87型钻孔数字测温仪

本文介绍了一种用于钻孔测温的便携式数字仪器,着重介绍了测量电路的原理、计算公式和打印接口电路,并对整体设计作了简要阐述.该仪器采用干电池供电,携带方便,特别适合野外测量工作.     

瞬变电磁低噪声前置放大器研制

为了增大瞬变电磁勘探深度,充分利用晚期道数据,针对瞬变信号频带宽等特点和低噪声运放放大电路的设计原则,通过对放大电路的噪声来源和降低噪声措施的研究,设计了基于超低噪声运算放大芯片LT1028的低噪声差分前置放大电路.建立模型对噪声进行计算和仿真,得出的单运放噪声和总噪声分别为3.2uVrms和4.53uVrms.对实际电路进行噪声测试,得到的噪声频谱图表明在0～100kHz的频率范围内,电路噪声在10～20uVrms之间,设计的差分前置放大电路具有很低的噪声水平,能够满足瞬变信号前置放大的需要.     

应用CT技术研究瘦煤在不同温度下孔隙变化特征

应用µCT225kvFCB型高精度(µm级)CT试验分析系统,对直径1 mm的瘦煤从18 ℃到600 ℃高温下的热破裂过程进行了显微CT观测和分析.发现了瘦煤的热破裂规律:300 ℃煤样中大量小的孔隙贯通成大的孔隙团,因此瘦煤的热破裂阈值在300 ℃附近,从常温到300 ℃煤样的孔隙率增加了0.5倍左右.研究了煤样在100~600 ℃范围内热破裂孔隙分布的分形规律,研究发现:从100 ℃到600 ℃,煤样的分形维数D随温度升高呈现先减小、后增加的趋势.孔隙的演化规律:由初始较规则的小孔隙变形,过渡到大量较规则、小孔隙贯通成不规则的大的孔隙团,之后孔隙团缩合减小趋于规则.分布初值的对数随温度升高呈现先降低后增加的趋势;从18 ℃到600 ℃孔隙数量的演化规律为先减小后增加.     

用于电磁法观测系统开机自检的信号发生器实现方法

针对电磁法观测系统在使用过程中的开机自检要求,分析常用测量系统及地球物理仪器的检测信号特征,通过对已有机制进行研究和对比,结合现有信号产生电路的优势,提出一种功耗低、精度高、设计简单的自检信号发生器实现方案.基于该方案设计了一套实现电路,其以CPLD为核心,由精密参考电压源、模拟开关及运算放大器等器件构成,并对该电路进行仿真与测试.通过系统稳定性分析,采用波特图与奈奎斯特图表明信号发生电路的稳定性符合设计要求.经仿真与测试,能够通过换挡开关产生幅值为20μV～2 V、频率范围在1 Hz～100 kHz的自检脉冲信号,频率稳定在1%,重复测试相位稳定度小于1.5%,幅值误差可以优化到1%以内,且能通过其稳定的谐波分量来获取该系统带宽更宽的通道测试响应.测试结果表明,该自检信号发生器电路实际功耗小于0.3 W,20μV～2 V幅值范围和1 Hz～100 kHz频率范围内性能指标的测量结果和仿真结果相符,并成功应用于某监控系统.利用该信号发生器电路实现自检具有操作方便、成本低、易于设计等优点,能够有效的弥补其它自检模式的缺陷.     

地震仪自动换档设计

鉴于测震中电子放大地震仪放大器的输出动态范围窄的缺陷，笔者作了自动换档衰减放大倍数的电路技术设计。本设计在长周期、短周期、宽频带等各种电子放大地震仪上适当改制或重新设计放大板即可应用，从而可几十倍甚至更大地拓宽电子放大地震仪的输出动态范围，大幅度增强其适用性。     

某区块三维深水采集设计与论证

某区块主要勘探目的层位于2.5～3.5 s,埋藏较深、断裂发育、构造破碎、各年度存在闭合差.地震资料的信噪比与分辨率不满足油气勘探需求.为此,针对该区块的地震地质条件,结合照明分析以及兼顾各项采集设计要求与工作效率的条件下,重新论证并设计了三维地震观测系统,并给出了海上三维采集设计的处理思路.     

太阳能电池充电保护电路

太阳能电池使用过程中,存在着过充电,过放电现象,这种现象会损坏蓄电瓶.针对这个问题、设计了保护电路.本文较详细地介绍保护电路设计电路原理及调试.     

