阿克苏河洪水类型及其形成的500hPa环流特征

利用阿克苏河两条支流和干流的月径流量以及年最大洪峰流量资料,分析了阿克苏河的洪水特征.阿克苏河西支托什干河主汛期在5~8月,北支库玛拉克河与阿克苏河干流的主汛期在7~8月,库玛拉克河的洪水对阿克苏河干流洪水作用更大.托什干河洪水以融雪型、融雪叠加暴雨型两种类型为主,库玛拉克河洪水以融雪(冰)型、融雪(冰)叠加冰湖溃坝型为主,阿克苏河干流洪水以混合型最多见,其次是融雪(冰)型.年最大流量排名前15位的洪水中,阿克苏河两条支流与干流在1987年以后分别出现了7~9a,在此基础上分析归纳了三类形成阿克苏河流域主要洪水的500hPa环流模型.阿克苏河流域主汛期形成混合型洪水的500hPa环流特征为:新疆高压脊稳定在天山山区中部及以东地区,5880gpm等高线北界稳定在天山上空或天山以北,西部边界在帕米尔高原以东的南疆盆地上空,中亚地区为副热带低槽活动区,环流形势相对稳定.主汛期形成融雪(冰)型洪水的500hPa环流特征为:新疆高压脊向北发展且稳定维持3d以上,5880gpm等高线北界稳定在天山以北,西部边界在帕米尔高原以西.春季形成融雪型洪水的500hPa环流特征为:帕米尔高原及西天山受新疆高压脊控制,稳定维持3d以上,高压脊内5840gpm等高线北边界维持在40°N以北.     

新疆天山北坡军塘湖河流域"8·29"特大洪水特征与洪峰模数分析

2000年8月29日下午,受乌拉尔山低涡分裂短波东移的影响,新疆昌吉州呼图壁县南部天山北坡山区位于86°15 '00"～86°42'32"E,43°41 '50"～44°08 '08"N的范围内形成局部强对流降水天气,在军塘湖河流域与临近石膏沟流域发生特大暴雨洪水,造成了流域内人民生命财产巨大损失.水文部门于当年8月31日开展了对军塘湖河流域的洪水调查,通过实地调查和流域降雨量分析,以及采用比降面积法计算,确定军塘湖河"8·29"特大洪水洪峰流量为781 m3·S-1,其中,石膏沟流域的东支沟洪峰模数达16.4 m3·s-1·km-2,是新疆截至目前为止出现的最大洪峰模数.调查结果和计算认定军塘湖河流域"8·29"洪水属于特大洪水.     

天山南坡渭干河流域地表水资源量及其变化趋势

渭干河流域由木扎提河、卡普斯浪河、台勒维丘克河、卡拉苏河、克孜尔河5条支流汇合而成,支流均发源于天山南坡,单独出流,汇集于拜城盆地的克孜尔水库,始称渭干河.渭干河是天山南麓三大河流之一,主要支流木扎提河发源于汗腾格里峰东坡的冰川集结区,河流源头多接冰川,以冰川融水为主要补给源.5条支流多年平均实测径流量27.98×108m3,干河流域地表水资源量为31.59×108m3,其中地表水资源可利用量为26.05×108m3.从渭干河流域的河川径流量组成可以看出,集水区河水来源于冰川融水、融雪径流、降雨径流,冰川融水量变化和降水量的波动,控制着河流径流量的大小变化.利用现有的观测数据和研究成果粗估分析流域地表水资源的变化趋势,预计近、中期径流量会相应增多.     

天山南坡渭干河流域地表水资源量及其变化趋势

渭干河流域由木扎提河、卡普斯浪河、台勒维丘克河、卡拉苏河、克孜尔河5条支流汇合而成, 支流均发源于天山南坡, 单独出流, 汇集于拜城盆地的克孜尔水库, 始称渭干河.渭干河是天山南麓三大河流之一, 主要支流木扎提河发源于汗腾格里峰东坡的冰川集结区, 河流源头多接冰川, 以冰川融水为主要补给源.5条支流多年平均实测径流量27.98×108m3, 干河流域地表水资源量为31.59×108m3, 其中地表水资源可利用量为26.05×108m3.从渭干河流域的河川径流量组成可以看出, 集水区河水来源于冰川融水、融雪径流、降雨径流, 冰川融水量变化和降水量的波动, 控制着河流径流量的大小变化.利用现有的观测数据和研究成果粗估分析流域地表水资源的变化趋势, 预计近、中期径流量会相应增多.     

乌苏市赛力克提牧场滑坡发育特征及影响因素分析

研究区位于天山北麓低山区,在暴雨、融雪以及地震等条件下研究区滑坡灾害会对居民生命财产构成威胁。从研究区孕灾环境条件分析的角度出发,对研究区滑坡灾害的发育特征和影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明:HP1滑坡滑动平面形态呈不规则形,轴线呈直线型,南北长150 m,东西宽85 m,体积约为16 115 m~3,为小型推移式滑坡,根据变形特征判断为推移式滑坡;影响因素主要有地形地貌、地质构造、地层岩性、降雨、融雪入渗水流作用以及人类活动作用。     

