基于自动气象站和风廓线雷达资料的大理机场风切变分析与应用

根据2016—2017年大理机场航空器报告的风切变事件,利用同时段的自动气象观测资料、风廓线雷达资料对大理机场风切变进行了统计和分析。结果表明:①风切变均发生在每年的11月至次年4月,1月、2月最多;主要发生于07:00—13:00,一半出现在晴天;发生在350m以下占83%。②100m以下的风切变,地面均有阵性风,最大最小风速差6m/s;发生在15～91m的6次风切变,5次报告风切变的一端风向变化超过180°,南北两端地面风出现对头风,风速差异明显。AWOS(Automated Weather Observation System)捕捉到风向风速的明显变化可为近地层风切变预警提供参考。③发生在高度较高的风切变,雷达资料在遭遇风切变高度的上下层存在≥8m/s风速差,能确定上下层风不连续的准确高度、开始时间和结束时间。④机场区域常出现地面风速大而上空风速小或地面风速小而上空风速大的情况,结合地面风和风廓线雷达资料可为今后低高度风切变的初步预警提供参考。     

大理机场风特征分析及对飞行的影响

利用大理机场近5 a自动观测系统资料,对平均风向、风速以及大风进行统计分析,结果发现:大理机场全年盛行偏南风,风向夜间到上午为东南风,午后风向逐渐转为西南风,傍晚转为东南风;大理机场年平均风速为5.4 m/s,白天风速大于夜间,且夜间风速稳定;大理机场大风天气主要出现在每年11月—次年4月,出现时间多集中在下午06—11UTC,白天多于夜间,起风时间一般为中午03UTC以后,大风风向为西南风;大理机场干季受大风、颠簸和低空风切变影响较大。     

乌鲁木齐国际机场风切变颠簸天气个例分析

利用常规天气资料、风廓线雷达探测资料、自动站资料、NCEP再分析资料及数值模拟资料,对乌鲁木齐2010年12月2-3日对飞行安全有较大影响的风切变颠簸天气进行了多角度分析。结果表明,局地性东南风层的形成和下传造成的水平方向上非东南风与东南风的切变、锋区南压过程中在北疆沿天山一带低空诱发的小范围风场扰动对东南风层短暂破坏而引起的水平和垂直方向上风向风速的迅即变化,是造成机场附近风切变颠簸的原因。中尺度数值预报模式（WRF）对此次风切变天气有较好的模拟能力,有助于在探测资料有限的情况下了解风切变的细微结构及其演变。     

乌鲁木齐国际机场一次强东南大风天气分析

对乌鲁木齐国际机场2003年11月12日出现的强东南大风天气过程,利用常规天气资料和机场跑道自动观测系统(AWOS)采集的实时观测资料,对机场东南大风天气形势、机场跑道附近气象要素和水平风切变演变特征、高空风垂直分布特征等方面进行了分析,给出了东南大风的成因。     

青海省三江源机场低空风切变的初步分析

本文使用三江源机场4个声雷达和10个侧向风观测点风向风速资料,分析了三江源机场风的基本气候特征和低空风切变。结果表明:三江源机场主导风向以偏西风为主,跑道周围风速平均值在2.3~3.1m/s之间;水平风速的水平切变主要出现在跑道东头,侧向风切变要明显大于顺风(顺跑道)切变,侧向风切变跑道两头大于中部,东头大于西头;顺风切变跑道北边出现几率和强度明显大于南边。在285m~315m高度出现严重、强烈水平风速的垂直切变的频率最高,水平风速的垂直切变强度较大,出现严重、强烈风切变频率较高;平均而言15m~195m高度和275m~465m高度表现为上升气流,而在195m~265m高度多表现为下沉气流。在雷暴、阵雪、大风等强对流天气下,风速的水平和垂直切变强度均有明显的加强现象。     

