基于正交设计的红层软岩改良土压缩模量试验研究

西部地区大型基础性工程项目日益增多,为处理工程开挖出的大量土方,减少工程造价和实现绿色发展的目标,通过对红层软岩改良土进行试验研究,评价其作为路基回填料的可行性.以西北某地铁深基坑项目为依托,首先通过对不同黄土和水泥掺比下红层软岩改良土进行正交试验研究,其次对该改良土压缩模量的影响因素进行分析,并给出最佳配合比,最后对...     

采用物探技术进行路基挡土墙质量检测的研究与应用

随着新建高等级铁路、公路的不断增多，挡土墙在路基工程中所占的比例也越来越大。对挡土墙工程进行快速、准确、无损的检测，是确保工程质量至关重要且亟待解决的问题。为了有效地解决这一问题，我们探索采用物探技术进行路基挡土墙质量检测，并为此进行了大量试验、研究和实测工作，目前这一技术已经取得了较好实用效果。     

多年冻土区道路工程病害类型及特征研究

多年冻土及多年冻土区恶劣的环境给工程构筑物的建设及维护带来了极大的挑战。以青藏工程走廊内的青藏公路、青藏铁路两大道路工程为研究对象,系统论述了其路基工程、桥梁工程、涵洞工程的主要病害类型及分布特征。现场调查显示,青藏公路80%的路基病害由多年冻土融沉所引起,主要表现为严重的不均匀沉降变形和纵向裂缝,且主要发生在高填方路基上。这两种病害与多年冻土地温及含冰量密切相关,地温越高,含冰量越大,病害越为严重。青藏公路桥梁工程的病害主要集中在附属工程及上部结构上,而涵洞工程病害则主要由冻胀、融沉作用、泥石流淤积、冰塞以及施工原因导致。青藏铁路沿线现场监测及调查结果表明,目前铁路路基病害主要为高温冻土区普通路基的（不均匀）沉降变形、纵向裂缝、路桥过渡段沉降变形、风沙灾害及块碎石材料风化引起的冷却路基结构失效等。此外,青藏工程走廊内广泛分布着包括冻胀丘、冰椎、冰幔、热融湖塘等不良冻土地质现象,当上述不良地质现象与工程接近时,会对道路工程的稳定性造成威胁,严重时可导致一些工程病害的发生。     

纤维增强复合材料(FRP)加固混凝土柱的性能研究进展

纤维增强复合材料(FRP)以其高强轻质、耐腐蚀、耐疲劳、施工便捷和不增加构件尺寸等诸多优点备受土木工程界的关注。本文根据现有资料,从材料性能、截面形式、试验研究和施工工艺等几个方面,对纤维复合材料加固混凝土柱的研究现状进行了评述。最后,对实际工程应用提出了一些建议。     

桥面铺装低掺聚丙烯纤维混凝土耐久性试验与分析

试验研究以本地化的材料,针对寒区桥面铺装这一特殊应用领域要求进行低掺聚丙烯纤维混凝土配合比设计及优选。然后对不同掺入量组成的低掺聚丙烯纤维混凝土的冻融循环、冻融-氯盐共同作用下的耐久性试验研究,并对试验结果进行分析评价。     

基于试验的多年冻土典型路基形变研究

多年冻土塑性形变特性是理解其应力响应性态及过载退化的关键,也是近年来冻土工程和岩土工程学科研究领域的热点问题。基于三轴试验测得9%、12%和15%含水量条件下-1℃、-2℃多年冻土弹性模量、黏聚力和内摩擦角等土层物理力学参数,建立典型铁路路基模型,分析天然地震荷载作用下多年冻土区铁路路基在温度升高、强度退化作用下的塑性形变规律。结果表明：随着温度升高冻土强度退化,-1℃的塑性形变大于-2℃各坡脚、路基中心处的塑性形变;左右坡脚处塑性形变具有对称性分布规律;典型铁路路基试验土层地温由-2℃升高到-1℃,9%含水量试验土层塑性应变左坡脚放大3.5倍、右坡脚放大4.9倍,12%含水量试验土层塑性应变左坡脚放大1.6倍、右坡脚放大2.5倍。多年冻土退化条件下12%含水量的试验土层表现出良好的稳定性,在同等受力条件下塑性变形增长最小。     

