2013年黑龙江、松花江暴雨洪水分析

2013年黑龙江、松花江分别发生1984、1998年以来最大的流域性洪水。针对此次暴雨洪水,概述了致洪暴雨的天气背景、降雨过程,重点从洪水过程、洪水组成、水利工程作用、历史大洪水对比及暴雨洪水特点等方面进行了分析总结,供流域防汛抗洪工作参考。     

松辽流域水文设计成果修订研究

受自然和人类活动影响,松辽流域水文成果发生较大变化。原有松辽流域径流系列至2000年,洪水系列仅至1998年,流域现有水文设计成果已经不能反映流域目前的水文情势。松辽水利委员会根据《松辽流域水文设计成果修订任务书》的要求,开展松辽流域水文设计成果修订工作,对松花江和辽河流域总面积78.23×10^4km^2范围内选定的63个水文站和工程点进行水文设计成果复核,将系列延长至2010年(其中黑龙江、松花江、浑河流域延长至2013年),分别进行设计径流及设计洪水成果复核,分析得出10多年来松辽流域水文成果的变化结论,提出推荐采用的水文成果,为流域水资源管理和防洪减灾提供技术依据。     

新疆塔里木河流域洪水过程集聚性及低频气候影响

运用Cox回归模型、月频率法以及离散指数法,研究了新疆塔里木河（塔河）流域8个水文站点POT抽样和5个区域洪水序列时间集聚性特征以及受低频气候变化的影响。结果表明:受气候变化的影响,塔河流域洪水序列呈现显著集聚性特征,洪水发生频率高的时期往往也是大量级洪峰集中发生的时期,这是塔河流域洪灾损失居高不下的主要原因;Cox回归模型拟合的气候指标系数值为正值的站点和区域,气候指标正相位导致相同超过概率的洪水发生时间提前,而相同发生时间的洪水发生超过概率降低,气候指标值为负值时则相反;塔河流域大部分水文站点和区域洪水发生的超过概率均对气候指标变化有较好响应,这一现象有利于塔河流域洪水风险控制与洪灾管理;塔河流域站点洪水序列多无年际集聚性现象,而区域洪水序列的年际集聚性特征显著。     

新疆哈密伊吾河流域洪水特性分析

为减少伊吾河流域洪水给沿岸群众生命财产安全带来的损失,促进流域水资源利用的健康和持续发展,掌握伊吾河流域洪水特性很有必要。基于伊吾河流域水文站多年实测水文资料,对该流域洪水组成、洪水年际、年内变化特征和洪水发生频率等洪水特性进行研究,结果可知:伊吾河流域的洪水主要组成类型是融雪型洪水、暴雨型洪水和雨雪混合型洪水;从近十年流域洪水年际变化看,2012年前发生洪水的频率较小,2012年以后发生大洪水的频率较高。流域发生的洪水主要受降水特性影响较大,呈现出暴涨暴落、峰量大且集中、涨峰持续时间较短等特点。通过掌握流域洪水特性,对该流域防汛抗洪以及水资源合理开发利用具有重要作用。     

铁岭艾青河8．16洪水调查分析计算

2013年8·16铁岭各河流普降暴雨,艾青河作为清河二级支流也发生了一定量级的洪水,要准确地掌握洪水级,开展对艾青河流域的洪水调查,主要包括艾青河流域4处遥测雨量站资料;洪水调查资料计算分析;青河顺德河段大断面测量等。通过流域降雨量分析以及比降面积法推流,计算得出艾青河顺德河段最大流量为282 m3/s,出现时间为8月16日。     

2013年7月延河流域连续性洪水特性分析

2013年7月延河流域气候极端异常,强降雨持续不断,全流域普遍降雨的天数高达20d,甘谷驿水文站出现多场连续性洪水。依靠水文站初步整编资料,划分了洪水场次,计算了次洪径流系数、前期影响雨量,对比了"7·12"和"7·25"两场洪水的产流差异。通过计算分析和实地查勘,认为降雨强度和前期影响雨量是这两场洪水差异的主要和次要影响因素。     