EDA技术结合μClinux操作系统在地震前兆仪器中的应用

应用Altera公司的Quartus Ⅱ、NIOSⅡIDE开发软件和SOPC Builder工具,采用cy-cloneⅡ系列FPGA芯片--EP2C35,设计了质子式旋进磁力仪原理主机硬件平台.构建和配置了Nios Ⅱ软核处理器、IO接口电路及传感器控制电路,编写了全数字锁相环、等精度计数器等硬件单元的VHDL代码,实现了质子旋进式磁力仪器原理主机核心电路的单芯片系统逻辑设计.研究了μClinux嵌入式操作系统的配置技术,并建立了基于Nios Ⅱ软核处理器的μClinux交叉编译环境,成功将μClinux移植到NiosⅡ环境中.在该系统下编写了主机硬件平台的设备驱动程序和用户程序,实现了原理样机各设计功能,达到了预期目标.     

WDS-A微扫测井测斜系统电路设计

为了完成测斜系统传感器信号调制、控制、三总线信号驱动、转换及上传数据解调电路功能,根据三总线信号特点,设计出一套数据接口、信号采集与控制电路,帧形成及字形成电路.经过室内及十余次野外油田试验,表明:接口及信号调制控制传输电路达到功能设计要求,微电扫测斜系统电子仪传输后转换精度达到4.2‰,表示每帧数据传输时间的时间字偏差不超过0.3‰,说明该短节电路设计可靠稳定,满足功能要求.     

二万年来长江中下游自然环境变迁及其发展趋向探讨

20000－15000a.B.P.间气个性候最冷，生长喜冷的针叶林和干旱草原植被。在14780±700a.B.P.出现了最低海面（－154m）；15000－13500a.B.P.,气倏较暖温，涨面上升，生长阔叶混交林；13500－10500a.B.P.，气候有2次温暖和3次较次，在暖期生长针阔叶混交林，较冷期则出现林林草原和草原。最低的温度比现在低5－7℃；一万多年来的冰后期，气候变化分为5个新冰期（包括小冰期）和5个新高温期（包括小气候最宜期0。最高气温比现在主同2－3℃，出现在5000－4000a.B.P.之间；最低温度比现在低3－5℃最高海面在6500－6300a.B.P.，高出现在海面4－5m。在温暖期中生长常绿－落叶阔叶林中亚热带针阔混交林；在较冷期间，生长落叶阔叶林，针叶林或草原草地。在人类影响或自然发展这这结果，未来环境变化有可能向干暖气候和高海面演变，或向干冷气候和海面下降转变，这些变化将对长江中下游带来意外的灾难。     

高温高压实验中重金属在硅酸盐熔体中溶解度研究及进展

本文对高温高压重金属溶解度研究的目的、内容进行了概述,并对国内外这一领域研究的历史、现状及有关实验技术方法进行了综述,重点在于对目前国内外研究的进展和方法的初步改进以及讨论高温高压实验对地质找矿的解释应用.     

Beyond KTB - electrical conductivity of the deep continental crust

Great strides have been made in understanding the upper part of the crust by in-situ logging in, and laboratory experiments on core recovered from super-deep bore-holes such as the KTB. These boreholes do not extend into the lower crust, and can contribute little to the elucidation of mechanisms that produce the high electrical conductivities that are commonly observed therein by magneto-telluric (MT) methods. Laboratory studies at simulated lower crustal conditions of temperature, pressure and saturation, on electrolyte saturated rocks thought to have been derived from the lower crust, have not been possible up until now due to their experimental difficulty. It is necessary to subject electrolyte-saturated rock samples to independently controlled confining and pore-fluid pressure, which implies that the rock be sleeved in some impermeable but deformable material, that can withstand the very high temperatures required. Metals are the only materials capable of being used, but these cause great difficulties for cell sealing and conductivity measurement. In this paper we describe recent breakthroughs in experimental work, specifically the development of two new types of sophisticated metal/ceramic seal, and a conductivity measurement technique that enables the measurement of saturated rock conductivity in the presence of a highly conducting metallic sleeve. The advances in experimental technique have enabled us to obtain data on the electrical conductivity of brine saturated basic, acidic and graphite-bearing rocks at lower crustal temperatures and raised pressures. These data have facilitated the comparison of MT derived crustal electrical conductivity profiles with profiles obtained from laboratory experiments for the first time. Initial modelling shows a good agreement between laboratory derived and MT derived profiles only if the mid-crust is composed of amphibolite pervaded by aqueous fluids, and the lower crust is composed of granulite that is saturated with aqueous fluids and/or contains interconnected grain surface films of graphite. The experimental data are consistent with a three layer crust consisting of an aqueous fluid saturated acidic uppermost layer, above an aqueous fluid saturated amphibolite mid-crust, and a granulite lowermost crust, which may or may not be saturated with aqueous fluids, but if not, requires the presence of an additional conduction mechanism such as conduction through thin graphite films.     