核电工程钢板混凝土结构抗震性能试验与计算分析

<正>钢板混凝土结构作为一种新型结构,也作为模块化施工的重要手段,已在核电工程建设中开始应用,核电工程的钢板混凝土结构动力反应特性及抗震性能成为国内某核电工程结构设计施工中必须研究解决的关键技术。由于缺乏针对核电工程中钢板混凝土结构设计的专门技术规范,许多国家的监管机构对核电工程中钢板混凝土结构的设计依据提出质疑。本文以屏蔽厂房中的钢板混凝土结构为研究对象,通过试验研究、数值模拟和理论分析,研究了核     

引洮工程15~#饱和黄土隧洞主要病害及防治措施

以甘肃省引洮工程总干渠15#引水隧洞施工实践为例,分析了隧洞所在标段饱和黄土的主要工程地质条件,着重研究了在隧洞施工过程中遇到的围岩塌方、拱架变形、涌水等不良地质现象并提出了预防和处理措施,并且通过对桩号为105+166安装的围岩变形观测试验数据分析得到了饱和黄土隧洞变形的一般规律,为施工中何时进行二次支护提供科学的依据。     

苗家坝面板堆石坝材料动力特性试验研究

在清华大学2 000 kN大型静/动三轴试验机上进行了苗家坝水电站砼面板堆石坝筑坝材料的大型三轴动力特性试验,包括动剪切模量与阻尼比试验、动残余变形特性试验、动强度试验等。基于试验结果分析了坝料的动力变形规律,为该工程的应力变形计算和设计施工提供了试验依据。     

循环荷载作用下硫酸盐渍土路基动力特性试验研究

以朔黄重载铁路某区段硫酸盐渍土路基为研究对象,基于GCTS空心圆柱扭剪仪,模拟重载列车运营时正向和水平向循环应力耦合的荷载条件,研究硫酸盐渍土路基在往复荷载作用下的动力特性。试验结果表明,循环围压限制了路基土体变形,使盐渍土累积应变发展速率减小,回弹模量增大;同时路基土体累积应变和回弹特性受循环偏应力影响,随循环偏应力幅值的增大,累积应变增大,回弹模量减小,在较大偏应力幅值下,回弹模量在加载早期下降明显,土体结构破坏较大,实际工程中应增加路基的侧向约束,以提高路基土体的稳定,限制盐渍土路基沉降,同时应严格控制重载列车的载重;试验存在临界加载间歇,累积应变的发展规律在间歇前后差异较大,并随加载间歇的延长而降低,基于此,在实际应用中,应根据重载列车型号的不同,适当控制车速。对试验结果进行拟合,得到了累积应变随循环振次的发展模型,为预测和防治硫酸盐渍土路基沉降提供理论依据。     

Quantifying the altered hydrologic connectivity of forest roads resulting from decommissioning and relocation

The decommissioning of roads is occurring in many forest environments with the aim of reducing the negative impacts of road runoff on water quality and aquatic habitat. Works associated with decommissioning are expensive so prior assessment of the outcomes of various options is merited. This paper presents a method of quantifying the degree to which a road is hydrologically connected to the stream network and thus the likely impacts of constructing a road of different configurations upon water quality. The method permits comparisons between different road network management options and is useful for assessing the likely result of decommissioning works. Emphasis is placed on quantifying the uncertainty of key performance measures. The procedures developed here are an extension of the probabilistic ‘volume to breakthrough’ model recently formulated by Australian water quality researchers and allow the quantification of road/stream connectivity without the need for extensive parameterization. To demonstrate its utility, the model was applied to an actual road decommissioning and replacement project in southeast Australia. Road areas and drainage outlets were surveyed in the field and flow paths to streams derived from a 1 metre resolution LiDAR based digital elevation model. The results demonstrate that the actual road decommissioning examined in this case was unlikely to reduce runoff to the stream network and that the overall impact of the works in conditions of design storms are likely to result in a net reduction in stream water quality. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某湖滨路拓宽改造工程的稳定性分析及处理方案研究