乌鲁木齐一次强东南大风天气成因分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°的6 h再分析资料、常规观测资料及边界层风廓线雷达资料,对2012年3月30日发生在乌鲁木齐市区及南郊的一次破坏性很大的强东南大风天气成因进行了分析。结果表明:(1)海平面气压场呈现出标准的东高西低、南高北低的形势,具备了产生东南大风天气的大尺度环流背景;(2)850 h Pa上空,乌鲁木齐上游的暖平流和下游的冷平流分别造成地面较强减压和加压,有利于东南大风出现;(3)本次东南大风可以划分为"锋前减压加回流型";(4)本次东南大风风力很强的原因是达坂城与乌鲁木齐较大的气压差及低层存在明显的动量下传;(5)风廓线雷达1 000~1500 m高度的风向风速变化对乌鲁木齐市区东南大风起风与停止的预报有一定的参考价值,但能否成为指标因子,则需进一步的研究。     

“2.23”昆明长水机场低空风切变分析及可预报时效估计

随着航空事业的发展,飞机性能得到提高,但低空风切变仍然对航空安全构成威胁,为了解其发展规律,就昆明长水机场2017年2月23日发生的四次低空风切变进行了特征分析,揭示了风切变产生的水平及垂直风场的调整过程。分析发现,昆明机场特殊的地理位置造成冷锋推进速度缓慢;冷锋过境时,跑道两端出现风向和风速的不连续,造成跑道两端风向和风速均无法满足运行标准,导致跑道关闭;冷锋过境后,在跑道上60m决断高度附近形成水平风的垂直风切变,造成飞机复飞,对飞行安全造成较大影响。跑道道面上的风切变空间尺度小、存在时间长、而且风切变发生高度较低,并随时间变化,结合自动观测系统及风廓线雷达能更好的了解冷锋型风切变的特征,可以为航空飞行安全提供更精细化的服务。      

合肥一次低空风切变的观测与分析

本文基于合肥地面观测、机场自动观测系统(AWOS)、多普勒雷达、探空及FNL 0.25°×0.25°等资料,分析了2015年8月6日合肥一次较强风切变天气过程,并对其形成机理进行研究。结果表明:低空风切变发生前,肥西地区不稳定能量及上升气流较为活跃,有利于对流云团的发展。地面自动气象站的观测资料表明,低空风切变发生时,近地层的风向、风速和温度等气象要素均有突变;风暴的质心高度、最强回波高度和风暴顶高迅速下降,空中气流快速下沉,至近地面向四周辐散,因此该风暴属于下击暴流性质;径向速度图中明显的正负速度对也印证了低空剧烈的风向和风速切变。     

乌鲁木齐春季两类东南大风个例的对比分析

运用NCEP逐6 h再分析资料、乌鲁木齐自动站逐时常规观测资料、微波辐射计及边界层风廓线雷达资料,对比分析了发生在乌鲁木齐春季的两次接地型东南风和一次低空型东南大风过程。结果表明:无论是接地型还是低空型,峡谷两端南高北低的海平面气压场是必要的地面形势;地面蒙古冷高越强,东南风不一定越强,乌鲁木齐与达坂城的气压梯度也不一定越大;东南大风很大程度上受温度平流影响,水平方向乌鲁木齐与其以东或以南形成较大温度梯度、垂直方向乌鲁木齐上空对流层中下层暖气团越深厚、温度越高,越利于地面东南大风的发生;进一步分析发现地面乌鲁木齐东南大风较大时刻都伴随着高空的动量下传,一方面动量下传为地面风提供动量,另一方面向下输送的暖平流利于乌鲁木齐局地升温减压,确保乌鲁木齐与峡谷南端气压差和温度差的维持。     

一次东南大风天气下近地面风场结构及航空影响分析

利用跑道自动观测、激光测风雷达等资料,对2023年4月7日夜间乌鲁木齐机场一次东南大风天气下近地面风场的细微结构进行分析,探究大风时段13架航班在低空复飞的气象原因,结果表明：此次东南大风为较典型的锋前减压型,其持续期间在机场范围低空风速具有“西强东弱”特征及显著的不均匀性,在进港高峰期的R07跑道五边下滑道上出现强侧风、中度及以上的风切变,使得飞机在着陆过程中操纵困难而导致多架飞机复飞。激光雷达侧风及水平风的垂直分布,能细致反映跑道上低空侧风、风切变随高度和时间的变化特点,而其前30 min风切变告警累积频次迅速增多、维持和峰值时段,与此次航班复飞时段有较好的对应,多次提前告警可为机场发布此类风切变警报提供参考。     

