2004年东海及黄海部分海域表层水温分布状况

分析了2004年东海及黄海部分海域表层水温的分布状况,结果表明,不同水团具有不同的温度年变化,大陆水系的均极差远大于多年平均值,说明沿岸海域的表层水温该年变化比常年大,但黑潮主干区的均极差却比多年平均值低;夏季沿岸海域以及中间水域出现了异常的高温现象,在8月,浙江沿岸、江苏沿岸、长江口以及福建部分沿岸海域的表层水温都突破了近20年的历史最高纪录;在春末、秋末沿岸海域表层水温远高于多年平均值.在暖流区域,除冬季的表层水温高于常年外,其它时间与多年平均差不多,所以年变化相对较小.     

南海上层水温的准双周(10-20d)变化

对南海季风实验(SCSMEX)期间布设于南海中部的3个ATLS海洋锚定浮标所观测的水温资料进行分析，结果表明：南海上层水温存在准双周(10-20d)变化，且主要发生在次表层，尤其在冬半年，温跃层的年循环对其有调制作用；次表层水温的振幅北部大于南部；南海上层的准双周振荡可分为3个垂向模态，即上下同位相、反位相、次表层先于表层；低层大气准双周振荡的强迫，是造成这种变化的主要原因，海面风应力强迫使得温跃层发生垂直位移，从而引起次表层水温的变化；表层水温(SST)的变化小于次表层，海面热收支是引起表层水温变化的主要原因，但次表层水温可以影响表层。     

南海表层水温的长周期振荡及其与埃尔尼诺的关系

本文对南海西沙海洋站(16°50'N、122°20'E)1961～1987年间的表层水温月平均资料、秘鲁与厄瓜多尔外海(5°N、80°～90°W)的表层水温月平均资料,进行水温功率谱分析,并计算了其表层水温异常的强度和指数.计算结果表明,南海、秘鲁与厄瓜多尔外海的表层水温存在着3.3年的长周期变化,且秘鲁与厄瓜多尔外海的表层水温比南海提前变化约5个月,变化是同相的.在1960～1987年间,每当东太平洋沿岸海区发生一次正、反埃尔尼诺现象,南海也相应出现一次强度相当的暧、冷事件.     

东海沿岸海区垂直环流及其温盐结构动力过程研究I．环流的基本特征

利用三维斜压流体动力学模型 ,通过对东海沿岸海区冬、夏季的斜压环流及其温盐结构的数值研究 ,揭示研究海区垂直环流及其温盐结构的动力过程及其成因。垂直环流的模拟结果表明 :冬季 ,沿岸海区的垂直环流以逆时针流动 ,近表层为向岸流 ,沿岸为下降流 ,近表层以下为离岸流 ,其在外海有明显的上升趋势 ,沿岸下降流自表层至底层逐渐由强变弱 ;夏季 ,沿岸海区的垂直环流以顺时针流动 ,近表层以下为向岸流 ,沿岸为上升流 ,近表层为离岸流 ,其在外海有明显的下降趋势 ,沿岸上升流自底层至表层逐渐由弱变强。就整个沿岸海区而论 ,冬季沿岸下降流和夏季沿岸上升流的强度都随着岸界地形坡度、风速及风向与岸线偏角的变化而变化。沿岸下降流形成的主要原因是由于冬季东北风与岸界地形的耦合效应及海区温盐分布不均匀所致 ,而沿岸上升流形成的主要原因则是由于夏季西南风与岸界地形的耦合效应及海区温盐分布不均匀所致。     

东海沿岸海区垂直环流及其温盐结构动力过程研究Ⅰ.环流的基本特征

利用三维斜压流体动力学模型,通过对东海沿岸海区冬、夏季的斜压环流及其温盐结构的数值研究,揭示研究海区垂直环流及其温盐结构的动力过程及其成因。垂直环流的模拟结果表明：冬季,沿岸海区的垂直环流以逆时针流动,近表层为向岸流,沿岸为下降流,近表层以下为离岸流,其在外海有明显的上升趋势,沿岸下降流自表层至底层逐渐由强变弱;夏季,沿岸海区的垂直环流以顺时针流动,近表层以下为向岸流,沿岸为上升流,近表层为离岸流,其在外海有明显的下降趋势,沿岸上升流自底层至表层逐渐由弱变强。就整个沿岸海区而论,冬季沿岸下降流和夏季沿岸上升流的强度都随着岸界地形坡度、风速及风向与岸线偏角的变化而变化。沿岸下降流形成的主要原因是由于冬季东北风与岸界地形的耦合效应及海区温盐分布不均匀所致,而沿岸上升流形成的主要原因则是由于夏季西南风与岸界地形的耦合效应及海区温盐分布不均匀所致。     