针对某湖滨路的拓宽改造工程,选取地基土层最不利的断面进行数值模拟,并采用强度折减法研究其整体稳定性。数值分析结果表明,加宽后的新路基稳定性较差,安全储备不能满足要求,需要采取加固措施。对初步设计提出的仅采用土工格栅和采用土工格栅＋水泥搅拌桩这两种不同加固处理方案进行了数值分析。计算结果表明,相比仅采用土工格栅,采用土工格栅＋水泥搅拌桩进行软基处理可以有效地减小不均匀沉降、提高路堤的整体稳定性。本文的实例研究可供类似工程参考和借鉴。     

Wildfire effects on road surface erosion,deposition, and road–stream connectivity

High and moderate severity wildfires should increase sediment production from unpaved roads due to the increased surface runoff from upslope, and increase road–stream connectivity due to the decrease in downslope surface roughness as well as the increase in surface runoff and erosion. Because no study has documented these effects, we surveyed road surface erosion features and quantified road–stream connectivity as a function of fire severity and road segment characteristics. The data were collected one year after the High Park wildfire from 141 hydrologically distinct road segments along 6.8 km of an unpaved road west of Fort Collins, Colorado. Road segments below areas burned at high and moderate severity had significantly more rills than road segments below areas that burned at low severity. Road segment slope was an important control on the proportion of segment length with rills, and the strength of the relationship between road segment slope and the amount of rilling increased with burn severity. Flatter road segments tended to capture the sediment eroded from upslope burned areas. In areas burned at high and moderate severity all of the road segments had drainage features extending to a stream, and 78% of the segments in areas burned at low severity also were connected. These exceptionally high rates of road–stream connectivity are attributed to the increased runoff from upslope, the segment‐scale collection and funneling of hillslope and road surface runoff to a single drainage point, and the reduced infiltration and trapping capacity of the burned area below the road. The results show the need to either outslope the roads or increase the frequency of constructed drainage features after wildfires, particularly for steeper road segments in areas burned at high or moderate severity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identifying the spatial pattern and importance of hydro‐geomorphic drainage impairments on unpaved roads in the northeastern USA

Roads have been widely studied as sources of runoff and sediment and identified as pollutant production sources to receiving waters. Despite the wealth of research on logging roads in forested, upland settings, little work has been conducted to examine the role of extensive networks of rural, low‐volume, unpaved roads on water quality degradation at the catchment scale. We studied a network of municipal unpaved roads in the northeastern US to identify the type and spatial extent of ‘hydro‐geomorphic impairments’ to water quality. We mapped erosional and depositional features on roads to develop an estimate of pollutant production. We also mapped the type and location of design interventions or best management practices (BMPs) used to improve road drainage and mitigate water quality impairment. We used statistical analyses to identify key controls on the frequency and magnitude of erosional features on the road network, and GIS to scale up from the survey results to the catchment scale to identify the likely importance of unpaved roads as a pollutant source in this setting. An average of 21 hydro‐geomorphic impairments were mapped per kilometer of road, averaging 0.3 m³ in volume. Road gradient and slope position were key controls on the occurrence of these features. The presence of BMPs effectively reduced erosion frequency. Scaled up to the watershed and using a conservative estimate of road–stream connectivity, our results for the Winooski River watershed in the northeastern US suggest that roughly 16% and 6% of the average annual sediment and phosphorus flux, respectively, of the Winooski River may be derived from unpaved roads. Our study identifies an under‐appreciated source of water quality degradation in rural watersheds, provides insights into identifying ‘hot spots’ of pollutant production associated with these networks, and points to effectiveness of design interventions in mitigating these adverse impacts on water quality. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil and water conservation measures improve soil carbon sequestration and soil quality under cashews

