喀喇昆仑南部侏罗系龙山组沉积环境分析及构造环境初探

在开展1：25万《康西瓦》、《岔路口》等四幅区域地质调查过程中，在岔路口及鸡冠石一带相继发现了侏罗纪基一酸性火山岩及发育完好的礁灰岩、硅质岩。依据灰岩中广泛发育的鲕粒构造、生物碎屑灰岩及礁灰岩，初步确定龙山组为一套滨一浅海台地相碳酸盐岩；通过构造环境分析，针对侏罗系龙山组中发育大量的基性火山岩，对前人认为是前陆盆地构造环境的观点提出质疑，并依据岩石组合、沉积相，结合该套地层呈大规模带状展布的特征，认为其形成于伸展构造环境。     

新疆西昆仑喀拉阿特河一带玛尔坎雀库塞山组的厘定

新疆西昆仑喀拉阿特河一带前人确立的下二叠统(未分)中发现一套火山岩夹碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩沉积建造,与上覆昆盖依套组呈断层接触,与下伏喀拉阿特河组呈平行不整合接触。该套地层在岩石组合、生物面貌、沉积环境、接触关系等方面独立成组,灰岩内采集狭体贝(未定种)Stenoscisma sp.;小戟贝(未定种)Chonetinella sp.;韦勒贝(未定种)Wellerella sp.;扇房贝(未定种)Rhipidomella sp.;股窗贝(未定种)Crurithyris sp.;印度胡斯台贝Hustedia indica(Waagen);胡斯台贝(未定种)Hustedia sp.;扭曲虫Plectogyra sp.;拟犬齿珊瑚Paracania sp.等,时代为早二叠世,故将其从下二叠系(未分)解体出,厘定为玛尔坎雀库塞山组。该套地层单位的确立,为区域填图、建立岩石地层单位,及本区地层划分和区域对比提供了新依据。     

新疆东昆仑卡尔瓦东地区泥盆系布拉克巴什组地层序列及沉积特征

对新疆东昆仑卡尔瓦东地区泥盆系布拉克巴什组地层序列及其沉积特征进行了详细描述,分析了该组地层的剖面特征,岩石组合及其横向变化特征。工作区中的泥盆系布拉克巴什组地层主要为一套滨海相及海陆交互相至浅海相的正常碎屑岩、灰岩与火山岩、火山碎屑岩不均匀互层产出的复杂沉积组合。通过分析该套地层岩石及沉积学特征,该区域布拉克巴什组的沉积特征及沉积相。     

东昆仑造山带海德乌拉一带早侏罗世火山岩特征及其构造意义

对东昆仑造山带哈拉郭勒地区海德乌拉山一带的火山岩进行了较系统的岩石学、地球化学研究．在实测剖面研究、同位素年代学及区域地层对比的基础上,把该套火山岩厘定为早侏罗世火山岩．火山岩岩石组合主要为基性和酸性熔岩,成分上具典型的裂谷“双峰式”特征,缺乏中性岩石,基性火山岩碱性程度较高,酸性火山岩主要为钙碱性岩石,其形成的构造环境为俯冲过程中在岛弧靠近大陆一侧弧后拉张形成的陆内裂谷的构造环境．     

西藏班戈县保吉乡嘎热扎地中——晚三叠世珊瑚化石的发现及意义

在西藏班戈县保吉乡嘎热扎地发现了一套碎屑岩和灰岩互层的地层,产珊瑚和苔藓虫化石。珊瑚化石共计7属3种及4未定种,分别为Procyclolites zizaensis Deng&Zhang,Chondrocoenia?sp.,Parastraeomorpha?sp.,Pamiroseris?sp.,Astraeomorpha multisepta Melnikova,Volzeia sublaevis(Laube&Volz),Radiophyllia?sp.,时代为中-晚三叠世。该套地层的发现表明,措勤盆地存在中-晚三叠世地层,为该地区的古地理研究提供了地层古生物学证据。     

北大巴山与志留纪火山作用相关的碳酸盐岩沉积学特征及形成环境

生物碎屑灰岩、生物礁是造山带内最为常见的岩石类型之一,它们可以形成于多种构造环境。研究这些岩石组合的结构组成及生物赋存状态可为古地理恢复及造山带演化提供依据。分布于北大巴山地区与富TiO2碱性火山岩紧密相关的碳酸盐岩组合长期以来被认为是被动陆缘台地相组合。该套碳酸盐岩组合主要由生物礁、生物碎屑灰岩、砂屑灰岩、泥质灰岩、角砾灰岩共同构成。砂屑灰岩及生物灰岩中常伴随有薄层凝灰岩夹层;同时这些碳酸盐岩中富含不同比例的火山碎屑成分,发育粒序层理、平行层理、波纹斜层理和滑塌构造。生物碎屑灰岩通常与凝灰质砂岩、泥岩构成韵律层,火山质碎屑在类岩石中主要表现为粒径0.5~3 mm的棱角状—次棱角状玄武岩和凝灰岩碎屑,具有近源沉积特征;生物礁中通常出现1~2.5 cm棱角状—次棱角状玄武岩碎屑,且在生物礁之间的砂岩夹层中含有丰富的0.5~1 mm的次圆状玄武岩碎屑;砂屑灰岩中含有棱角状—次棱角状玄武岩和辉石两类碎屑,其中辉石碎屑粒径通常为1~2 mm,同时该类岩石中还含有丰富的黄铁矿,这些黄铁矿通常因其粒径变化而发育粒序结构特征。角砾状灰岩可分别由砂屑灰岩、生物礁及生物碎屑灰岩构成,也可由三者共同构成,玄武岩碎屑仅出现于角砾状生物礁灰岩中。这些碳酸盐岩中的生物化石具有曾经历过明显的搬运改造特征,其中生物碎屑灰岩和砂屑灰岩中的化石碎屑以次圆状为主,生物礁中的生物化石平行于砂岩夹层分布且发生不同程度的压扁和挤压变形,岩石中普遍发育滑塌沉积构造。这些特征共同表明,该套碳酸盐岩与下伏的碱性玄武岩形成密切相关,二者共同构成了与现代大洋中典型洋岛/海山相一致的结构特征,且这些碳酸盐岩多沿着下伏玄武岩的周边沉积,具有深水—斜坡环境的沉积组合,同时因其中所包含的生物化石经历了一定距离搬运作用而发生再沉积,进一步表明这些生物发育时代可能要略微早于该套火山—沉积组合的形成时代。     

