连续微粒辐射——太阳风,它是因日冕膨胀而形成的连续向外发出的、伸向遥远的太阳系空间的等离子体流。等离子体物理过程在许多日地物理现象中,诸如太阳耀斑、黑子、日冕物质抛射、日珥、太阳风等研究中起重要作用,探索日地空间物理过程的规律是认识与之有关的空间现象的关键。     

太阳风中电磁离子回旋波的观测与理论研究进展

太阳风中的电磁离子回旋(Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron, EMIC)波自报道以来,受到了广泛的关注和研究.由于波的频率接近质子的回旋频率, EMIC波可以通过回旋共振波粒相互作用将波能传递给离子,并在太阳风粒子加热和加速等能化现象中发挥重要作用.总结了太阳风中EMIC波的观测和理论研究进展,包括EMIC波在磁云内外、磁云和行星际日冕物质抛射鞘区中的观测研究得到的一系列结果以及基于观测进行波的激发机制所取得的研究进展,并展望未来研究太阳风中EMIC波的突破方向.     

太阳风扰动传输模式研究进展

随着观测手段、理论模型和数值方法的发展,人们对各种太阳风扰动如日冕物质抛射,以及相关的空间天气效应的认识和理解越来越深入。为获取行星际背景磁场、背景太阳风参数和日冕物质抛射、激波等太阳风扰动的传播参数,人们建立发展了各种模式;在这些获取的参数基础上,建立了各种太阳风扰动的传播模式,从而为空间天气预报提供了必要的经验和理论模型支持。根据这些模式所研究和描述物理量的不同,将这些参数获取模式和传播预报模式分为背景磁场获取模式、背景太阳风参数获取模式、日冕物质抛射传播参数获取模式、日冕物质抛射偏转模式、日冕物质抛射(激波)传播模式以及基于三维磁流体力学的数值模拟方法,并分别概述性地总结了各种模式的特点及其用途。     

太阳风研究的新进展：略谈“尤里西斯”观测

太阳风研究的新进展：略谈“尤里西斯”观测藻间由太阳向外“吹”出的电子和离子组成的等离子体在局部行星际介质中占据一个巨大的腔。这些等离子体称为太阳风。它起源于具有百万度高温的太阳外层大气─—日冕。由于日冕温度很高，太阳风等离子体在克服太阳引力，以３００...     

日冕物理研究的进展

在最近十年对太阳外层大气的了解有了很大的进展。大部分进展是通过火箭和人造卫星所获得的观测资料和理论解释而取得的。本文总结了日冕物理研究的最新进展,讨论了有关日冕的结构,能量平衡,日冕加热机制的理论以及太阳风等的某些研究成果。     

深空探测中地基测量数据传播介质误差修正方法

深空探测中探测器轨道主要采用地面跟踪站进行测量,无线电信号在探测器与地面跟踪站间传输时会受到地球传播介质误差的影响。传播介质误差主要包括地球的中性大气时延误差和电离层时延误差等。针对传播介质误差修正在深空探测中的应用需求,调研了国内外地基测量数据传播介质误差研究进展,重点阐述了深空探测中VLBI地基测量数据中性大气和电离层时延产生的机理和修正方法。针对关键技术及未来发展趋势进行了分析,以提高传播介质误差修正精度及时效性。     

行星际闪烁(IPS)单站观测对太阳风速度的诊断

借助于弱散射理论和模式拟合方法，单站行星际闪烁观测可以诊断太阳风速度，本文讨论了太阳风参数和射电源角尺度对闪烁谱的影响，以及太阳风速度的积分效应，结果表明，闪烁谱的特征是与视线上距太阳最近处的太阳风速度直接相关的。     

Pulsar investigation using interstellar scintillation

We discuss the resolution of pulsar magnetospheres using interstellar scintillation. The two-dimensional spatial structure of pulsar emission zones can be obtained from analysis of diffractive scintillations at low frequencies. Based on refractive and diffractive scintillation of pulsars we can also reconstruct the distribution of turbulent plasma along the line of sight, and using this analysis a new approach to pulsar distance estimation can be made. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大气象质衰减参数

