低频标准振动台系统和振动校准技术研究

校准是保证传感器测量数据准确的前提。低频振动传感器在地震观测、土木水利与建筑工程、机械与运载工程、能源与矿业工程等领域愈来愈获得广泛应用。这些传感器都需要在低频振动标准装置上进行校准,而低频标准振动台是低频振动标准装置的关键设备,低频标准振动台的设计和制造技术通常决定了一个国家低频振动校准的水平。振动台在校准中用于产生标准振动信号,通常情况下是正弦信号,但校准激励信号有从稳态正弦信号向随机信号发展的趋势。目前,低频振动传感器的校准通常是在实验室进行的,但是一些在线监测系统对传感器的现场校准提出了要求。本文重点研究了以下3方面内容:(1)低频标准振动台的控制技术。建立了低频标准振动台的数学模型,并实际设计了一种便携式的低频标准振动台,对设计的低频振动台进行了测试。测试结果表明,该振动台加速度信号可以低至0.5Hz,速度信号可以低至0.1 Hz,能够满足一般低频振动传感器的校准需要,可满足省一级的计量机构、振动传感器生产商以及大量使用低频振动传感器单位的校准需求。(2)对以地震波作为激励信号的校准方法进行了研究。探索了在低频标准振动台上产生地震波的方法,在中国地震局工程力学研究所的低频标准振动台上实现了地震波复现,大部分情况下复现的地震波与原始地震波记录的相关系数可以达到0.95以上。随后以地震波作为校准激励信号,对传感器进行了校准,将校准结果与激光干涉法振动绝对校准方法的校准结果进行了比较,获得了理想的结果。(3)对振动传感器的现场校准方法进行了探讨。虽然以往自标定(校准)方法一直在使用,但并未对系统进行详细的分析研究。本文针对4种类型的内置校准线圈传感器,分别利用自校准方法和激光干涉法振动绝对校准方法进行校准。2种校准方法的校准结果表明,低频段(10Hz以下)结果一致,高频段有偏差。以无源伺服式振动传感器为例,对自校准下的传感器数学关系进行了系统的分析,自校准时的反感应电动势、感抗(自感和互感)是造成这种偏差的原因。本文第一章阐述文章的背景,第二、三、四、五章是文章的主体,对本文重点研究的问题进行了阐述。第六章对未来的工作进行了展望,提出了低频标准振动台的发展方向和实用的现场校准系统实现的方法。     

对低频振动台振动波形的超低频失真度量值测试报告

波形的非线性失真度是评定振动台运动精度的一项重要技术指标,而目前国内外还没有直接测量波形频率低于2Hz的失真度仪,这就限制了低频标准振动台的使用范围,而这正是地震系统及其它一些低频测振系统共同关心的部分。本文提出的超低频波形失真度测量法,是应用FFT方法在频域上展示并量取各次谐波幅值,通过简单计算得出超低频失真度量值。我们已用该方法对中国计量科学院生产的垂直向低频标准振动台和水平向振动台作了频率低于2Hz的失真度量值测试,并获得结果。在国内首次扩大了该套振动装置的使用频率下限,为地震仪及低频测振仪的标定工作作出了贡献。该方法也适用于其它如机电转换装置及电信号发生、记录、转换装置的失真度量值测试。     

低频标准振动台失真度及测量

波形失真度是衡量标准振动台技术性能的一个重要指标,为了规范它的测量方法及所用仪器,对低频标准振动台的低频失真度进行了分析,对失真度测量方法进行了实验研究,提出了低频失真度的表述方法及合格界限.经大量的实验验证,提供了失真度的测量方法及所用仪器.为低频标准振动台技术指标检定规程的制定、规范失真度的测试方法提供了参考依据.     

低频标准振动台技术指标测试方法探讨

根据国际标准(ISO 16063-11.1999)和国家标准对激光干涉法绝对校准中所用标准振动台的技术要求,以及这些指标在校准不确定度中所起的作用,就低频标准振动台的特点,对某些技术指标进行了讨论和实验研究,并对业内目前存在的一些问题,提出了规范低频标准振动台技术指标测试中部分技术指标科学、合理的测试方法,给出了测量仪器连线图和一些实测数据.     

宽频带超低频标准振动台的研究

主要介绍了为中国地震局工程力学研究所振动计量实验室的技术升级项目研制的垂直和水平超低频振动台.水平振动台采用单导轨结构,大大提高了振动位移,达150mm(p-p),同时加宽了使用频率范围,可从0.01～250Hz ,而且加工、安装、调试、维护都十分方便.振动台取消了机械弹簧,代之以自动控制电弹簧,比原振动台的超低频性能大为改善,在控制方面,采用相对速度与绝对速度复合反馈技术.振动台的波形失真度,振级稳定性、横向振动比、低频背景噪声等各项技术指标达到或超过国际标准,为低频、超低频振动传感器的检定提供更精更准确的检定装置.     

振动台导轨不平顺对地震计低频测试结果的影响

对振动台在大行程移动过程中导轨不平顺引起的倾斜效应进行了理论分析，选择0.1 Hz及以下频点开展振动台导轨不平顺引起的台面倾斜对测试结果影响的定量化分析。结果表明，振动台面在移动过程中的不确定倾斜对地震计水平分量灵敏度的影响大于对垂直分量灵敏度的影响。采用高精度水平仪获取水平振动台在不同行程下的运动轨迹起伏变化，并基于倾斜效应的影响机制，用Labview语言实现补偿系统，在地震计的振动测试中对测试结果进行动态补偿。测试结果表明，经过动态补偿，导轨不平顺不再对灵敏度校准结果存在明显制约，可大幅提高地震计的低频测试精度。     

加速度传感器的应用与实验

压电式加速度传感器具有体积小、重量轻、测量精度高、频响范围宽等特点。本文将介绍这一传感器在低频标准振动台上的实验与应用。它为低频标准振动台提供了一个可行的监测系统,对于振动台随机标定及测试数据的联机处理具有一定的实用价值。文章还分析了实验数据的误差及产生误差的原因。     

上海建成“低频标准振动与数据处理分析系统”(简讯)

测震仪器的标定是地震观测技术中的基础工作。为了适应我国地震科学技术现代化的需要,上海市地震局在国家地震局科研处的支持下,于1982年10月建成“低频标准振动与数据处理分析系统”。目前已开展技术服务工作。该系统由低频标准振动装置和数据处理分析仪器两部分组成。可对测震仪器进行直接标定和间接标定。直接标定即振动台标定,也就是为地震计提供一个模拟地动的“振动源”,即用正弦、随机信号或地震波再现信号,经过     

小型伺服式电动振动台

本文介绍一种用于标定（超）低频振动传感器的小型伺服振动台的原理和性能，振动台采用了闭环伺服技术，降低了低频段的失真度，拓宽了小型电动式振动台的低频使用范围，在小型振动台上实现了低频振动传感器的标定。     

双磁路伺服式低频角振动台

给出了一种双磁路伺服式低频角振动台的结构原理,导出了角振动台的微分方程、频率特性、以及灵敏度计算公式。在国家级计量部门对角振动台的频率特性、灵敏度、波形失真度等进行了校准,在实验室内对角振动台的线性度、稳定性等技术指标进行了测试。测试结果表明,双磁路伺服式低频角振动台具有良好的性能,计算结果和测试结果吻合。可用于强震转动加速度计及其他转动传感器的校准和检测。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

正~~     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.