叶尔羌流域主要洪水类型成因及规律研究

结合新疆叶尔羌河流域近60年洪水资料,对流域四类洪水的主要成因和洪水规律进行剖析,并提出防洪建议。结果表明:(1)叶尔羌流域冰川消融型洪水一般主要出现在7月-8月份,从上游卡群站到下游出口冰川消融型洪水的洪水传播衰减率一般较小;流域量级、洪涝灾害影响较大的为冰川溃坝型洪水,该类洪水主要在每年的6-11月高发,7月和11月份发生频次较低;暴雨洪水发生的时间一般集中在7月中旬到8月的下旬,洪水过程较为简单,洪水上涨和下落的历时较短;流域60年来混合型洪水只发生3次,发生几率较低。(2)在掌握流域洪水类型、成因及规律基础上从工程及非工程措施方面提出具体防洪建议。研究成果对于指导流域防洪减灾规划具有重要的参考意义。     

汝河全新世古洪水沉积学与光释光测年研究

汝河流域曾发生过堪称世界之最的"1975·8河南驻马店特大洪水垮坝事件",其洪水规模之大,受灾面积之广,受灾及死亡人数之多,震惊世界。因此探究汝河特大洪水事件的发生规律及其气候背景具有极其重要的科学价值。通过对汝河流域开展广泛细致的野外考察,在驻马店-遂平段第一级河流阶地前沿发现多处全新世古洪水滞流沉积物剖面,记录了流域发生的气候水文事件信息。最终选取汝河诸市乡地点(ZSX)全新世黄土土壤剖面进行系统采样,结合沉积学指标研究,准确鉴别出汝河ZSX黄土古土壤剖面中所夹三组古洪水滞流沉积物(slackwater deposits,SWD),为典型河流洪水悬移质泥沙沉积物。结合地球化学特征分析,确认三组古洪水SWD的物质是汝河上游流域发生特大暴雨洪水期间,流域地表土壤侵蚀与水土流失的产物。这三组古洪水滞流沉积物记录了末次冰消期和全新世发生在汝河流域的三期古洪水事件。结合典型剖面地层对比和应用SAR法对剖面关键沉积层位进行光释光测年(optical stimulated luminescence dating,OSL),建立了准确的地层年代框架。这三期古洪水事件分别发生在12000~11200aBP、4200~4000aBP、3200~3000aBP,皆发生在全球性气候突变或者转折时期,表明在这些时段季风气候变化异常,变率增大,洪水和干旱事件皆有发生。本研究对于淮河防洪减灾、水土保持及水资源开发利用,对于揭示区域气候水文变化与全球变化的响应规律,具有十分重要的科学意义和实践价值。     

贺兰山东麓“8·21”暴雨洪水分析

2016年8月21日,贺兰山局地降大到暴雨,单站最大日降雨量为苏峪口沟石灰窑站日降水量达227.0 mm。受强降雨影响,贺兰山中北部地区多条沟道发生超保洪水,继1998年以来最大洪水过程。此次洪水峰高、量大、历史短,洪水造成部分水文设施损毁,农田受淹、道路及水利设施被冲毁。根据流域内设立的雨量站、水文站所监测到的降水资料,对此次洪水进行调查分析,为贺兰山东麓防洪治洪提出建议。     

阿克苏流域近五十年洪水资料代表性分析

以阿克苏河流域的协合拉站和西大桥(新大桥)站为参证站,在收集统计两个测站近五十年水文监测资料的基础上,对流域自50年代以来的洪水系列进行评价,从洪峰流量、时段洪量和洪水系列一致性方面对洪水资料代表性进行分析。结果表明:参证站1956年-2004年时段洪量系列统计参数基本趋于稳定,包含两个时间大体对等的持续大洪量河持续小洪量年群,人类活动对流域洪水影响较小,一致性较好,故洪水系列具有典型代表性。     

