渭河干流和秦岭北麓典型支流底栖动物群落结构及水质生物评价

为摸清渭河干流及源于秦岭北麓典型支流的大型底栖动物群落特征,本研究于2017年10月和2018年5月对渭河干流及秦岭北麓5条典型支流共40个样点的大型底栖动物进行调查,并利用Margalef丰富度指数和生物指数BI生物指数对河流水质进行评价.共鉴定大型底栖动物210种,属于5门8纲75科187属.水生昆虫为优势类群,其物种数占总物种数的89.0%,且四节蜉属一种（Baetis sp.）作为绝对优势的物种出现在所有调查河流中.源于秦岭北麓的支流石头河底栖动物总密度最高（616.3 ind./m²）,总生物量最大（5.265 g/m²）;而渭河干流底栖动物总密度最低（125.6 ind./m²）,总生物量最小（0.289 g/m²）.水质较好的秦岭北麓典型支流底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数显著高于渭河干流,而Pielou均匀度指数在干支流间的差异性不大.通过Pearson相关分析和多元逐步回归分析得出,淤泥型底质、电导率、pH和硝酸盐氮是影响调查河流底栖动物群落特征的主导因子.丰富度指数法和生物指数法水质评价结果分别显示,渭河干流有73.3%和80.0%的采样点呈中度-重度污染状态,秦岭北麓典型支流有80.0%和68.0%的采样点呈无污染-轻度污染状态.本研究可为渭河流域生态管理与保护提供基础的数据支撑.     

无定河流域不同水土流失区底栖动物生物完整性指数构建与健康评价

无定河流域位于黄土高原与毛乌素沙地过渡带,水土流失严重,生态环境具有脆弱性和波动性。于2021年春季(4月)和秋季(10月)对无定河流域上、中、下游及其6条支流和流域内的3个淤地坝开展水生态系统调查,旨在厘清无定河流域底栖动物群落特征,构建底栖动物生物完整性指数并开展健康评价。无定河流域春季共采集到底栖动物105种,平均密度为181 ind./m²,平均生物量为0.760 g/m²,秋季共采集到底栖动物67种,平均密度为94 ind./m²,平均生物量为0.454 g/m²。通过对两季度研究区域内底栖动物27个生物参数开展分布范围检验、判别能力分析和相关性分析,构建无定河流域底栖动物生物完整性指数,对全流域40个样点(6个参照点和34个受损点)进行B-IBI健康评价。评价结果表明,总体上无定河流域底栖动物生物完整性较好,40个样点中春季有19个处于健康或亚健康状态,秋季有23个处于健康或亚健康状态,其中无定河上、中游干支流大都以健康和亚健康为主,无定河下游干支流以及3个淤地坝水体健康状况较差。在不同水土流失类型区域,底栖动物群落特征和生物完整性评价具有显著性差异。本研究结果可为无定河流域河流健康评估提供科学依据。     

应用底栖动物完整性指数评价太湖生态健康

依据2010年春季至2012年秋季,太湖32个样点的底栖动物和环境变量共11次的季节性调查结果,采用干扰程度最小系统法定义构建底栖动物生物完整性指数的参照系统,提出了确定参照系统的4个基本条件,进而按非湖心区和湖心区两个生态区分别构建太湖底栖动物完整性指数(LTB-IBI).通过对候选生物参数的分布范围筛选、判别能力分析、与理化因子的相关性和参数间的冗余分析,获得了非湖心区LTB-IBI的4个构成指数:总分类单元数、Simpson多样性指数、前3位优势单元%和BMWP指数,以及湖心区LTB-IBI的5个构成指数:总分类单元数、Simpson多样性指数、甲壳+软体分类单元数、前3位优势单元%和BMWP指数.采用比值法统一构成指数量纲,分别构建了非湖心区和湖心区LTBIBI指数,评价太湖水生态健康的等级.2010-2012年,太湖生态健康总体上呈现逐步提升的趋势.影响太湖底栖动物完整性的重要环境变量是水体中的氮含量.研究表明,连续观察数据可较大程度上提高太湖LTB-IBI指数的可靠性和评价结果的合理性.     