近50 a来新疆区域与天山典型流域极端洪水变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

以年极端洪水超标率来反映区域极端洪水, 分析了新疆区域极端洪水变化; 以年最大洪峰记录分析了天山山区主要河流极端洪水变化规律, 并用14站资料分析了天山山区气候变化特征, 讨论了天山主要河流极端洪水变化对区域气候变化的响应. 结果表明: 受气候变暖影响, 1957-2006年全疆极端洪水呈区域性加重趋势, 尤其南疆区域极端洪水明显加剧, 北疆区域也有加重趋势, 但相对较缓. 全疆及北疆、 南疆在20世纪90年代中期以来都处于洪水高发阶段. 近50 a来, 在新疆区域洪水呈加重趋势的变化背景下, 发源于天山南坡的托什干河和库玛拉克河年最大洪峰流量呈显著增加趋势, 发源于天山北坡的玛纳斯河与乌鲁木齐河年最大洪峰流量虽有增加, 但是变化趋势较缓. 以年最大洪峰流量发生转折年为界, 天山典型流域托什干河、 库玛拉克河、 玛纳斯河和乌鲁木齐河在20世纪90年代(或80年代)以来与前期相比, 呈现出相似的变化特征: 年最大洪峰流量明显增大, 年际间变化更加剧烈, 洪水年更频繁. 以年最大洪峰流量发生转折年份为界, 玛纳斯河、 托什干河和乌鲁木齐河后期的年最大洪峰集中日期较前期推迟2~9 d, 库玛拉克河却提前5 d. 玛纳斯河、 乌鲁木齐河和库玛拉克河后期的集中度较前期增加0.8%~8.3%, 托什干河减小1.1%. 1961-2010年, 新疆天山山区气温明显上升, 升温率为0.34 ℃·(10a)^-1, 1997年以后明显增暖; 天山山区降水显著增加, 增加速率15.6 mm·(10a)^-1, 同时极端降水强度增大、 频数增多. 近50 a来天山主要河流极端洪水变化与区域增温以及天山山区极端降水事件增多等有密切关系.     

基于TRMM降水数据的山区降水垂直分布特征

选择天山和祁连山区为典型区,利用台站降水数据验证以上两区多卫星降水数据(TRMM)精度的基础上,借助TRMM数据分析了所选山区年降水梯度效应,并探讨了天山及祁连山最大降水高度带.结果表明,多卫星降水数据在天山和祁连山区精度较高,天山及祁连山年降水量都明显受到海拔影响,降水随海拔升高而增加,但天山降水与海拔正相关关系最好,南、北和西坡相关系数分别为0.90、0.81和0.58,多年平均降水直减率分别为11.0mm/100 m、6.3 mm/100 m、7.4 mm/100 m,最大降水高度带则分别位于海拔2 200~3 500 m和3 200~3 700 m和3 000m左右;祁连山东、中、西段降水随海拔有增加趋势,但降水梯度效应在祁连山东段明显高于祁连山中西段地区,梯度效应由东向西呈现递减趋势,其最大降水带主要分布在东段4 000~4 500 m的高山带.     

1999年夏季中昆仑山北坡诸河冰雪大洪水及其成因分析

1999年盛夏中昆仑山北坡大多数河流出现了有正式水文记录以来的最大洪峰,各河流最大洪峰出现时间存在不一致性,洪峰变化复杂.应用主要河流出山口水文站的逐日流量和降水量,和田气象站的逐日0℃层高度,500 hPa气温以及NCEP/NCAR 500 hPa高度场资料,分析了1999年夏季中昆仑山北坡诸河出现的历史特大洪水特性及其气象成因.这次特大洪水是高空持续高温引起的冰雪融水与产流区出现的暴雨共同作用下的混合型洪水.洪水前期春季到初夏该区域山区降水偏多,高空气温和0℃层高度持续偏低,对高山区的积雪积累极为有利;7月底至8月初和田高空气温和0℃层高度迅速上升并维持数日,使冰雪快速消融,同时山区出现大降水是引发洪水的直接气象成因.在青藏高原东部柴达木盆地上空存在有500 hPa稳定高压,使中亚副热带大槽东移中昆仑山北坡是这次特大洪水发生的环流系统特点.     

右江下颜站"2001·7"洪水最大流量分析

2001年7月初,受第3、4号强台风降雨的影响,右江流域发生了罕见的大洪水,右江控制站下颜水文站发生了自1933年以来的最大洪水,洪峰水位高达21.15m,相当于35年一遇,而其实测最大流量为5630m3/s,仅相当于15年一遇的洪水流量.从洪水的演变规律、流量测验情况等方面,分析了造成实测最大流量严重偏小的内在原因,并用多种方法推算出此次洪水的最大流量.     

新疆阿克苏河洪水类型特征分析

利用阿克苏河两条史流和干流的月径流量以及年最大洪峰流量资料,分析了阿克苏河的洪水特征,阿克苏河西史托什干河主汛期在5—8月,北支库玛拉克河与阿克苏河干流的主汛期在7—8月,库玛拉克河的洪水对阿克苏河干流洪水的作用更大。托什干河洪水以融雪型、融雪叠加暴雨型两种类型为主,库玛拉克河洪水以融雷（冰）型、融雪（冰）叠加冰湖渍坝型为主,阿克苏河干流洪水以混合型最多见,其次是融雪（冰）型,对阿克苏河1987年气候转型之后的年最大洪峰流量排名在有正式水文记录以来前15位的洪水进行分类。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。