湛江港水体夏季后向散射特性

【目的】研究湛江港水体夏季后向散射特性。【方法】利用2017年夏季湛江港海域的航次数据,采用实验与对比分析的方法,研究湛江港海域水体的后向散射系数的光谱特性、空间分布,分析后向散射系数与悬浮泥沙浓度的关系。【结果】湛江港海域水体的后向散射系数的光谱模型符合乘幂的形式,波长指数(n)为1.61。后向散射系数的空间分布呈现近岸高值,外海低值的特点。后向散射系数与悬浮泥沙浓度存在良好的线性回归关系,决定系数(R2)为0.707 2。【结论】水体的后向散射系数可用于水体悬浮泥沙浓度的遥感反演。     

海南岛近岸海域COD时空变化及其富营养化贡献

【目的】研究海南岛近岸海域表层海水化学需氧量(COD)的时空分布特征,评价COD污染水平,研究区域COD浓度与多种环境因子之间的关系。【方法】根据2016年枯水季、丰水季和平水季海南岛近岸海域表层海水现场调查资料,进行单因子指数法和综合指数法分析。【结果】海南省近岸海域表层海水COD的平均质量浓度为(0.75±0.43) mg/L,浓度范围为0.14～2.74 mg/L;COD浓度高值区主要分布在龙尾河口临近小海海域,枯水季研究海域表层海水COD污染水平高于丰水季节;COD对富营养化的贡献范围为38.2%～69.7%,平均贡献率为(51.0±5.1)%,贡献率随着富营养化指数的增加而减小;3个季节COD与盐度均存在显著负相关(P<0.01)。【结论】COD时空分布主要受陆源输入和水动力过程的影响。COD是影响海南岛近岸海域富营养化的重要因子但非决定性因子。随着富营养化程度增加,来自营养盐对富营养化贡献更为显著。     

太湖浮游藻类的后向散射分离及其叶绿素a浓度反演

浮游藻类的后向散射是水体光谱构成的重要组成部分,作为水体辐射传输模型中的重要参数,高精度的藻类后向散射系数对水体叶绿素a浓度的遥感反演精度至关重要。本文以简化的辐射传输模型-生物光学模型为基础,尝试性分离了太湖浮游藻类的后向散射系数。通过藻类后向散射规律分析,建立了浮游藻类吸收、后向散射特征的叶绿素a反演模型,改善了叶绿素a浓度的遥感反演精度。分析表明：藻类颗粒物的后向散射系数与吸收系数之间存在反比关系,且在560 nm、700 nm附近存在明显的散射峰,与叶绿素a浓度之间相关性显著;低密度藻类水体总悬浮颗粒的后向散射以非色素颗粒为主导,适合采用经典的指数模型模拟后向散射系数,而藻类密度较高的富营养化水体,水体总悬浮颗粒的后向散射以藻类颗粒为主导,传统的指数模型已不适用;采用分离藻类后向散射系数的方法,使得叶绿素a浓度的反演值与真实值相关系数从0.66提高到0.98,相对误差从55%降低到38%,均方根误差(RMSE)也由60.95 μg/L降低至13.98 μg/L。其真实性检验表明,与经典指数模型方法相比,利用藻类颗粒后向散射分离方法反演叶绿素a浓度,能够显著改善反演精度。     

黄河三角洲海岸冲淤及泥沙输运模型数值模拟分析

黄河三角洲是陆海交界地带,陆地海洋相互作用显著,泥沙所引起的岸滩演变、港口航道的淤积、水动力环境的改变等问题比较复杂。该文采用三维HEM-3D数值模型对黄河三角洲海域流场变化、盐度、悬浮泥沙浓度及海岸冲淤分布进行了潮流周期内的数值模拟分析。结果表明,黄河三角洲海域的悬浮泥沙浓度分布与潮流场变化和河口泥沙输入有密切的关系,在三角洲北部受五号桩外强潮流区的影响,近岸海底的泥沙发生明显的再悬浮,并在涨潮流向南输送,含沙量达1.5 g/L左右。在三角洲南部(现行河口区域和莱州湾区域),受现行河口入海泥沙扩散的影响显著。海域年冲淤分布,在北部废弃三角洲区域,由于海洋动力作用强烈,浅水冲刷,海底侵蚀显著,形成了明显呈沿岸展布的侵蚀中心,在侵蚀中心以外,侵蚀快速减弱。在现行河口区域,以淤积为主,在羽状流扩散的控制下,泥沙入海后向南输运,至莱州湾区域逐渐减弱。数值模拟的结果与卫星遥感解译的岸线变化基本一致,效果良好。     