介绍了天文成象中湍流大气的象质衰减参数：视宁度参数ｒ０，大气相干时间τ以及波前振幅的起伏（恒星闪烁σ２Ｉ），讨论了它们对成象的影响，其中着重讨论了ｒ０的物理本质并对其进行了定量分析。     

Reinvestigation of the irregularities in the 3H decay

Having in mind the potential impact of the results presented by Veprev and Muromtsev (2012) [13] on our knowledge of the universe, we reinvestigated the liquid scintillation measurement of the count rate variations of ³H. Making use of the sophisticated Quantulus liquid scintillation spectrometer, we found that the measurement of the high-energy tail of ³H spectrum may be significantly influenced by instrumental instability. Thus, the possible explanation for the relatively high count rate variations of Veprev and Muromtsev (2012) [13] can be attributed mainly to the walk of the cut-off in the integrated spectrum, although weak variations of different origin could be masked by such cut-off drifts. In our experiment we have also registered the oscillatory behavior of measured high-energy tail of ³H spectrum, but with very small amplitude (less than 0.5%), which cannot be easily explained only by instrumental instability. When the total ³H spectrum was measured, no significant variations in the count rate were found.     

Development of solar scintillometer

The index of scintillation measurement is a good parameter to compare different sites for image quality or ‘seeing’. We have developed a scintillometer, which is deployed on the high resolution SPAR telescope in the island site of Udaipur Solar Observatory, for the site characterization to specify the proposed MAST (Multi Application Solar Telescope). The scintillometer consists of a miniature telescope, termed as micro telescope (4 mm aperture, 15 mm focal length) mounted on a drive which tracks the Sun continuously, associated amplifiers and a data acquisition system. A photodiode is used as the detector. The telescope along with detector was obtained from National Solar Observatory (NSO), and is similar to the one used for Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) site survey. At USO we developed the amplifier and data acquisition system for the scintillometer. A 24-bit analog to digital converter based system was designed, assembled, tested and used as the data acquisition system (DAS). In this paper, we discuss the instrumentation and present the initial results.     

脉冲星PSR2217＋47的折射闪烁和星际介质电子密度的涨落谱

本文探讨脉冲星ＰＳＲ２２１７＋４７分米波段流量变化的星际折射闪烁解释。利用衍射闪烁测量所获得的星际介质参数和连续介质的折射闪烁理论，计算了多频率（０．３１，０．４２，０．６１和０．７５ＧＨｚ）上的折射闪烁结构函数，并与观测结构函数加以比较。结果表明，如果星际介质电子密度不均匀性具有幂律谱，那么幂律指数β＝４要比β＝１１／３（即Ｋｏｌｍｏｇｏｒｏｖ谱）能更好地符合观测。     

A bimodal model of the solar wind speed

Until the ULYSSES spacecraft reached high latitude, the only means for measuring the solar wind velocity in the polar regions was from radio scattering observations (IPS), and these remain the only way to measure the velocity near the sun. However, IPS, like many remote sensing observations, is a line-of-sight integrated measurement. This integration is particularly troublesome when the line-of-sight passes through a fast stream but that stream does not occupy the entire scattering region. Observations from the HELIOS spacecraft have shown that the solar wind has a bimodal character which becomes more pronounced near the sun. Recent observations from ULYSSES have confirmed that this structure is clear at high latitudes even at relatively large solar distances. We have developed a method of separating the fast and slow contributions to an IPS observation which takes advantage of this bimodal structure. In this paper I will describe the technique and its application to IPS observations made using the receiving antennas of the EISCAT incoherent backscatter radar observatory in northern Scandinavia.     

Radio Sources and Scintillation

A review is given of the interplay between studies of compact radio sources and the scattering and scintillations that occur as the signals travel through the irregular refractive index of the interstellar and interplanetary plasmas. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Geoneutrinos in Borexino

This paper describes the Borexino detector and the high-radiopurity studies and tests that are integral part of the Borexino technology and development. The application of Borexino to the detection and studies of geoneutrinos is discussed. Talk given by M.G. Giammarchi