不同成因软土工程地质特性研究——以连云港、南京、吴江、盱眙等地四种典型软土为例

我国东部沿海和长江下游地区,地势低洼,分布广泛有第四系全新统新近沉积的软土,成因类型有滨海相、河漫滩相、湖沼相及间洼地相等软土。该地区软土厚度大、结构松散、高孔隙比,高含水量;其强度低、压缩性大,易产生流动变形。本文以这些不同成因类型的软土为例,针对其矿物成分、粒度成分、物理力学性质及其相关指标之间的关系进行了试验研究和系统分析。研究结果表明软土的成因类型及矿物成分、粒度成分、含水量控制着软土的工程地质性质。     

某公路路基填土工程地质性质研究

盱眙地区软土成因复杂,矿物成分特殊,本文通过对其矿物成分、化学成分、颗粒分析、物理指标、膨胀性、压缩性等试验研究,对该软土的工程性质取得一些认识。结果认为该类软土中粘土矿物含量高、亲水性强,填土液塑限高、有机质含量高;在含水量高时碾压成饼状,含水量低时坚硬难以破碎,不能直接做路基填料,采用常规的掺灰处理效果不理想,是一种特殊性软土。     

海口某海域软土工程特性的微观机制浅析

对琼州海峡海口海域一种软土的基本特性进行了室内试验研究。初步从帮物成分、有机质含量、物理化学性质、孔隙结构以及土颗粒间的排列方式阐述了其不良工程的微机机制，加深了对海洋软土基本性质的认识。     

基于实测的软土路基沉降时效研究

软土路基的稳定性对公路的性状与运营质量具有举足轻重的作用,它与路基的内部结构、成分、体量、外界环境有着密切的关系。通过布设边桩点、埋设沉降板、布设测斜管的方式进行沉降观测。在大量的实测数据基础上,运用回归分析原理,对软土路基的沉降时效问题进行了整体性研究,总结出环太湖流域软土路基沉降时效的经验型数学表达式。从锡澄高速公路软土路基沉降时效的预测效果来看,预测结果和实测数据较为吻合。     

高原斜坡软土地区抗滑支挡施工技术研究

高原斜坡软土是在特定的地质条件和特定的气候环境下形成的具有成分复杂性、隐蔽性、膨胀性、蠕滑性等特殊性质的软土。对建筑其上的路基工程具有明显的危害性。通过内昆铁路老锅厂－李子沟区间高原斜坡软土地区抗滑支挡施工的实践，总结分析了高原斜坡软土对路基工程的危害，研究了适合高原斜坡软土路基抗滑支挡的技术措施，从实践过程中总结提出了治软、削坡减载、降水、加强支挡的关键技术，确保了本区路段基工程的安全稳定施工。其工程案例和研究成果对类似工程具有指导意义。     

水泥加固不同地区软土的试验研究

对不同地区软土经水泥加固后的强度形成特征进行了研究。进行直接剪切试验及无侧限抗压试验测定了水泥加固土的力学指标,发现不同地区的软土经水泥加固后力学性质存在很大差异,从试样的粒度成分、有机质含量及加固后试样的微观结构特征等方面对此进行解释。结果表明,试样的粒度成分及有机质含量会对加固效果产生很大影响,黏粒含量越大,有机质含量越高,对水泥加固土强度的形成越不利。为在用水泥进行不同性质的软土加固处理时采取合理的附加措施提供了理论依据。     

黏土矿物对软土结合水特征及力学性质影响的定量分析

黏土矿物对软土结合水特征及力学性质的影响尤为重要,但国内研究多侧重于宏观物理力学性质层面。在微观层面探讨黏土矿物对软土工程性质的影响为此研究重点,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)测得各地软土的矿物成分,并用同步热分析仪对各地软土进行热重分析(TG)和微商热重法分析(DTG)。试验结果显示,软土的黏土矿物含量与其吸附水含量正相关,其中蒙脱石含量对软土吸水性影响巨大;软土的TG与DTG曲线与其所含黏土矿物类型、含量有关,失重曲线在一定程度上可以体现软土中黏土矿物类型,DTG曲线中的失重谷对软土中的矿物类型起到一定的指示作用。     