水平定向钻隧道地质勘察孔岩屑运移与地层相关性研究

为准确反演勘察孔地层岩性信息、提高岩屑反演勘察孔地层岩性的准确性, 依托某隧道水平定向钻地质勘察项目, 开展了水平定向钻隧道地质勘察孔岩屑运移与地层相关性研究。研究结果表明: 依据岩屑运移速度、费祥俊临界流速理论和Larsen最小返速理论对现场岩屑运移形式的分析, 推知不同围岩岩屑颗粒在水平定向钻孔环空内的运移形式以推移为主, 少部分悬移, 且存在少量岩屑床; 在水平定向钻勘察工程现场, 钻头处产生的地层岩屑最先以悬浮运移状态随泥浆返出; 基于物料输送相关理论分析岩屑颗粒自由悬浮和运动方程, 建立了水平定向钻勘察孔岩屑悬移运移模型; 依托现场碳质板岩和石英片岩相关参数进行了岩屑运移与地层相关性分析, 分别得出完整地层和断层破碎带的岩屑运移孔壁阻力系数, 且断裂带处岩屑运移孔壁阻力系数约为非断裂带处的2.72倍; 得出不同直径钻杆工作范围内的钻孔环空岩屑最终悬浮运移速度, 建立了岩屑运移与地层的关联分析计算模型。研究结果为准确反演勘察孔地层岩性信息, 以及后续隧道的顺利施工提供了理论和数据支持。      

基于自组织网络的黄河口浑浊模式研究

传统浑浊度时空变化模式研究依靠野外观测实验,需要投入大量人力物力,模型适用范围亦非常有限。本文利用自组织网络（SOM）,直接从长时序遥感影像中提取典型浑浊模式,分析浑浊度年内、年际变化特征。以黄河河口附近海域为研究区,提取出近15年的6类典型浑浊模式。典型特征显示,研究区内主要有2个浑浊区,位于渤海湾西部和南部,以及河口外和莱州湾西北部;6类模式中四类以年为周期过渡更替,冬春季浑浊度较高,夏秋季浑浊度较低;多年浑浊模式逐渐由中浑浊向清澈模式变化,整体浑浊度有降低趋势。浑浊水体分布主要受河口潮流、环流等海洋动力和风浪影响,结合研究区气象观测数据分析,海面风浪变化是造成浑浊模式更替的主要原因,黄河入海泥沙影响范围仅局限于河口口门周边。利用统计参数分析和2007年各月悬浮泥沙浓度反演结果比较,评价SOM分类效果,结果表明SOM提取的模式间具有显著差异,一定程度上能够代替经验模型反映区域浑浊特征。SOM神经网络能够从长时序遥感影像中直接提取浑浊水体典型分布模式,分析海岸带地区水体浑浊度变化的时空特征,对了解复杂水体泥沙输运及优化水资源利用具有重要应用价值。     

南海北部渔场表层沉积物中的硫化物

为了给南海北部渔场的资源和环境保护提供基础数据,用碘量法测定了南海北部陆架区表层沉积物中硫化物含量.结果表明,全部28份样品中硫化物含量为3.3～42.2mg/kg(干重,下同),平均为12.1mg/kg,符合外海含量低的一般规律,明显低于沿岸海湾的含量,远低于日本渔业环境质量标准(200mg/kg)和安全下限值(400mg/kg).硫化物含量在测站间和不同区域间存在一定差异,南北方向呈近岸(13.1mg/kg)略高于离岸(12.1mg/kg)、离岸略高于远岸(11.1mg/kg)的梯度分布,但梯度差异不显著(p＞0.10);东西方向的分布特点是粤西海域(23.7mg/kg)＞海南岛以东(15.3mg/kg)＞台湾浅滩(9.4mg/kg)≈粤东海域(8.7mg/kg)≈珠江口外海域(8.6mg/kg).空间分布不太均匀主要是受沉积物类型的影响,与陆源硫化物输入的关系不大.     

