FY-4A产品在秦巴山区对流天气中的应用分析

以秦巴山区一次强对流天气过程为例,分析中国新一代静止气象卫星FY-4A多种产品的特征,揭示FY-4A产品在山区复杂地形下,应用于当地对流检测的效果。结果表明：FY-4A的云顶高度、云顶温度产品可以反映出对流初生、平移和成熟的特征,而云高、云温变率效果更加明显,还能有效区分对流成熟和减弱;FY-4A的对流初生产品和闪电产品没有检测到这次强对流天气,只有在对流云水平尺度较大、与环境背景对比明显时才有显示;FY-4A的云顶高度、云顶温度产品及其变率可以作为秦巴山区本地化对流检测和短时强降水预警的支持数据。     

商洛一次致灾短时强降水中尺度特征及预报预警分析

利用常规气象观测资料、陕西地面加密气象站监测资料、FY-4A卫星红外云图、商洛多普勒雷达及多家数值模式预报产品,从提高预报预警、防灾减灾能力角度出发,对2020年5月4日商洛一次致灾性短时强降水天气的中尺度特征进行分析,总结有益的预报着眼点.结果表明:4日午后商洛北部下垫面加热不均形成高温、负变压中心,500 hPa冷...     

2016年吉林省“7•26”暴雨天气综合分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、FY-2G卫星云图、多普勒C波段天气雷达以及吉林省区域自动站和加密自动站资料,运用统计分析和天气动力学诊断方法,综合分析2016年7月25—26日吉林省暴雨天气过程,此次暴雨和大暴雨落区位于吉林省四平东部、辽源、吉林和通化北部,此次暴雨过程出现东北冷涡天气背景下,25日14—22时的短时强降水由东北冷涡前部局地对流活动的加强触发中尺度对流系统(MCS)生成。500 hPa为两脊一槽形势,受西太平洋副热带高压阻挡,东北冷涡较为稳定,吉林省位于东北冷涡前沿的西南气流中,850 hPa西太平洋副热带高压西侧的西南急流直达吉林省中南部,在其北端产生西南—东南向暖锋式切变,并与地面黄河气旋暖锋区相对应。在地面中尺度辐合线、地形抬升触发下,造成中尺度对流,形成短时强降水。通过FY-2G卫星相当黑体温度(TBB)产品分析,发现吉林省上空TBB低于-52℃时,就会产生短时强降水,而TBB高于-48℃则MCS趋于消失;此次强降水的新一代C波段天气雷达回波具有较明显的强回波低质心结构特征,降水效率较高,持续时间短,但达到短时强降水标准。卫星TBB产品和雷达监测可为以后吉林省东北冷涡暴雨定时、定点暴雨预警提供依据。     

驻马店市暴雨天气监测预警系统研究

在分析暴雨天气过程形成的环流形势、物理量场、卫星云图特征及雷达回波特征的基础上,建立了驻马店市暴雨天气监测预警系统.该系统主要包括短期、短时、临近3种预报(预警)时效,低涡、切变、低槽、台风4类影响系统共12套预报(预警)模型.经2005-2008年应用,暴雨短时预报准确率达87.1%.     

一组雷达预警指标在2013年短时强降水中的应用分析

利用一组雷达阈值指标,对2013年四川盆地发生的5次区域性暴雨过程中的短时强降雨进行检验和订正,结果表明,(1)无论针对具体的站点,还是区域面上的短时强降水,预警指标对预警短时强降水是可行的,且预警时效在0~2h内效果较佳。(2)SWAN产品中分析显示,要产生20mm/h以上的短时强降水,满足预警指标的回波需要监测到3个6min以上,通常强回波持续越长,对应的雨量也越大。(3)针对降水面上的预警准确率除2013年7月04日15时的成功预警率在57.1%左右,其余过程中预警指标对未来1h短时强降雨的预警成功率基本在80%以上,误报率基本在20%以下,在误报的站点中,SWAN拼图中回波与单站雷达探测的回波,尤其是在低仰角度上存在较大误差。     

都匀雷达ROSE2.0一次强对流天气过程应用检验

针对黔南州2022年4月24日午后到夜间的一次强对流天气过程,利用实况资料和都匀雷达ROSE2.0在短时强降水、冰雹、雷暴大风方面的监测和预警产品对比检验,结合本地短时临近预报业务应用效果分析,发现：受地形影响都匀雷达ROSE2.0估计降水在大雨以下量级表现较好,但对暴雨以上量级估计值偏小,没有明显短时强降水报警体现,本地化应用门限值降低约3成左右设置更为合理;都匀雷达ROSE2.0对冰雹预警落区指示和命中率较高,但时间提前量平均仅9分钟,对雷暴大风预警仍然有难度,剖面图分析能更好地识别雷暴大风指标。另外,雷达ROSE2.0软件强天气预警算法得到进一步优化,应融入一体化平台等快速支撑预警业务应用。     