基于CORA数据的南海海面温度场变化特征分析

基于2000年1月1日-2013年12月31日CORA(China Ocean Re-Analysis)的逐日平均海面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)资料,采用信息熵理论对我国南海SST场的空间分布形态及其时间变化特征进行研究。研究表明:(1)南海SST场等温线不平行纬线,呈NE-SW向分布,北部分布密集南部分布稀疏,尤其在台湾海峡及广东沿海等温线特别密集,同纬度东部高于西部;(2)夏季由于受到上升流的影响,在12°N处的越南东南沿岸存在明显的冷水舌,并持续到9月份;(3)海洋表层水温熵能够很好地反映气候态的震荡变化,可以有效分析南海表层水温季节性异常变化。了解海洋表层水温及其熵的宏观分布情况,有利于对造成水温变化的原因进行特征分析。     

台风“苏力”(2013)期间海洋上层温、盐及海平面异常变化特征

台风"苏力"是2013年最强的台风之一。本文利用再分析资料、卫星遥感资料及ARGO浮标数据等分析了台风过境所引起的海表面温度(SST)、海表面高度异常(SLA)以及海洋次表层温、盐的变化规律,给出了上层海洋对台风响应的基本特征。台风所经过的海域都存在着明显的降温,在冷涡区域引起了6~7℃的海表温度的冷却,降温区域集中在路径的右侧。台风造成SLA降低,最大为20cm左右。海表温度的变化滞后于海面高度的变化。ARGO浮标数据显示,台风引起了海面的显著降温,最大降温幅度为5℃,位于冷涡内,且位于路径的右侧。路径左侧的SST的降低相对较小,为1.5~2.5℃。台风的扰动导致次表层水涌升到表层,改变了表层的盐度和密度,引起混合层加深。     

南海表层水温信息熵的分析

本文采用COADS资料(1958～1987年)对南海表层水温(SST)及其异常(SSTA)信息熵进行了计算和分析并与以往关于南海水温异常的研究成果相比较,取得颇为一致的结果.海洋表层水温信息熵可以有效地反应SST气候形成的复杂(混乱)程度在空间的分布及其年变化;水温异常信息熵能很好地反映SSTA形成的复杂(混乱)程度在空间的分布及其振荡特征.因此,水温信息熵可以用于研究海洋宏观热力状态的分布及其变化特征.     

南海北部的温盐热结构：Ⅳ.南海北部的热状况及其季节变化特征

分析讨论了南海北部水温距平及上层含量的空间分布及季节变化特征。表层水温距平的年较差,以广东省沿岸水量大,巴士海峡最小。冬、夏两季,广东大陆架、大陆坡上的表层水温等距平线走向与等深线走向近似平行。     

Argos漂流浮标的若干观测结果

表层漂流浮标是一种利用Argos卫星系统定位与传送数据的海洋观测设备,它可以利用Lagrangian法则连续观测表层海流及表层水温。文章利用近年在南海和西太平洋投放的部分卫星跟踪表层漂流浮标所取得的观测资料,分析观测海域的表层海流特征及其漂移路径上的温度变化,得出以下结果。(1)由浮标的漂移轨迹看出,黑潮表层流路年际变异相当大。(2)2003年1月,黑潮表层水有入侵南海的趋势,似无西北太平洋表层水深入南海的迹象;夏季南海表层水由南海流出经吕宋海峡汇入黑潮主干。(3)秋季台湾东北海区存在一个强反气旋涡,空间尺度约270km。(4)黑潮主干在秋末冬初经过东海时明显呈弯曲流动,并形成许多小尺度的气旋式涡。(5)在九州西南海域,黑潮表层流并无分支北上进入对马暖流区。(6)2003年春季,黑潮在日本以南的弯曲不明显,并伴随有冷、暖涡产生,暖涡的强度和空间尺度都要比冷涡大得多。(7)由漂流浮标观测得到的的表层海水的温度分布明显呈日变化和季节变化的特征。在浮标漂移路径呈反气旋或气旋式转动的区域,表层水温对应出现高或低温区;但出现在台湾以东的低温区则与此时期的台风过境有关。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.