Shearing Wind Helicity and Thermal Wind Helicity

Helicity is defined as H ： V ω, where V and ω are the velocity and vorticity vectors, respectively. Many works have pointed out that the larger the helicity is, the longer the life cycle of the weather system is. However, the direct relationship of the helicity to the evolution of the weather system is not quite clear. In this paper, the concept of helicity is generalized as shearing wind helicity （SWH）. Dynamically, it is found that the average SWH is directly related to the increase of the average cyclonic rotation of the weather system. Physically, it is also pointed out that the SWH, as a matter of fact, is the sum of the torsion terms and the divergence term in the vorticity equation. Thermal wind helicity （TWH）, as a derivative of SWH, is also discussed here because it links the temperature field and the vertical wind field. These two quantities may be effective for diagnosing a weather system. This paper applies these two quantities in cylindrical coordinates to study the development of Hurricane Andrew to validate their practical use. Through analyzing the hurricane, it is found that TWH can well describe the characteristics of the hurricane such as the strong convection and release of latent heat. SWH is not only a good quantity for diagnosing the weather system, but also an effective one for diagnosing the development of the hurricane.     

风廓线雷达在高空风场分析中的应用

利用大连风廓线雷达高时空分辨率风场观测资料,统计2011年雷达站上空各层水平及垂直风速的分布特征.通过分析发现:最大水平风速通常出现在12 km上下,受高空急流的影响,各季节高空最大水平风速出现高度不同,4 km以下高空水平风速随高度的变化各月份存在一定差异,4 km以上至最大风速层,水平风速随高度的升高而增大,最大风速层以上至雷达测量的上限水平风速随高度增加先减小后增大;高空垂直风速在夏季较为明显,秋季次之,冬春季节最小;6月是全年月均垂直风速最大的月份,在500～1300 m高度层存在一个上升气流中心,平均风速大于0.6 m/s,2月各高度平均垂直风速全年最小.     

Variangular wind spirals

The term variangular is introduced to emphasize a significant difference between the present and certain earlier solutions to the problem of organized airmotion within the planetary boundary layer. The latter belong to the family of equiangular wind spirals and have the characteristic that the angle () formed by the vectors of shearing stress and geostrophic departure is invariant with height; it is shown that in this spiral-family, parabolic height-dependency of the effective (eddy) diffusivity (K) alone is permitted, including the asymptotic case of constant K; the famous Ekman spiral as well as the Rossby spiral are two prominent members of the family of equiangular wind spirals. The new variangular theory, as the name implies, permits variation of with height (z) and produces more versatile profiles of wind and stress due to less restraint in K (z). As an example of comparison with observed data, monthly mean wind profiles obtained at Plateau Station, Antarctica, are selected since they exhibit a noteworthy degree of variangularity, in relatively satisfactory agreement with properties of the new theoretical model for wind spirals.National Research Council Visiting Scientist Research Associate, Regional Environments Division, Earth Sciences Laboratory.     

风电场风速数值预报的误差分析及订正

使用WRF模式对内蒙古某风电场区域内的2011年1-6月,50m高度的风速进行了模拟,并结合实测风速对模拟结果进行了评估。在此基础上再利用自回归模型(AR模型)和持续法对WRF模式模拟结果进行了订正预报,订正结果表明:AR模型和持续法都能有效地减小WRF模式风速的模拟误差,AR模型订正效果优于持续法。为能对订正预报时效进行延长,提出了"假设观测值"概念。在AR模型的基础上建立一种新的订正模型称之为New AR模型。其订正预报结果表明:新模型能在12h时效内,改善WRF模式风速模拟精度,其中6h的改进效果较好。     

风廓线雷达中风切变分析方法的初步研究

在风廓线雷达连续输出的风场时间高度显示图上,尝试进行风场的流线分析和风切变值等值线分析,以便用于识别强烈风切变区。在风场变化比较均匀时,分析出的线形分布比较平缓,而在风场变化比较剧烈的区域,风向等值线、垂直风切变等值线和流线三者一致表现出了汇聚特点,线形的分布也异常地密集,分析结果直观地反映出了风场分布的特征和危险性风切变区域,该结果有助于风切变自动识别方法的研究。     