Land degradation is becoming a serious problem in the west coast region of India where one of the world's eight biodiversity hotspots,the‘Western Ghats’,is present.Poor land management practices and high rainfall have led to increasing problems associated with land degradation.A long-term(13-year)experiment was done to evaluate the impact of soil and water conservation measures on soil carbon sequestration and soil quality at three different depths under cashew nut cultivation on a 19%slope.Five soil and water conservation measures-continuous contour trenches,staggered contour trenches,halfmoon terraces,semi-elliptical trenches,and graded trenches all with vegetative barriers of Stylosanthes scabra and Vetiveria zizanoides and control were evaluated for their influence on soil properties,carbon sequestration,and soil quality under cashews.The soil and water conservation measures improved significantly the soil organic carbon,soil organic carbon stock,carbon sequestration rate and microbial activity compared to the control condition(without any measures).Among the measures tested,continuous contour trenches with vegetative barriers outperformed the others with respect to soil organic carbon stock,sequestration rate,and microbial activity.The lower metabolic quotient with the measures compared to the control indicated alleviation of environmental stress on microbes.Using principal component analysis and a correlation matrix,a minimum dataset was identified as the soil available nitrogen,bulk density,basal soil respiration,soil pH,acid phosphatase activity,and soil available boron and these were the most important soil properties controlling the soil quality.Four soil quality indices using two summation methods(additive and weighted)and two scoring methods(linear and non-linear)were developed using the minimum dataset.A linear weighted soil quality index was able to statistically differentiate the effect of soil and water conservation measures from that of the control.The highest value of the soil quality index of 0.98 was achieved with continuous contour trenches with a vegetative barrier.The results of the study indicate that soil and water conservation measures for cashews are a potential strategy to improve the soil carbon sequestration and soil quality along with improving crop productivity and reducing the erosion losses.     

Influence of construction deficiencies on the seismic response of structures

The quality of construction is one of the main factors that affect the seismic vulnerability of structures. The damage observations of modern buildings after almost all recent earthquakes report cases of poor quality of materials, inadequate detailing of reinforcement and absence of capacity design principles. Looking at the modern codes for seismic design, which rely on high behaviour factor supplies, the assessment of the effects of poor quality of execution in otherwise well‐conceived and well‐designed structures becomes an important problem. This paper presents an experiment‐based estimation of the seismic response of a cast‐in‐situ one‐storey industrial reinforced concrete frame designed according to Eurocodes. The influence of the quality of construction is estimated by consideration of two models of the experimental prototype: a structure erected under strict measures for control of the quality of execution, and a structure erected with normal measures for control of the quality of execution which resulted in significant deficiencies in the practical arrangement of the reinforcement. On the basis of the experimental data the ductility and behaviour factor supplies of the two structures are estimated. Quantitative expressions for the influence of the quality of construction on the first yield displacement, ultimate storey displacement, maximum base‐shear force and behaviour factor supply are provided. Recommendations for the refinement of modern seismic design codes, particularly Eurocode 8, to take into account the quality of construction are given. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of truck traffic and road water content on sediment delivery from unpaved forest roads

A study investigated the effect of truck‐traffic intensity and road water‐content on the quality of runoff water from unsealed forest roads. Three sections of a gravel‐surfaced forest road were instrumented and exposed to low and high levels of truck traffic during wet winter conditions and dry summer conditions between July 2001 and December 2002. Rainfall, runoff, road moisture, and traffic were measured continuously, and suspended and bedload sediments were integrated measurements over 2‐week site‐service intervals. The median suspended sediment concentration from the three road segments under low truck‐traffic conditions (less than nine return truck passes prior to a storm) was 269 mg l^?1, increasing 2·7‐fold to a median of 725 mg l^?1 under high truck‐traffic conditions (greater than or equal to nine return truck passes prior to a storm). These concentrations, and increases due to traffic, are substantially less than most previously reported values. When these data are expressed as modified universal soil loss equation (MUSLE) erodibility values K, accounting for differences in rainfall energy, site characteristics and runoff, high traffic resulted in a road surface that was four times more erodible than the same road under low traffic conditions. Using multiple regression, traffic explained 36% of the variation in MUSLE erodibility, whereas road water content was not significant in the model. There was little difference in the erodibility of the road when trafficked in low water‐content compared with high water‐content conditions (MUSLE K values of 0·0084 versus 0·0080 respectively). This study shows that, for a good quality well‐maintained gravel forest road, the level of truck traffic affects the sediment concentration of water discharging from the road, whereas the water content of the road at the time of that traffic does not (note that traffic is not allowed during runoff events in Victoria). These conclusions are conditional upon the road being adequately maintained so that trafficking does not compromise the lateral drainage of the road profile. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variation Characteristics of Mercury in Speciation during Road Runoff for Different Rainfall Patterns