应用底栖动物完整性指数评价滇池流域入湖河流生态系统健康

采用底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)评价滇池流域入湖河流健康状况.根据滇池流域38个样点(9个参照点,29个干扰点)于2009年丰水期和2010年平水期采得的大型底栖动物数据,对19个生物参数进行分布范围、Spearman相关性和判别能力分析,确定构成滇池流域底栖动物生物完整性的指数为甲壳动物+软体动物分类单元数、集食者%、捕食者%和耐污类群%.用比值法统一量纲,计算各个生物参数的值,并将所得的值相加即得到B-IBI指数值.根据B-IBI指数值的25%分位数确定健康等级标准,并对小于25%分位数的值进行四等分,即得到滇池流域底栖动物完整性的评价标准,B-IBI>1.62为健康,1.03～1.62为亚健康,0.31～1.03为一般,0.10～0.31为较差,<0.10为极差.评价结果表明,滇池流域的38个样点中,16个为健康,5个为亚健康,6个为一般,6个为较差,5个为极差.B-IBI值与硝态氮和水温有较大的负相关关系,与其他理化因子相关性不明显.     

南四湖底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了解南四湖大型底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系,于2010年对南四湖15个采样点的底栖动物和生态环境进行4次调查研究.结果表明:共检出底栖动物23种,栖息密度和生物量为311.57 ind./m2和44.39 g/m2;群落物种优势度指数较高,优势种集中于羽摇蚊幼虫(Chironomus plumosus)和霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri),分别占个体总数的77.45%和11.39%;水生植物生物量为1613 g/m2,盖度为33%,存在显著季节变化与空间差异,但底栖动物群落特征与之无显著相关性;南四湖水域主要污染物为氮,其次为磷,最后为高锰酸钾指数;2010年度除底栖动物物种数与水体CODMn含量呈显著负相关以及栖息密度与水体相关加权综合营养状态指数呈显著正相关外,其余底栖动物群落特征与水生植物、水质理化指标及营养状态间均未表现出显著相关性;依据底栖动物Goodnight-Whitley生物指数和水质相关加权综合营养状态指数评价结果,南四湖除局部区域受到严重的外源污染外,总体为清洁-中度营养类型.     

基于鱼类生物完整性指数的广东鉴江流域环境质量评估

根据鉴江流域21个观测点鱼类调查所收集的数据,结合历史资料的记录,初步构建基于鱼类生物完整性评价的26个初选指标,并根据指标属性分类进行初筛,对10个通过的候选指标进行分布范围、判别能力和Pearson相关性分析,确定了由总的种类数占期望值的百分比、鲤科鱼类占总种类数的百分比、鳑鲏亚科鱼类占总种类数的百分比、耐受性强鱼类占总种类数的百分比和产漂流性卵鱼类占总种类数的百分比共5个主评指标组成的生物完整性指数体系,并用于鉴江流域部分河段的生态健康评价.结果表明,凌江鱼类完整性相对较好,罗江一般,平定水、袂花江和鉴江干流较差,小东江最差;鉴江流域大多数河段的综合健康状态处于较差状态,需要对鉴江流域进行生态修复以达到相对健康状态.评价结果与河流受人为干扰的实际情况相吻合,研究构建的评价体系可供周边地区使用和借鉴.     