Characteristics of natural wind simulations in the TUM boundary layer wind tunnel

The boundary layer wind tunnel at the Technische Universit?t München was tested for atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) simulations. The ABLs developing above rural, suburban, and urban terrains were reproduced using the Counihan method, i.e., castellated barrier wall, vortex generators, and a fetch of surface roughness elements. A series of flow-characteristic evaluations was performed to investigate the flow development and uniformity. Experimental results presented as mean velocity, turbulence intensity, integral length scale of turbulence, Reynolds stress, and power spectral density of velocity fluctuations were compared with the ESDU data and/or theoretical models. Generated ABL wind-tunnel simulations compare well with the rural, suburban, and urban ABLs. In the test section area used for experiments on structural models, the ABL simulation is developed and uniform. Results of this study indicate the boundary layer wind tunnel at the Technische Universit?t München can be successfully employed in a broad spectrum of engineering, environmental, and micrometeorological studies, where it is required to accurately reproduce ABL characteristics.     

The probability of wind damage in forestry under a changed wind climate

We (1) estimated how the possible changes in wind climate due to climatic change may affect the probability of exceeding critical wind speeds (CWS) expected to cause significant wind damage within a forest management unit located in southern Sweden, (2) analysed how the probability of exceeding an approximate CWS as observed in the management unit would change in different regions in Sweden if expecting a similar kind of forested area to occur in different geographical locations. The topography of the management unit was relatively gentle and the forests were dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Seven regions across Sweden were selected for comparison of possible future probability of damaging wind speed. The model-system WINDA was modified and used for calculations of the probability of wind damage together with regionally downscaled climate change scenario (CCS) data. In total, two climate scenarios downscaled using the RCAO model for the control period 1961–1990 and four for the period 2071–2100 were used. The CCSs represent fairly central projections on a 100-year time scale in terms of global mean warming. Although there is ambiguity between different CCSs, the results indicated that the present pattern of more windy conditions in southern than in northern Sweden will remain. For most sites the probability of exceeding the CWS from westerly to south-westerly directions was indicated to remain comparatively high and the probability of damaging wind from south-westerly to south-easterly directions was indicated to increase in many places. For southernmost Sweden increasing probability of exceeding the CWS from the north-westerly to south-easterly wind directions were indicated for all but one CCS. The results were discussed with respect to spatial planning in forestry under a changing wind climate.     

风廓线雷达风场资料质量控制初探

基于2016年2月和8月江西宜春风廓线雷达探测水平风场数据,分别利用扩展经验正交函数(EOF)分析重构法和高斯滤波法对其进行质量控制。结果发现,相比原始观测风场,EOF分析重构法和高斯滤波法均能有效过滤风廓线雷达原始风场的高频脉动。两种方法对比分析发现,对于空间尺度的瞬时扰动,EOF分析重构法质控效果优于高斯滤波法;对于时间尺度的瞬时扰动,高斯滤波法质控效果优于EOF方法。     

基于不同时间尺度风切变指数推算风资源的对比分析

利用2014—2018年辽宁省探空资料分析了水平风速的垂直风廓线分布特征。用2座代表性测风塔逐时梯度风观测分析了采用不同高度组合方案计算出风切变指数的月、日变化特征, 分别用月、小时、年风切变指数推算高层风速和风功率密度, 并与实测对比。结果表明: 沈阳相较于大连地区风速随高度增加较快, 180 m高度以上风速基本保持不变, 而大连因其纬度低且靠近海洋, 300 m以下风速均匀上升。在非复杂地形情况下, 距地面10 m高度以上间隔一定高度设立4层风观测, 基本可以满足近地层风资源评估需求。受太阳辐射、下垫面、海陆热力性质差异等影响, 辽宁省风切变指数日变化特征比月变化更显著。利用小时风切变指数推算高层风速和风功率密度的方案优于采用月、年风切变指数方案。风切变指数日变化越显著, 采用逐时风切变指数推算方案越优于其他计算方案。