MODIS遥感数据提取赤潮信息方法与应用——以珠江口为例

近年来,中国沿海近岸二类水体中的赤潮频发,对海洋环境、社会经济和公众健康都造成较大危害,因此,针对近岸二类水体中较小范围赤潮的遥感监测分析有重要意义。本文的工作主要集中在:(1)分析典型赤潮海水、泥沙浑浊海水、赤潮泥沙混合海水,以及清洁海水的MODIS影像光谱特征;(2)分析叶绿素a法,温度法,荧光法和波段比值法,在近岸小范围赤潮识别应用中的优势和缺点;(3)提出监督分类的赤潮信息提取方法,其中典型赤潮样本的选取基于蓝绿波段反射率比值和MODIS 1,4,3波段。利用本方法,对珠江口海域2006年2月赤潮进行了提取,取得良好的效果。     

雷州湾海域悬浮物浓度遥感监测研究

以雷州湾为研究区域,利用光谱仪进行水体遥感反射率的测量和同步水样采集分析,通过研究悬浮物质量浓度与遥感反射率之间的相关性,采用波段比值法建立了悬浮物质量浓度的遥感反演模型,并利用2011年4月11日的HY-1B数据反演了研究区域的悬浮物质量浓度,得到其空间分布图。结果表明,所建立的悬浮物遥感反演模型,仪器现场遥感值与实验室实测值的平均相对误差为14.94%。利用HY-1B数据绘制了雷州湾海域悬浮物质量浓度的空间分布图,其反映的浓度值变化有待进一步验证。     

基于反射峰面积的水体叶绿素遥感反演模拟研究

叶绿素浓度是水体富营养化状态的重要指标,也是水色遥感反演的水质参数之一。水体中叶绿素浓度的遥感反演主要是建立实测光谱和实测水质参数二者之间的关系模型,利用遥感影像进行叶绿素浓度的信息提取。传统的叶绿素浓度遥感反演受区域性和季节性的影响,反演精度不高,而且反演模型不具普适性,需对叶绿素光谱特征进行分析,建立高精度的反演模型。本文采用Hydrolight数据模拟了不同叶绿素浓度(1~200 µg·L^-1)的水体在可见光近红外的反射波谱曲线,通过分析叶绿素的光谱特征选取了特征波段或波段组合,并建立了叶绿素浓度反演模型。研究表明,除反射峰波长模型外,反射峰面积模型、三波段模型、红光线高度模型等均能较好地反演叶绿素浓度。在不同叶绿素反演模型中,除红光线模型外,最优的是反射峰面积模型,其决定系数为0.9689,反演误差为25.25 µg·L^-1;其次是三波段模型,其决定系数为0.9637,反演误差为10.66 µg·L^-1。究其原因,三波段模型考虑了水体中非色素悬浮物、黄色物质及水体后向散射对叶绿素浓度反演造成的影响;反射峰面积模型除此之外还综合考虑了叶绿素散射效率的影响。     

Experimental Research on Quantitative Inversion Models of Suspended Sediment Concentration Using Remote Sensing Technology

Research on quantitative models of suspended sediment concentration(SSC)using remote sensing technology is very important to understand the scouring and siltation variation in harbors and water channels.Based on laboratory study of the relationship between different suspended sediment concentrations and reflectance spectra measured synchronously,quantitative inversion models of SSC based on single factor,band ratio and sediment parameter were developed,which provides an effective method to retrieve the SSC from satellite images.Results show that the b1(430-500nm)and b3(670-735nm)are the optimal wavelengths for the estimation of lower SSC and the b4(780-835nm)is the optimal wavelength to estimate the higher SSC.Furthermore the band ratio B2/B3 can be used to simulate the variation of lower SSC better and the B4/B1 to estimate the higher SSC accurately.Also the inversion models developed by sediment parameters of higher and lower SSCs can get a relatively higher accuracy than the sin-gle factor and band ratio models.     