基于SWAP平台的新疆中尺度对流系统判识及应用

利用近10 a FY-2系列红外云图资料、MICAPS常规资料、新疆105个基本气象观测站逐小时降水量资料,参考国内外中尺度对流系统(MCS)标准,给出了新疆区域MCS判识标准。统计分析新疆35次短时强降水过程的MCS空间分布及参数演变特征,总结新疆不同区域MCS预警阈值。基于卫星天气应用平台(SWAP)平台追踪检验短时强降水对应MCS特征参数变化,表明新疆MCS的TBB预警阈值下限偏低4℃,上限偏高2~4℃;天山山区、南疆偏西地区的TBB梯度为0.3℃·km~(-1),北疆偏西、巴州北部与我国中东部一致。短时强降水发生在引导气流方向靠近暖区一侧的冷云盖边缘TBB梯度最大处,TBB梯度图对云团发展变化表现更清楚。基于SWAP平台定位追踪对流云团对下游可能发生的强降水有2~6 h预警时效,且30 min外推预报与实况基本一致,对新疆强降水短临预报预警有一定的指示意义。     

FY-4卫星资料在青藏高原地区积雪判识和雪深反演中的应用

青藏高原积雪监测在地球辐射平衡、全球气候变化和生态环境等方面有重要作用,对气候预测、雪灾预测等具有重要意义。FY-4(风云4号)卫星数据具有高时空分辨率的优势,基于FY-4A(风云4号A星)构建积雪监测方法与模型,不仅拓展了静止卫星应用领域,也丰富了积雪监测应用的手段。FY-4的高时间分辨率为积雪监测的研究提供了分钟级数据,对积雪与云的变化掌握的更为细致,但用于积雪监测的波段,因分辨率不高容易导致错判与漏判。本文基于2020年小时级野外地面雪深观测数据、风云3号D星积雪覆盖产品(FY-3D_SNC)数据,构建了基于归一化积雪指数(Normalized Difference Snow Index,NDSI)的FY-4A卫星积雪判识方法,提出了雪深监测模型与等级划分指标。结果表明:NDSI≥0.20是青藏高原地区FY-4A卫星积雪判识的适用阈值,无论有云或无云条件,其漏判率均低于8.0%。地面站点验证结果表明,积雪判识准确率达83.33%以上。空间范围内直接剔除云区后,积雪判识经混淆矩阵验证准确率在82.48%以上。因此,FY-4A卫星在青藏高原地区具有积雪监测的能力。虽然FY-4A卫星对超过10 cm以上雪深不具备区分能力,但可以较好地识别10 cm以下浅雪雪深,相关系数达到0.745,通过了0.001显著性水平检验。据此建立的FY-4A卫星0~10 cm雪深等级指标,总体分级精度达到87.50%。FY-4A卫星雪深反演方法在青藏高原地区对0~10 cm浅雪雪深有较好的估算能力。     

FY-4A AGRI热红外通道辐射定标的精确外场评估

Fengyun-4A(FY-4A)卫星是2016年12月11日发射的我国新一代对地静止气象卫星,它配备了先进的成像仪和测深仪,可提供高时空和光谱分辨率的探测信息,用于天气气候相关的监测、预警和预报。多通道扫描成像辐射计(AGRI)是FY-4A卫星平台挂载的关键辐射成像仪器,重点用于云观测,并利用高时间分辨率的特征进行天气过程追踪。AGRI的红外辐射通道具有全光路的星上红外定标系统,与FY-2上的红外可见自旋扫描辐射计(VISSR)相比,无论在定量标定、成像速度和空间分辨率方面均有了显著改善。FY-4A AGRI的在轨运行状态和星上辐射定标水平的精确评估,对红外通道产品应用具有重大意义。     

强冰雹和短时强降水天气雷达特征及临近预警

利用恩施多普勒雷达和常规分析资料,详细对比分析了2007-2008年发生在恩施山区强冰雹和短时强降水天气过程中的雷达产品特征.在此基础上,找出了适合恩施山区强冰雹和短时强降水天气的雷达临近预警指标:选取负温区回波厚度≥7 km、CR强中心回波强度≥55 dBz、强回波梯度≥15 dBz·km-1、45 dBz强回波伸展高度≥7.5 km、累积液态含水量(VIL)密度≥3.2 g·m-3和雷达风廓线1.8～6.1 km风垂直切变均值≥2.3×10-3s-1作为强冰雹临近预警指标;当满足组合反射率(CR)强中心回波强度、VIL密度、40 dBz强回波伸展高度和雷达风廓线(VWP)上1.8～6.1 km风垂直切变值达43.0 dBz,1.1 g·m-3,7.0 km和1.9×10-3s-1,可以考虑该站点及附近地区进入短时强降水临近预警状态,并利用2009年发生的强冰雹和短时强降水天气过程检验了这些临近预警指标性能.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.