Mercury (Hg) concentration was investigated during 2010 based on road runoff from Nanjing Ring Highway, China. The emphasis was placed on impact of rainfall characteristics on Hg speciation concentration, and on variation characteristics of Hg speciation during road runoff for different rainfall patterns. Results indicated that average concentration of total mercury (THg) was in the range from 0.472 to 1.304 µg/L, and steady Hg (SHg) was the dominant form of Hg. Rainfall and average rainfall intensity were two important factors of determining Hg speciation concentrations during road runoff for different rainfall patterns. Rainfall pattern had significantly influence on variation of available Hg and dissolved Hg during road runoff, and on their proportions in THg. However, the proportion of SHg in THg was not obviously affected by rainfall pattern. On the other hand, toxic degree of Hg to soil environment is various for different rainfall patterns, based on Hg speciation variation.     

不同生态修复措施下太湖西五里湖沉积物氮磷形态的时空分布

以太湖西五里湖为研究对象,研究了生态修复工程实施两年后,疏浚区、疏浚并水生植被重建示范区、退渔还湖区及对照区沉积物中氮、磷形态的季节变化及垂直分布特征,同时分析了各区上覆水的氮磷含量.结果表明:生态修复措施的实施对沉积物中氮磷形态分布及上覆水的氮磷含量影响显著.示范区和退渔还湖区水体中氮磷含量较低;沉积物中不同磷形态的垂直分布变化较复杂;疏浚基础上进行的水生植被重建对Lab-P、Al-P、Fe-P的吸收作用显著,对Ca-P、Org-P的影响较小;退渔还湖区沉积物磷形态以Ca-P、Org-P为主,Fe-P所占比例较低,与疏浚区不同.生态修复措施对沉积物中TN的影响较小;示范区NH 4 -N含量在秋季突增,可能与植物残体形成的有机质的分解有关.疏浚区水体中氮磷含量与对照区差别不大,沉积物中TN的平均含量还略高于对照区,因此单一的疏浚措施对水环境改善的长期作用需要进一步研究.而示范区水体及沉积物中的TN、TP含量均比较低,水生植被恢复较好,可见在减少外来污染的前提下,对湖区底泥进行疏浚并开展水生植被恢复工程应该是控制湖泊富营养化的有效途径.     

Contribution of intercepted subsurface flow to road runoff and sediment transport in a logging‐disturbed tropical catchment

Hydrological and sediment fluxes were monitored for a 1 yr period in a tropical headwater catchment where a 3 yr old logging road caused substantial Hortonian overland flow (HOF) and intercepted subsurface flow (ISSF). On a 51·5 m road section, ISSF became an increasingly important component of total road runoff, up to more than 90% for large storms. The proportion of ISSF contributed by road cuts along more or less planar slopes compared with ISSF from a zero‐order basin (convergent slopes) truncated by the road declined with increasing rainfall. During the monitored storms that generated ISSF along the road, on average, 28% of sediment export and 79% of runoff from the road section were directly attributable to ISSF. Estimates of total sediment export from the road surface (170 t ha^?1 yr^?1) and suspended sediment export from the logging‐disturbed catchment (4 t ha^?1 yr^?1) were exceptionally high despite 3 yr of recovery. ISSF caused not only additional road‐generated sediment export, but also exacerbated HOF‐driven erosion by creating a poor foundation for vegetation recovery on the road surface. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.