QUANTITATIVE MODELING OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN MIDDLE CHANGJIANG RIVER FROM MODIS

1INTRODUCTIONThe quality of water is traditionally determined by col-lectingwatersamplesandanalyzingthesamplesin a lab-oratory. However, sampling is very much hard sledding,time-consuming, slow and expensive, and easily in thecontrol of weather conditions, and does not include allwater areas. Satellite estimates of water quality havefound widespread application. Remote sensing instru-ments have been applied in water quality monitoringwith varying success (DANA and RICHARD, 1999;RUDD…     

The suspended sediment concentration distribution in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea

The distribution of the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea (BYECS) is studied based on the observed turbidity data and model simulation results. The observed turbidity results show that (i) the highest SSC is found in the coastal areas while in the outer shelf sea areas turbid water is much more difficult to observe, (ii) the surface layer SSC is much lower than the bottom layer SSC and (iii) the winter SSC is higher than the summer SSC. The Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) is used to simulate the SSC distribution in the BYECS. A comparison between the modeled SSC and the observed SSC in the BYECS shows that the modeled SSC can reproduce the principal features of the SSC distribution in the BYECS. The dynamic mechanisms of the sediment erosion and transport processes are studied based on the modeled results. The horizontal distribution of the SSC in the BYECS is mainly determined by the current-wave induced bottom stress and the fine-grain sediment distribution. The current-induced bottom stress is much higher than the wave-induced bottom stress, which means the tidal currents play a more significant role in the sediment resuspension than the wind waves. The vertical mixing strength is studied based on the mixed layer depth and the turbulent kinetic energy distribution in the BYECS. The strong winter time vertical mixing, which is mainly caused by the strong wind stress and surface cooling, leads to high surface layer SSC in winter. High surface layer SSC in summer is restricted in the coastal areas.     

基于超参数优化CatBoost算法的河流悬浮物浓度遥感反演

悬浮物浓度（TSM）是水生态环境评价的重要参数之一,及时掌握河流悬浮物浓度动态变化信息对于内陆水质监测、水环境治理是十分必要的。本研究基于野外实测光谱和悬浮物浓度数据,筛选与悬浮物浓度高度相关的波段组合反射率作为自变量,基于CatBoost、随机森林和多元线性回归算法构建悬浮物浓度遥感反演模型,采用带交叉验证的网格搜索法分别对CatBoost和随机森林2种机器学习模型进行超参数调优,确定模型最优参数配置,并对比不同模型反演精度,确定最优模型。基于最优模型,利用2019—2020年多时相Sentinel-2 MSI遥感影像,反演闽江下游悬浮物浓度,并分析其时空变化特征。结果表明：① b4/b3、(b6-b3)/(b6+b3)、(b4+b8)/b3、(1/b3-1/b4)×b5是MSI反演闽江下游TSM浓度的最佳波段组合反射率; ② 对比其他2种模型,基于超参数优化的CatBoost算法建立的悬浮物反演模型精度最高,其决定系数R²为0.95,均方根误差RMSE和平均绝对百分比误差MAPE分别为15.32 mg/L和19.68%; ③ 2019—2020年闽江下游悬浮物浓度分布“西低东高”,白沙至琅岐入海口呈升高趋势;④ 悬浮物浓度夏季最高,冬季和秋季次之,春季最低。本研究可为闽江下游悬浮物浓度监测及时空变化分析提供一种有效的技术手段和理论参考。     

高光谱遥感技术及其水利应用进展

面向新时期水利行业“补短板”和“强监管”的应用需求,遥感的前沿技术高光谱遥感凭借较高的光谱分辨率和图谱合一等优势,在水生态、水环境等水利行业的应用中发挥了重要作用,同时在水灾害、水资源等层面中也存在着一定的应用潜力。本文介绍了高光谱遥感的成像原理,回顾了成像光谱仪的发展,列举了目前国内外典型的高光谱载荷。重点介绍了高光谱遥感在水利行业的应用进展,包括水华及水生植物监测、水华和水草精确区分、叶绿素浓度反演、悬浮物浓度和泥沙含量定量估算等具体工作。指出高光谱遥感在实时大范围洪涝灾害应急监测、陆表水文参数定量反演等工作存在一定的发展潜力。最后对高光谱遥感在水利行业的应用存在的瓶颈问题进行总结分析并提出展望：多平台高光谱水利要素立体监测与集成技术研发;水利典型地物要素标准波谱数据库构建;水利高光谱遥感信息智能挖掘的理论方法研究。为拓宽高光谱遥感在水利应用中的研究提供参考。     