基于遥感空间信息的洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究进展

对地观测卫星遥感能够提供广泛可靠的空间信息,是洪水风险识别与动态模拟的重要支撑技术之一。为阐明卫星遥感技术对洪水研究的推动作用,回顾了洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的发展历程及技术需求,以对地观测卫星遥感三大阶段的发展轨迹为主线,分析了遥感空间信息在洪水研究中的历史性贡献和阶段性效用,讨论总结了危险分区法、水文模型和微波遥感监测等3种洪水研究典型方法的应用进展。提出未来洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的重点:遥感空间信息与模型算法的深度结合,遥感反演算法与系统的开发及应用,典型洪水研究方法集成系统的开发与应用,大数据方法与手段的应用。以期为提升洪水应急响应能力与灾害风险管理水平提供有效参考。     

基于遥感空间信息的洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究进展

对地观测卫星遥感能够提供广泛可靠的空间信息，是洪水风险识别与动态模拟的重要支撑技术之一。为阐明卫星遥感技术对洪水研究的推动作用，回顾了洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的发展历程及技术需求，以对地观测卫星遥感三大阶段的发展轨迹为主线，分析了遥感空间信息在洪水研究中的历史性贡献和阶段性效用，讨论总结了危险分区法、水文模型和微波遥感监测等3种洪水研究典型方法的应用进展。提出未来洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的重点：遥感空间信息与模型算法的深度结合，遥感反演算法与系统的开发及应用，典型洪水研究方法集成系统的开发与应用，大数据方法与手段的应用。以期为提升洪水应急响应能力与灾害风险管理水平提供有效参考。     

Analysis of social vulnerability of residential community to hazards in Tianjin,China

Flood management consists many aspects such as hazard assessment, vulnerability assessment, exposure assessment, risk assessment, early warning system, damage assessment as well as risk mitigation planning. Conventional flood management are depending on the ground based monitoring of rainfall and river discharge. Many parts of the world are not covered by these sensor networks in one hand and these ground based systems are costly. Most of the tropical countries have high flood risk and low financial and institutional capacity to afford ground based system. While conventional flood management is time and cost intensive, spaceborne remote sensing provides timely and low-cost data in comparison to field observation, and is the obvious choice for most developing countries affected by flooding. Many aspects of flood management are being aided with the advancement of remote sensing technology. More precise and near real time flood detection, lead time in flood early warning system, accurate and advance inputs of hydrological models are now blessed by space technology. Many methods and approaches have been developed to overcome the constrains in the application of spaceborne remote sensing in flood management. Application of satellite remote sensing in flood hazard assessment is well documented, however, the application of space technology in other aspects of the flood management is also promising. Therefore, this review paper focuses on the applicability of spaceborne remote sensing and in most of the aspects in flood management.

     

水灾遥感实时监测与快速评估的实践与思考

总结了参加１９９１￣１９９５年间３次水灾遥感监测与评估科学实验所取得的结果，并结合国情分析，提出进一步发挥航天遥感作用，航天与航空相结合，建立一个花费较少，切实可行，能满足水灾实时监测与快速评估需要的设想。     

Characterizing flood hazard risk in data-scarce areas,using a remote sensing and GIS-based flood hazard index

The frequency in occurrence and severity of floods has increased globally. However, many regions around the globe, especially in developing countries, lack the necessary field monitoring data to characterize flood hazard risk. This paper puts forward methodology for developing flood hazard maps that define flood hazard risk, using a remote sensing and GIS-based flood hazard index (FHI), for the Nyamwamba watershed in western Uganda. The FHI was compiled using analytical hierarchy process and considered slope, flow accumulation, drainage network density, distance from drainage channel, geology, land use/cover and rainfall intensity as the flood causative factors. These factors were derived from Landsat, SRTM and PERSIANN remote sensing data products, except for geology that requires field data. The resultant composite FHI yielded a flood hazard map pointing out that over 11 and 18% of the study area was very highly and highly susceptible to flooding, respectively, while the remaining area ranged from medium to very low risk. The resulting flood hazard map was further verified using inundation area of a historical flood event in the study area. The proposed methodology was effective in producing a flood hazard map at the watershed local scale, in a data-scarce region, useful in devising flood mitigation measures.     