Conductivity of NaCl solution at 0.4–5.0 GPa and 25–500 °C

NaCI-H₂O is the most fundamental ternary system in geology. Until now, the measurements of electrical conductivity of NaCl solutions are still little at high pressures (> O.5 GPa) We measured the conductivity of 0.01 m NaCl solution at 0.4–5.0 GPa and 25-500°C. The results are consistent with that of Quist and Marshall (1968) at 0.4 GPa. The conductivity of NaCl solution increases with increasing temperature. The results also show that the conductivity of NaCl solution changes little with increasing pressure below 1.5 GPa and changes rapidly with increasing pressure above 1.5 GPa. The rapid increase of the conductivity of NaCl solution may play an important role in many geological processes (such as the genesis of ore deposits under hydrothermal condition) and other fields. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

大陆岩石圈流变研究进展与高温高压流变实验现状

大陆岩石圈类似于“三明治”的多层流变结构已经被广泛接受,并用于大陆动力学研究的各方面．然而近年来地震资料和高温高压流变实验结果表明,大陆岩石圈流变可能不是单一模式,流变结构具有多样性,而下地壳流变特性是其中最复杂的层次,这不仅受下地壳成分和结构本身的非均匀控制,而且与其含水程度相关．高温高压流变实验已经积累了大量的数据,但基性岩流变实验目前仍然处于数据积累阶段,缺乏系统性,特别是缺少含水基性岩的流变实验结果,因此,加强干的和含水的基性岩流变实验研究是深入认识下地壳岩石流变必不可少的手段和方法之一．     

淡水蓝藻的高温适应

本文在有关文献的基础上综合分析了淡水蓝藻对高温的适应,并对淡水蓝藻高温适应机制提出了几种看法。生长在高温中的淡水蓝藻有这样一些特点:（1）不同种类对高温的适应机制稍有不同;（2）类囊体膜具有较高的稳定性;（3）藻体在受热时产生热休克蛋白以保护细胞内的酶免于热变性;（4）光合作用系统具有热稳定性;（5）DNA具有热稳定性;（6）蛋白质的合成系统具有热稳定性。其中DNA和光合作用系统的热稳定性起着关键的作用,热休克蛋白的产生和类囊体膜中脂肪酸的饱和程度是在基因水平上调控的。     

高温中植筋胶拉伸抗剪强度试验研究

为了研究高温中植筋胶的拉伸抗剪强度,进行了57个植筋试件在不同温度下的拉拔试验。试验温度共11个,温度范围为25～350℃。采用电炉加热升温,当到达设定温度后立即进行拉拔实验,每个温度下做5组试件。试验中量测电炉温度,植筋试件温度,植筋滑移和拉拔力。试验结果表明：随着温度升高,植筋胶的拉伸抗剪强度显著下降,当温度高于350℃后,植筋胶基本丧失承载力,约为常温下的4%左右。     

The experimental studies on electrical con-ductivities and P-wave velocities of anortho-site at high pressure and high temperature

Introduction The measurements of the compressional wave velocity and electrical conductivity of minerals and rocks are of fundamental importance to look into the earths interior, including composition, geotherm, generation and distribution of fluids and melts. Hydrous minerals formed by metamatu-siom are abundant within the earth. Previous studies have been carried out on the dehydration effect on the electrical conductivity and wave velocity of rocks such as serpentine, amphibole, most of whi…     

高温高压下地幔矿物岩石电导率影响因素研究进展

实验室高温高压条件下获得的地幔矿物岩石电导率值可以帮助获得地球内部物质组成、物质运动变化状态和解释地球物理探测资料.研究表明,电导率测量影响因素(外部因素和内部因素)控制不当将使得测量的电导率值产生较大差异.本文综述了近20年来这些影响因素对地幔矿物岩石电导率的影响程度及进展情况,电导率随着温度,铁含量和水含量的增加而增加;不含水条件下,电导率随着氧逸度和压力的增加分别增加和减小,含水条件下则恰恰相反;忽略颗粒边界的影响;测量频率和结晶方向对电导率的影响尚存在一定争议;进行电导率测量时有必要考虑系统平衡时间和样品中铁含量的流失.最后探讨了高温高压条件下电导率实验研究的不足和发展方向.     

Dehydration melting of solid amphibolite at 2.0 GPa: Effects of time and temperature

The dehydration melting of the natural rock at high pressure is important to investigating the magma formation in the earth’s interior. Since the 1970s, a lot of geological scientists have paid more atten- tion to the dehydration melting of the natural rock[1―5]. Previous experiments of dehydration melting and observations of fieldwork argued that the dehy- dration melting of the rock was probably the most important fashion for the melting of the lower crust rock[6―12]. The genesis of most …     

Experimental studies of electrical conductivities and P-wave velocities of gabbro at high pressures and high temperatures

The studies on the physical properties of minerals and rocks in combination with the work in petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry are not only a useful mean to look into the composition and structure of the earth抯 interior, but also can provide extreme…