汉江上游干流和秦岭南麓典型支流的底栖动物群落特征及水质生物评价

汉江上游是丹江口水库的水源区,其生态环境状况对保障汉江全流域及南水北调中线生态安全起着举足轻重的作用.本研究于2017年11月和2018年4月对汉江上游干流及源于秦岭南麓的5条典型支流开展了系统调查,旨在摸清汉江上游干支流的底栖动物群落特征,以及评价其水质状况.共采集到大型底栖动物240种,其中水生昆虫209种,软体动物13种,环节动物9种,其他类群9种.其中四节蜉Baetis sp.在各条河流中均为优势种,此外其他优势种还有拟细裳蜉Paraleptophlebia sp.、细蜉Caenis sp.、扁蜉Heptagenia sp.、花翅蜉Baetiella sp.、直突摇蚊Orthocladius sp.、纹石蛾Hydropsyche sp.、蜉蝣Ephemera sp.、带肋蜉Cincticostella sp.、高翔蜉Epeorus sp.、似波摇蚊Sympotthastia sp.和真开摇蚊Eukiefferiella sp..从各类群的密度来看,水生昆虫在汉江及五条支流中均占有绝对优势,占总密度的90.8%～98.9%,而在生物量上,除汉江干流中软体动物占绝对优势外,水生昆虫在各支流中均占绝对优势,占总生物量的47.0%～98.9%.就功能摄食类群的密度而言,直接收集者在汉江干支流中均为最主要功能摄食类群,而从生物量方面来看则表现出差异性,捕食者是金水河和旬河中最主要功能摄食类群,刮食者为汉江干流和月河中最主要功能摄食类群,直接收集者是金钱河中最主要功能摄食类群,滤食者为湑水河中最主要功能摄食类群.冗余分析结果表明,流速、总磷和电导率为影响汉江干支流底栖动物分布的关键环境因子.采用底栖动物生物指数(BI)和Shannon-Wiener指数进行水质生物评价,结果显示除汉江的极个别断面、湑水河和月河下游及旬河的中下游河段处于轻-中度污染状态外,其他调查河段均处于清洁状态.本研究结果可为汉江上游流域生态管理和科学保护提供依据.     

北运河水系底栖动物群落结构与水环境质量评价

为全面了解北运河水系的底栖动物群落结构和水环境质量,于2015年5月对北运河水系33个样点的底栖动物和水体理化性质进行了调查,分别采用综合水质标识指数法和底栖动物BI指数法对北运河水系进行水质评价,并通过Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验判断正态性,用Pearson相关分析方法对两种评价结果进行比较和分析.结果表明:北运河水系共采集到底栖动物23种,隶属于3门4纲6目11科11属,以水生昆虫和软体动物为主,整个水系底栖动物群落结构单一;底栖动物BI指数法的评价结果显示,72%的采样点水质为中污染(Ⅳ)或重污染(Ⅴ);综合水质标识指数法的评价结果显示,超过57%的采样点水质为Ⅳ类及以下;根据K-S检验,两组评价得分均符合正态分布;Pearson相关分析显示两种评价结果呈显著正相关.两种评价结果总体上呈现出相同的趋势,均显示北运河水系整体水质状况较差,干流水质状况优于支流,上游水质状况优于下游,温榆河上游、坝河下游、通惠河上游和凉水河的水质状况较差,温榆河源头和坝河上游的水质状况较好.两种评价结果在个别点位存在一定差异,具体表现为基于水体理化因子的评价结果稍优于水质生物评价结果,造成这种差异的原因是两种评价方法在时空尺度上存在差异.针对城市化水平较高、人类活动干扰较强的北运河水系,同时采用这两种评价方法有助于全面了解其复杂的水环境质量.     