滇西昌宁—孟连带的地层格架

显生宙地层在昌宁—孟连带呈南北向条带状分布,根据不同岩性的横向分布和纵向变化情况,可将带中的地层序列大致划分成4种类型:(1)碎屑岩向上夹灰岩透镜体,并变成细粒碎屑岩和硅质岩交互出现;(2)碎屑岩向上夹灰岩透镜体、少量硅质岩,顶部为二叠纪基性火山岩;(3)碎屑岩—基性火山岩/火山碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩—碎屑岩;(4)灰岩、白云质灰岩—灰黑色薄层灰岩、泥质灰岩、泥岩夹硅质泥岩。理清不同岩石地层单位间的关系是客观解释昌宁—孟连带发展演化的前提。     

疆东天山觉洛塔格地区梧桐窝子岩组构造环境探讨

梧桐窝子岩组为晚石炭世海底扩张喷发形成的一套中基性火山岩-细碧岩．硅质岩-碳酸盐岩建造．通过对剖面组合特征研究，认为该岩组是由辉长岩-辉绿岩-玄武岩．放射虫硅质岩组成的洋壳残片和岛弧物质的安山岩、凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩及弧前沉积的凝灰质砂岩、钙质砂岩、微晶大理岩、正常碎屑岩(糜棱岩、千糜岩)3部分组成的蛇绿混杂岩带．三所处构造背景、沉积环境不同，在岩石学、岩石化学及岩石地球化学特征上亦有较大差异．     

陕西富平上奥陶统赵老峪组硅质岩地化特征及地质意义

陕西富平上奥陶统赵老峪组发育了一套与深水碳酸盐岩伴生的硅质岩沉积,其地化特征对揭示硅质来源及构造背景等具有重要意义.在研究区地层野外剖面实测、硅质岩岩石地化分析基础上,研究了该区硅质岩硅质来源及构造环境.赵老峪组岩性以深灰色薄板状灰岩为主,夹层状放射虫硅质岩、砾屑灰岩、砂屑灰岩、含斑块灰岩和火山凝灰岩,其中硅质岩呈隐晶质－微晶质,含放射虫化石.样品Al/（Al+Fe+Mn）均值0.68,MnO/TiO₂均值0.18,ΣREE均值46.41,δCe均值0.95,δEu均值1.13,La_N/Yb_N均值1.15,La_N/Ce_N均值1.08,显示大陆边缘的构造环境,硅质来源主要为陆源来源.结果表明赵老峪组硅质岩发育于奥陶纪扬子板块向华北板块俯冲背景下,形成于华北地块南缘与北秦岭之间的二郎坪弧后前陆盆地北部大陆边缘.      

南羌塘盆地扎仁地区中侏罗统布曲组沉积环境特征及其对油气地质条件的控制作用

南羌塘盆地扎仁地区地处南羌塘盆地南缘,属油气研究的"空白区",结合羌塘盆地扎仁区块1∶5万石油地质构造详查,笔者重点剖析了扎仁地区布曲组地层中的两个古油藏剖面。依据剖面中碳酸盐岩的岩石类型、结构特征、自生矿物组合、古生物标志以及扎仁地区碳酸盐岩的组合特征,将该区布曲组划分为半局限海台地、局限海台地、开阔海台地和浅滩4种沉积环境。浅滩沉积环境形成的颗粒灰岩在区内广泛分布,沉积厚度大,具有孔隙度好、渗透率高的特征,这些颗粒灰岩的展布决定了区域储集层的规模。局限海台地沉积环境形成的白云岩是区内的另外一套储集层,这套储集层是区内有效的储集层,但这套储集层的有效性与上覆岩层在空间上的展布有关。开阔海台地沉积环境形成的泥晶灰岩夹泥晶砂屑灰岩、泥晶砾屑灰岩的组合为区内较好的生油层,该套烃源岩组合的规模在空间上严格受沉积相的控制。半局限海台地沉积环境形成的泥晶灰岩夹泥晶生屑灰岩、泥晶砂屑灰岩组合是区内有利的盖层,但半局限海台地的性质决定了盖层在区域上的展布。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。