真空预压在吹填土中的加固效果及存在问题分析

围海造陆是解决土地资源短缺的重要途径,但吹填土为一种成分复杂、结构特殊的软土,真空预压是吹填软土地基加固的有效方法。本文以天津临港造修船基地一期工程为例,分析了真空预压在吹填软土地基加固中的效果及存在问题,并提出了应对措施。     

珠江三角洲软土特性与排水固结研究

文章对珠江三角洲地区软土工程地质性质进行了研究。结果表明:该地区软土物质成分主要为水族矿物,具有较大的界限含水量,且其微观结构多为絮状链接结构或粒状链接结构,同时还具有土层厚度大,含水量高,灵敏度高,孔隙比、压缩性大,抗剪强度、承载力低等特性。针对该地软土的这一性质,综合比较几种地基加固方法,提出了采用排水固结法来进行软基处理。文中对排水固结法的原理及地基沉降的计算作了简要介绍,以便为实际工程提供一定的理论依据。     

上覆压力及排水条件对吹填软土强度影响

吹填土由于其成分来源及沉积环境不同,性质千差万别。以天津海积软土为土质材料,模拟现场吹填环境,研究了吹填软土强度形成影响因素。试验表明,不同的压力及排水条件对吹填软土强度增长影响较大。当排水条件有利于土体中的水排出时,强度增长明显。上覆压力对土体强度增长的影响通过一定的排水条件得以实现,排水条件差和压力增大时,强度增长缓慢且很小,反之,强度增长快且绝对值大。     

江苏海相灵敏性软土特征研究

从近代海相地貌特征分析了江苏海相软土的形成。通过室内外试验数据的分析研究发现,该海相软土属于高含水率、高压缩性、高孔隙比、高液限、低承载力的淤泥质海相灵敏性软土。根据工程实践提出了有关海相软土加固处理的设计方法、施工技术的建议。     

基于反射波法的桩身完整性判别的神经网络模型

提出了一种基于应力波反射波法判别基桩桩身完整性的BP型神经网络模型。该模型以桩身应力波波形曲线、桩的几何尺寸和桩身混凝土波速等为网络的输入信息,预测作为网络输出信息的桩身完整性特征,如正常、缩径、扩径、离析和开裂等。通过采用多种运算改进技术,提高了网络的可行性和计算速度。对天津市软土地基中的数十根灌注桩的实测波形等资料学习和预测,取得了令人满意的精度。     

关于软土状态确定标准的讨论

软土状态是软土勘探、设计和施工中常用评价内容或依据。由于状态确定依据差异, 使结果颇多出入。     

浅层顶管施工引起的土体移动

顶管施工引起包括地面沉降和土的轴向移动在内的土的运动。 土的这些运动可能导致邻近构筑物和管线的损坏。 理论分析和现场实测都显示, 在类似于上海等地的软土地层中顶管施工, 顶管周围土的运动问题是三维的。 基于半解析数值方法的基本原理, 将轴向离散而在径向和环向选取位移函数, 构造了解析解函数。 给出了包括位移函数、刚度矩阵和荷载矩阵在内的理论分析过程, 从而建立了半解析单元法。 利用半解析单元法将顶管施工中三维土运动问题转化成一维数值计算 。 利用所建立的半解析单元法, 就软土地层中顶管工程实例计算了施工所引起的土体位移。 结果表明, 半解析元法用于计算顶管施工中顶管周围土的移动, 可以得到较为满意的结果。 由于计算所需要的单元数减少, 处理该问题所需要的时间也明显减少。 根据分析与计算结果还得到了一些有价值的结论。     

福州盆地结构性软土动阻尼比试验对比研究

以福州盆地广泛存在的3层结构性软土为研究对象,首先阐述了三者的沉积特征及常规物理力学性质,然后利用共振柱试验仪进行了一系列不同固结应力下动力试验,得到不同结构性软土在动荷载作用下的动阻尼比λ,通过数值分析给出其阻尼比λ与剪应变γ关系曲线,进而分析不同结构性软土试验结果的差异。试验结果表明:动阻尼比λ与剪应变γ关系与固结应力没有很强的相关性,在剪应变0.00001~0.01范围内三层结构性软土λ-γ曲线差异较大。试验成果为进一步了解福州盆地土层地震效应提供了可靠的数据,具有现实意义。     

Geological and geotechnical context of cover collapse and subsidence in mid-continent US clay-mantled karst