应用底栖动物完整性指数评价北京市河流水生态环境质量

利用底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)评价河流生态环境状况已成为水生态健康评估和管理的重要方法。基于2020年秋季至2021年夏季对北京市五大水系115个样点的大型底栖动物、水体理化因子以及栖息地质量4个季度的调查数据,分别构建了北京市山区、平原区河流底栖动物完整性指数,并对其生态状况进行了评估。指标筛选结果显示:山区河流B-IBI核心指标包括总分类单元数、EPT相对丰度、BMWP指数、粘附者相对丰度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数;平原区河流B-IBI核心指标包括总分类单元数、摇蚊科相对丰度、EPTO相对丰度、耐污类群相对丰度。根据各参数值随干扰增强的变化趋势,采用比值法计算各指标的分值和评价标准。结果显示:在空间上,北京市山区河流处于良好状态,其中以潮白河水系生态状况最好,处于良好状态,蓟运河水系生态状况最差,处于很差状态;平原区河流处于中等状态,其中永定河、大清河水系处于良好状态,蓟运河、北运河以及潮白河水系均处于中等状态。在时间上,不同季节的B-IBI值无显著性差异,整体生态状况不受季节变化的影响,表明构建的北京市B-IBI评价体系在时间上具有良好的稳定性。多元回归分析显...     

1988—2021年洞庭湖大型底栖动物完整性评价及环境压力影响分析

为客观跟踪洞庭湖水生态环境质量,掌握洞庭湖水生生物完整性状况和变化趋势,支撑长江流域水生态考核工作的开展,基于洞庭湖30多年(1988—2021)的大型底栖动物群落特征数据,构建洞庭湖大型底栖动物完整性指数(BIBI)。基于完整性评价结果,采用多元逐步回归分析识别30多年间影响洞庭湖B-IBI的主要环境因素和贡献率。以低压力期(1988—1994年)底栖动物特征确定参照状态,构建的B-IBI由总分类单元数、甲壳类和软体类分类单元数、H指数、总密度和BI指数5项核心参数构成;同时确定出5项参数的期望值,并建立起B-IBI评价的标准:B-IBI≥6.34,优秀;4.75≤B-IBI<6.34,良好;3.17≤B-IBI<4.75,中等;1.58≤B-IBI<3.17,较差;B-IBI<1.58,很差。经B-IBI在低、高压力组的箱线图分析,进一步验证了该指数的辨别力和适用性。根据研制的B-IBI评价标准,得到洞庭湖B-IBI从1988年的6.99(优)下降到2021年的2.97(较差),表明洞庭湖底栖动物完整性呈现显著的下降趋势。相关环境因素的分析显示,同期洞庭湖的...     

渭河干流与其秦岭北麓典型支流浮游动物群落结构及影响因素

浮游动物作为食物链中重要的初级消费者,其群落结构特征是水生态系统健康评价的重要指标之一. 本研究于2017年秋季和2018年春季对渭河干流及秦岭北麓五条典型支流开展了系统的水环境及浮游动物群落调查. 结果表明,渭河干流营养盐浓度整体高于秦岭北麓支流,干流浊度远高于支流. 两次调查共鉴定出浮游动物种类数136种(原生动物65种,轮虫44种,枝角类15种,桡足类12种),其中2017年秋季渭河干流浮游动物种类数、密度和生物量分别为14种、9.02 ind./L和0.0051 mg/L,秦岭北麓支流为37种、42.78 ind./L和0.0229 mg/L;2018年春季渭河干流浮游动物种类数、密度和生物量分别为52种、292.89 ind./L和0.1734 mg/L,秦岭北麓支流为68种、70.15 ind./L和0.0508 mg/L. 秋季渭河干流下游浮游动物种类数、密度和生物量最低,而春季随上、中、下游三者均依次增大;秋季秦岭支流中罗敷河浮游动物密度和生物量最高,而春季灞河最高. 春、秋两季干支流间浮游动物优势种差异较小,但秋季优势种种类数少于春季. 秋季渭河干流中游Shannon-Wiener指数、物种丰富度指数和物种均匀度指数最高,而春季下游最高;秋季秦岭北麓支流石堤河3个指数均最高,而春季灞河Shannon-Wiener指数和物种均匀度指数最高,石堤河物种丰富度指数最高. 典范对应分析表明渭河干流与秦岭北麓支流浮游动物群落结构主导因素均存在季节差异. 本研究揭示了渭河干流与秦岭北麓典型支流的浮游动物群落特征及其影响因素,可为渭河流域环境监测和生态保护提供数据支撑.     

