Sensitivity of two psychrophilic diatoms to crude oil and fuel oil

Two pure cultures of diatoms, a Nitzschia sp. and a Chaetoceros sp., were grown at 0°C or 10°C in the presence of two crude oils and two fuel oils. The petroleum samples were absorbed onto filter paper discs and added directly to the algal cultures. In all cases the organisms were much more sensitive to the crude oils or fuel oils when growing at 0°C than at 10°C. The rate of photosynthesis measured by an oxygen electrode for Nitzschia sp. grown and tested at 0°C was not affected during 3 hours' incubation with some four times the amount of a crude oil or fuel oil that blocked growth. The experiments lead to the cautious suggestion that psychrophilic algae will prove some fivefold more sensitive than mesophilic algae to petroleum pollution.     

Dissolved free amino acids in coastal seawater using a modified fluorometric method

The method of Parsonset al. (1984) for measuring dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) in coastal seawater was modified. We found considerable interference in DFAA determination from ammonia dissolved in coastal seawater, although the interference of urea could be ignored. For DFAA analysis for coastal seawater samples, ammonia determinations for the same sample are needed to correct DFAA values. For coastal surface seawater samples from all over the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, values of DFAA ranged from undetectable to 1.87 μg-at N/l when corrected for ammonia, while uncorrected values ranged from undetectable to 2.61 μg-at N/l. DFAA, urea, nitrate+nitrite, ammonia and DON concentrations in surface seawater collected in the Seto Inland Sea were analyzed simultaneously. DFAA at four seasons constituted from 1.4 to 10.1% of DON, with a mean value of 6.5%. The concentration of urea was similar to that of DFAA and often higher than that of ammonium, although generally lower than that of nitrate.     

Effects of oil and a dispersant on intertidal organisms in field experiments with a Mesocosm,the Bremerhaven Caisson

Three medium-scale field experiments on the effects of oil, a dispersant and an oil/dispersant mixture were carried out in an intertidal mud flat ecosystem of the Wadden Sea (German Bight). For six successive tides each contaminant was added to the water enclosed in a mesocosm during submersion of the flat. The fate of the oil in the sediment and effects on phytobenthos, bacteria and macrozoobenthos were studied. Penetration of the oil into the sediment was mainly observed at the surface layer. were present when oil was chemically dispersed. Sublethal effects were found in some macrofauna species (reduced feeding activity) and in phytobenthic organisms (increased activity); oil degrading bacteria increased. No major effects were observed when the dispersant alone was added.     

横流环境中水下溢油输移扩散的实验研究

文章基于自制的组合式环形水槽（周长9.7 m、宽0.45 m、深1.0 m）,分别以阿曼原油及其消油剂混合物和淡水（含示踪剂）为模拟污染物,开展水下溢油的物理模拟实验,以浮射流输移轨迹、污染物扩散范围和油滴粒径分布为考察指标,研究横流环境和消油剂的使用对水下溢油输移扩散的影响。实验结果表明:在横流环境中,浮射流输移轨迹开始弯曲的高度随着流速的增加而降低;与淡水浮射流主要在水中输移扩散的情况不同,当污染物为原油时,大粒径油滴脱离浮射流主体并上浮至水面,导致扩散范围更大;消油剂的添加会使原油浮射流内部油滴的体积中值粒径变小,油滴粒径分布曲线向小尺寸方向偏移。实验结果可为后续的物理模拟实验和数值模拟研究提供参考。     

Parallel experiments with Thalassiosira rotula in outdoor plastic tanks: Development of dissolved free amino acids during an algae bloom

Three outdoor plastic tanks were filled with North Sea water. The water was filtered free of algae and inoculated with the diatom Thalassiosira rotula. Under nearly natural nutrient supply an exponential plankton growth occurred with realistic cell concentrations. The flexible tanks (3–4 m³, 4–5 m deep) were exposed in the German Bight at a station in the outer harbour of Helgoland. The concentration changes of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) were determined. The direct determination method applied permitted an analysis in picomole range without loss and with good reproducibility. The preliminary concentration of DFAA amounted to 0.2 μmol dm⁻³ in all three cultures, increasing during the development of T. rotula to 0.9–1.3 μmol dm⁻³ and decreasing in the stationary phase back again to smaller values. A high degree of temporal variation in DFAA was observed in all three cultures. In spite of these rapid changes in concentration, a good parallel development could be shown for all cultures, which extended as far as the spectra of the amino acids. Relationships between DFAA and other parameters of the culture-systems were examined.     