Suspended sediment concentration mapping based on the MODIS satellite imagery in the East China inland,estuarine, and coastal waters

The purpose of this research is to improve the retrieval accuracy for the suspended sediment concentration(SSC) from in situ and satellite remote sensing measurements in turbid East China estuarine and coastal waters. For this aim, three important tasks are formulated and solved: 1) an estimation of remote-sensing reflectance spectra R_(rs)(λ) after atmospheric correction; 2) an estimation of R_(rs)(λ) from the radiometric signals above the air-water surface; and 3) an estimation of SSC from R_(rs)(λ). Six different models for radiometric R_(rs)(λ) determination and 28 models for SSC versus R_(rs)(λ) are analyzed based on the field observations made in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent coastal area. The SSC images based on the above-mentioned analysis are generated for the area.     

A method for simulating sediment incipient motion varying with time and space in an ocean model(FVCOM):development and validation

We modified the sediment incipient motion in a numerical model and evaluated the impact of this modification using a study case of the coastal area around Weihai, China. The modified and unmodified versions of the model were validated by comparing simulated and observed data of currents, waves, and suspended sediment concentrations(SSC) measured from July 25~(th) to July 26~(th), 2006. A fitted Shields diagram was introduced into the sediment model so that the critical erosional shear stress could vary with time. Thus, the simulated SSC patterns were improved to more closely reflect the observed values, so that the relative error of the variation range decreased by up to 34.5% and the relative error of simulated temporally averaged SSC decreased by up to 36%. In the modified model, the critical shear stress values of the simulated silt with a diameter of 0.035 mm and mud with a diameter of 0.004 mm varied from 0.05 to 0.13 N/m~2, and from 0.05 to 0.14 N/m~2, respectively, instead of remaining constant in the unmodified model. Besides, a method of applying spatially varying fractions of the mixed grain size sediment improved the simulated SSC distribution to fit better to the remote sensing map and reproduced the zonal area with high SSC between Heini Bay and the erosion groove in the modified model. The Relative Mean Absolute Error was reduced by between 6% and 79%, depending on the regional attributes when we used the modified method to simulate incipient sediment motion. But the modification achieved the higher accuracy in this study at a cost of computation speed decreasing by 1.52%.     

Estimation of total suspended matter in the Zhujiang (Pearl) River estuary from Hyperion imagery

Although remote sensing data have been used to estimate total suspended matter (TSM) in coastal waters, it has limitations when applied to estuary waters in low spatial resolution situations. The spatial resolution of ocean color satellites such as SeaWiFS and MODIS is usually ～1 km, and therefore is not adequate for small, local-scale areas such as the Zhujiang (Pearl) River estuary. In contrast, 30 m-resolution EO-1 Hyperion imagery has potential for studying TSM in localized areas. We measured the surface spectral radiance reflectance of the river estuary water in the visible and near infra-red spectral range. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the ratio of remote sensing reflectance at 813 nm (Rrs(813)) to reflectance at 559 nm (Rrs(559)) could be used to estimate TSM concentration, and a linear relationship was established between the ratio and in-situ TSM concentration. We applied the linear relationship to Hyperion imagery to map TSM concentration in the estuary. The Hyperion imagery provided sufficient spatial resolution to detect spatiotemporal changes in TSM concentrations in the estuary small estuary area. This study demonstrated the usefulness of Hyperion imagery for mapping the distribution of TSM in estuary waters.     

基于GNSS+R裸土延迟多普勒图理论研究

侧重散射机理研究,以GPS相关函数和相关功率模型为基础,主要通过对双站雷达散射截面计算模型进行修改,得到裸土的GPS散射信号模型。其中裸土的双站圆极化雷达散射截面采用双站随机粗糙面散射模型计算得到,利用极化合成的方法使模型具备全极化计算功能。通过修改后的模型,模拟分析不同极化下裸土参数（土壤水分和地表粗糙度）对延迟多普勒图DDM（delay Doppler map）的影响。该理论模型研究有助于机载/星载GNSS-R接收机数据解释、GNSS-R实验设计以及后向反演算法的开发。同时,延迟多普勒图模型的研究结果也为GNSS+R土壤水分遥感研究提供了一定的理论依据。