FROM YELLOW RIVER MODELS TO MODELING OF RIVERS

1INTRODUCTIONTheYellowRiverisadreamtoserioushydraulicengineerswholovechallenge.Historically,theriveristhe"sorrowofChina."Itisalsooneofthefirstriverssubjecttoscientificmodelingattheearlystageofdevelopmentofphysicalscalemodels.ThecontroversyearlythiscenturybetweenthemodelresultsofHubertEngels(1854-1945)andthoseofOt-toFranzius(1878-1936)effectivelydelayedtheChinesegovernment'sdecisiononhowtheriverwastoberegUlatedwithlevees.ChinahasalonghistoryofobservingandregulatingtheYellowRiver.There…     

Characterisation of natural streams using community indices and basal resources of macroinvertebrates in the upper Euphrates Basin

The characterisation of natural stream conditions is the first important step to analyse ecological quality of streams in the Euphrates basin. We found that the community indices correspond to very good ecological conditions in five natural streams of that region. The macroinvertebrates composition differed significantly between September and May. Number of taxa and Shannon index were significantly higher in autumn than in spring. FPOM and biofilm were the most relevant basal resources of benthic invertebrates.     

Macroinvertebrates in the bed sediment of the Yellow River

Extensive agricultural,industrial and urban development in the Yellow River,China,have modified the sediment-water balance,flow and inundation regimes,longitudinal connectivity,integrity of riparian vegetation,and water quality.Macroinvertebrate assemblages in the bed sediment of main channel and major reservoirs of the Yellow River are described in detail for the first time.A total of 74 taxa comprising 17 taxa of oligochaetes,48 taxa of aquatic insects,5 taxa of molluscs,and 4 taxa of other animals were recorded.A range of feeding guilds were represented,including, collector-gatherers(32 taxa),predators(17 taxa),scrapers(16 taxa),shredders(6 taxa)and collector-filterers(2 taxa).Both the mean density and biomass of macroinvertebrates were significantly higher in sites located in the artificial reservoirs compared with the main river channel. Assemblages varied spatially;Oligochaetes dominated assemblages in upper reaches,insects dominated in middle reaches and other animals(e.g.Crustacea)dominated in lower reaches. Collector-gatherers were dominant throughout the entire river.Classification analysis identified five site-groups on the basis of macroinvertebrate presence/absence:downstream of reservoirs;vegetated sites;reservoir sites;polluted sites,and;lower-reach sites.Lower macroinvertebrate richness,density and biomass,compared with other similar large rivers,were attributed to modification of the sediment-water balance and associated disturbance of benthic habitats.Pollution,stability of sediment and sediment concentration combined to influence the distribution of macroinvertebrates.This knowledge will substantially benefit the recent focus on the health and environmental water requirements of the Yellow River.     

Development of benthic macroinvertebrates sediment index(BSI) for bioassessment of freshwater sediment

Sediment quality has been evaluated in a variety of ways since the early 1990s in studies from Europe. In South Korea, most studies have used an indicator value for benthic macroinvertebrates based on water quality, not sediment quality. To date, few studies have examined the biological integrity of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in South Korea. In the current study, the tolerance valency and value in samples and the indicator weight values were measured for 43 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa from 73 sampling units in South Korea from 2014 to 2016. Total organic carbon, the amount of heavy metals, and total ammonia nitrogen were analyzed. The average grade for each pollutant was used as the sediment quality index. A benthic macroinvertebrates sediment index was developed for bioassessment of freshwater sediment. The benthic macroinvertebrates sediment index, which is based on the relative frequency of occurrence of macroinvertebrates, was highly correlated with pollution levels in the sediment. This index can be used in the field to assess the contamination of freshwater sediment. As the sample size was small in the current study and there were taxonomic limitations of Chironomidae larvae, further research is needed to improve the reliability of the benthic macroinvertebrates sediment index.     