Fate of dispersed marine fuel oil in sediment under pre-spill application strategy

A comparison of the movement of dispersed oil in marine sediment under two dispersant application scenarios, applied prior to and after oil being spilled overboard, was examined. The pre-spill application scenario caused much less oil to be retained in the top sediment than post-spill scenario. The difference in oil retention in the top sediment between pre- and post-spill application scenario increased with increase in fuel oil temperature. For fuel oil above 40 °C, the difference in the effect of pre-spill application strategy under various water temperatures was negligible. When soap water was used as replacement for chemical dispersant, almost one-half as much oil was retained in the top sediment as that when using chemical dispersant. The adsorption of dispersed oil to the top sediment was almost proportionally decreased with doubling of soap dosage.     

Effects of crude oil on the supralittoral meiofauna of a sandy beach

The supralittoral zone of an open sandy beach was dosed with crude oil and changes in the meiofauna monitored. Treatments included weathered and fresh oil on the surface, fresh oil mixed with dispersant on the surface and weathered oil at the water table, all in layers 0·8 cm thick. In all cases the meiofauna was reduced 1 month after dosing but numbers had returned to normal by 5 months except in the site dosed with fresh oil mixed with dispersant. Oil on the surface had greater effects than oil at the water table; fresh oil had a greater effect than weathered oil and fresh oil with dispersant was more toxic than fresh oil alone. Nematodes were least sensitive to the oil and oligochaetes more sensitive, their numbers being correlated with oil concentrations and depth in the substrate. It is concluded that, under all but the heaviest conditions of pollution in their environment, recovery from oil contamination should occur within 5 months in the meiofauna.     

Field experiments on the effects of crude oil and dispersant on the common animals and plants of rocky sea shores

In experiments on the Somerset coast, Forties crude oil and BP 1100WD dispersant were sprayed on to small areas of the rocky shore over a period of several days to stimulate conditions following an oil spill. Detailed observations were made at monthly intervals of marked 0.1 m² quadrats within (and without) the treated areas. Some areas received oil only, others dispersant only, and the third set received oil followed by dispersant.The experiments were in two parts, the one to simulate a July incident and the other a January incident.Limpets and the small winkles living in and between empty barnacle shells were the most obviously affected organisms. The sites that received both oil and dispersant were most seriously upset, but the oil areas came next. The effect of BP 1100WD on its own as applied in this experiment was relatively slight.     

小角刺藻生长过程中溶解游离氨基酸含量在海水中的变化

于1986年12月-1987年2月在温度为25±1℃下培养小角刺藻，以HPLC法测定该藻在培养过程中海水的溶解游离氨基酸（DFAA）含量变化。结果表明，小角刺藻不仅是海水中DFAA的主要生产者，而且也是DFAA的消耗者。小角刺藻不仅在缺乏硝酸盐的时候要吸收DFAA，即使在硝酸盐充足的情况下也会吸收。在小角刺藻的生长初期，水体中DFAA的含量迅速降低，而在后期却又大大增高。在小角刺藻的不同生长阶段，水体中DFAA的组成也不同。这些都可以说明海洋中DFAA的含量、组成和地区分布是密切地同浮游植物群落的繁殖消亡过程相关联的。     

不同海洋微藻对石油污染的响应差异

微藻对油污染物的不同响应,势必造成其群落种类组成和结构的变化,进一步影响海洋生态系统的变迁。由于油污染对于浮游植物的影响具有污染源及生物响应的多样性、多维度性和复杂性,产生影响的时效长但可显示度低等特点,造成该研究领域的极大限制。作者以石油标准品20-3和3种石油化学品(双酚、对苯二甲酸、对二甲苯)作为油污染源,利用多孔板高通量检测方法及大数据处理分析软件Simca-P,对中国沿海常见单种微型藻类的种群消长受油污染影响进行了研究。以石油标准品20-3为油污染源,分析了31株微藻增殖对不同油标浓度的不同响应;利用Simca-P软件对3种不同浓度的石油化学品对4种典型微藻(柔弱角刺藻(Chaetoceros debilis)、球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、剧毒卡罗藻(Karlodinum veneficum))增殖的影响进行了比较分析。研究结果显示:不同种类微藻因油污种类及其浓度不同,其响应存在显著差异。利用多孔板以及微藻的吸光特征,可以高通量快速筛查不同微藻对不同油污及其不同浓度的响应差异,并利用计算机软件对大数据的分析能力,挖掘和比较不同微藻与不同油污之间的相互关系,从而就油污染对微藻影响这种多维度复杂关系进行研究。