This paper presents a synthesis of geologic and geotechnical concepts to present a unified model of conditions controlling the development of cover-collapse sinkholes and associated ground subsidence. Appropriate engineering response to the hazards associated with collapse and subsidence requires a full understanding of the underlying mechanisms that produce such effects. The geotechnical characteristics of the overlying clay mantle and occurrence of the associated cover-collapse features are not random, but rather are directly tied to the underlying water flow routes and their development through time. The clay mantle and underlying epikarst are two components of a single system, each of the components influencing the other. This paper brings together these two aspects in terms of the author's personal experience and observations as a geologist, geotechnical engineer, hydrogeologist, and caver. A summary of the basic model follows. Much of the clay mantle and pinnacled upper surface of the epikarst form while surface drainage still prevails. At this stage, the karst underdrains are insufficiently developed to transport soils, although some subsidence into cutters occurs because of dissolutional rock removal. Soil arches and macropore flow routes associated with cutters have developed by this stage. As competent deep conduits extend into the area by headward linking, the cutters with the most favorable drains are linked to the conduits first and act as attractors for the development of a tributary, laterally integrated drainage system in the epikarst. Once the most efficient cutter drains become competent to transport soils, the depressed top-of-rock and ground surfaces characteristic of dolines develop. A given doline underdrain is likely to have multiple tributary drains from adjacent cutters, which vary in soil transport competence. Soil stiffness in the clay mantle over the limestone varies as a result of the pattern of stresses imposed as the underlying rock surface is lowered by dissolution and later as soil piping locally removes soils. In the absence of karst, these soils would have developed a laterally uniform, stiff to very stiff consistency. Where soil near the soil-bedrock interface is locally removed, however, the weight of the materials overlying this void is transferred to abutment zones on the pinnacles by soil arches. Local soil loading in the abutment areas of these arches would increase at least on the order of 50% in the case of an isolated cavity. In some cases, multiple closely spaced cutters whose soil arches have narrow, laterally constrained abutment zones bearing on the intervening pinnacles may produce substantially higher soil abutment stresses. If the clays in the abutment zones do not fail, they would respond to this increase in stress by consolidating: stiffening and decreasing in volume. The cutters spanned by the soil arches accumulate raveled soils that are "under-consolidated", the soft zones noted between pinnacles by Sowers. A simple integral of stresses analysis makes it obvious, however that no continuous soft zone exists. It is the transfer of load to the pinnacles through the stiffened abutment soils that allows these locally soft areas to exist. Soil stiffness profiles from borings substantiate this pattern. Cover-collapse features develop where soil transport through cutter drains is sufficient to remove the soils from beneath these arched areas. Two types of collapse have been observed: type 1 collapses have an upward-stoping open void whose rubble pile is removed by transport as fast as it is generated, producing a deep, steep-sided final collapse. In some cases, multiple voids in clusters can form with narrow abutments separating them. Large collapses may involve a progressive failure of several members of a cluster, including intervening pillars. Type 2 features are soil-filled voids limited in their rate of upward growth by the rate of soil removal, have little open void space, and migrate to the ground surface as a column of soft soils, finally producing a shallow depression. The type 2 features have geotechnical significance because of their effect on settlement under imposed loads. A single underdrain system may service both types of features, the behavior of particular voids being dependent on the relative efficiencies of their drains. This behavior can also change with time because backfilling of the underdrains with soil or flushing out of the soil filling can occur with changes in hydrologic or erosional regimes.     

杭州湘湖地区三维工程地质结构特征与分析

杭州湘湖地区为山前堆积、钱塘江冲海积与冲湖积相沉积环境,西南部软土发育,北部和东部砂性土为主,工程地质条件复杂.通过工程地质层特征、空间展布、物理力学性质和三维工程地质结构分析表明,软土中存在透镜状砂体、粉砂土中夹软土,构成较好的地下水通道和剪切滑动层.因此,在工程施工中应重点注意软土地基与砂土液化等不良工程地质问题,并建立监测预警体系,以免重大事故的发生.     

海积软土的工程地质研究现状

我国沿海地区,广泛分布着性质极为软弱的近代沉积的欠固结软土。近年来,由于经济发展及对外开放的需要,巨型的工程建筑多修筑于软土地基之上,这样就带地多复杂的工程地质及岩土工程问题,同时也促进了软土和吹填土的开发和利用以及填海造陆工程的不断发展,就目前其研究现状进行了总结和介绍。