Morphometric analysis and flash floods of Wadi Sudr and Wadi Wardan, Gulf of Suez, Egypt: using digital elevation model

Application of geographic information systems and remote sensing are a powerful tool for the assessment of risk and management of flood hazards. By using these techniques to extract new drainage network with more details to prepare natural hazard maps which may help decision makers and planners to put suitable solutions reducing the impact of these hazards. Ras Sudr city and surrounding area had been attacked by flash floods of Wadi Sudr and Wadi Wardan which are nearly perpendicular to the eastern side of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt, and many infrastructures had destroyed. GIS techniques and remote sensing are used to find the interrelation between the morphometric parameters by using statistical correlation to determine the area under varying flood conditions. The results of morphometric parameters and the new data of last flood which occurred on 17-18th January 2010 indicate that the two basins are threatened by the risk of flash floods and Wadi Wardan is more risky than Wadi Sudr.     

Application of Remote Sensing in Flood Management with Special Reference to Monsoon Asia: A Review

The conventional means to record hydrological parameters of aflood often fail to record an extreme event. Remote sensingtechnology along with geographic information system (GIS)has become the key tool for flood monitoring in recent years.Development in this field has evolved from optical to radarremote sensing, which has provided all weather capabilitycompared to the optical sensors for the purpose of flood mapping.The central focus in this field revolves around delineation of floodzones and preparation of flood hazard maps for the vulnerable areas.In this exercise flood depth is considered crucial for flood hazardmapping and a digital elevation model (DEM) is considered to bethe most effective means to estimate flood depth from remotelysensed or hydrological data. In a flat terrain accuracy of floodestimation depends primarily on the resolution of the DEM. Riverflooding in the developing countries of monsoon Asia is very acutebecause of their heavy dependence on agriculture but any floodestimation or hazard mapping attempt in this region is handicappedby poor availability of high resolution DEMs. This paper presents areview of application of remote sensing and GIS in flood managementwith particular focus on the developing countries of Asia.     

洞庭湖面积容积与水位关系及调蓄能力评估

洞庭湖水位,直接影响到湖泊面积、容积等的变化,加剧水患危机,并由此引发严重的洪涝灾害。本文通过大量遥感成果的分析总结,建立了洞庭湖湖泊面积、容积与水位关系及蓄洪调节评估数学模型。     

抗洪救灾遥感系统中河道防洪信息系统的试验研究

介绍了抗洪救灾遥感系统中河道防洪信息系统的试验研究.试验以微机作为基本硬件环境,通过对各种图形和遥感图像的输入、输出与处理方法的研究,采用以DBASE-Ⅲ为主,以FORTRAN、BASIC和C语言为辅的混合编程方法.建立了河道防洪信息系统.该系统具有数据更新、查询检索、统计报表、显示制图和对图形、图像的数据采集、编辑、存取、显示、输出与处理等功能.     

基于RS/GIS的城市财产保险洪灾损失评估研究

如何快速,有效地进行投保户洪涝灾害损失评估是保险行业急需解决的一个重要课题.从洪涝灾害的成灾机理出发,针对保险公司对具体受灾体理赔需求,提出了计算每个投保户洪灾损失率方法,建立基于遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)的城市财产保险洪涝灾害损失评估模型.建模时较全面地考虑了与投保物性质有关的承灾体易损度和与投保物所处环境有关的地基承载力等因素,并使用RS/GIS将其定量化提取.最后使用广东省深圳市洪灾数据进行模型检验.验证结果表明,模型对于各个投保户均能得到较好的精度.