新疆乌伦古湖大型底栖无脊椎动物的群落结构

乌伦古湖是我国十大内陆淡水湖之一,同时也是新疆维吾尔自治区的第二大湖泊和主要渔业基地.近年来,随着气候变化和人为因素的影响,湖区水体营养状况、生物群落组成等均发生了较大变化.为揭示该湖大型底栖无脊椎动物的群落结构特征及其对生态系统变化的响应,2006年11月至2008年7月设28个采样点对大型无脊椎底栖动物的群落结构特...     

Application of the new multimetric MMI_PL index for biological water quality assessment in reference and human-impacted streams (Poland,the Slovak Republic)

A new multimetric MMI_PL index, which is based on the macroinvertebrate composition and combines six single key metrics, has already been implemented in Poland according to the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive. The objectives of our survey were to assess the biological water quality using the new multimetric MMI_PL index in both reference and human-impacted streams, to analyze whether the values of the new multimetric index properly reflect the ecological status of the water in upland and mountain streams as well as to determine which environmental factors influence the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates and the values of the metrics. The study was carried out from 2007 to 2010 in three Ecoregions that were established by the EU WFD. A total of 60 sampling sites: 36 reference sites that were situated in the headwaters of mountain streams at mid- and high-altitudes and 24, human-impacted sampling sites were selected. The benthic macroinvertebrate surveys were supported by both a hydromorphological and macrophyte assessment according to the River Habitat Survey (RHS) and to the Macrophyte Methods for Rivers. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the values of the Habitat Quality Assessment (HQA) index, conductivity, pH and altitude were the parameters most associated (statistically significant) with the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate taxa and the values of the metrics in both the reference and human-impacted (impaired) sections of the streams in Ecoregions 9, 10 and 14. The new MMI_PL index was useful for biological water quality assessment and was also important for separating both the reference and impaired sections of streams. The MMI_PL index and some key metrics performed contrary to what was expected in relation to the reference high-altitude siliceous streams (the High Tatra Mts., Ecoregion 10). Low values of multimetric index and key metrics did not properly reflect their high ecological status and pristine character as reflected by the hydromorphological (RHS) and macrophyte surveys or the physical and chemical parameters of the water.     

Effect of streambed sediment on benthic ecology

Benthic macroinvertebrates have been commonly used as indicator species for assessment of aquatic ecology. Streambed sediment, or substrate, plays an important role in habitat conditions for macroinvertebrate communities. Field investigations were done to study the benthic diversity and macroinvertebrate compositions in various stream substrata. Sampling sites with different bed sediment, latitude, and climate were selected along the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the East River, and the Juma River, in China. The results show that benthic community structures found in different substrata clearly differ, while those found in substrata of similar composition and flow conditions but in different macroclimates are similar. The study, thus, demonstrates that the benthic macroinvertebrate community is mainly affected by substrate composition and flow conditions, but is generally unaffected by latitudinal position and macroclimate. Taxa richness of the maeroinvertebrate community was found to be the highest on hydrophyte-covered cobbles, high on moss-covered bedrock, and low on clay beds and cobble beds devoid of plant biomass. Sandy beds are compact and unstable, thus, no benthic macroinvertebrates were found colonizing such substrata. Aquatic insects account for most of the macroinvertebrates collected in these rivers. Different insects dominate in different types of substrata： mainly EPT species （Ephemeroptera, Ptecoptera, Tfichoptera） in cobble, gravel, and moss-covered bedrock; and Chironomidae larvae in clay beds. The relation between the number of species in the samples and the size of the sampling area fits a power function of the species area. One square meter （lm） is suggested as the minimum sampling area. A substrate suitability index is proposed by integrating the suitability of sediment, periphyton, and benthic organic materials for macroinvertebrates. The biodiversity of macroinvertebrates increases linearly with the substrate suitability index. Benthic taxa richness increases linearly with the suitability index.