黄渤海区蛾螺的齿舌研究

采用电子显微镜对黄渤海区野外调查采集的蛾螺科Buccinidae 6个种,分别是香螺Neptunea arthriti-ca cumingii、略胀管蛾螺 Siphonalia subdilatata、皮氏蛾螺 Volutharpa ampullaceal、水泡蛾螺Buccinumpemphigum、黄海蛾螺 Buccinium yokomaruae、褶纺锤螺 Plicifusus sp.的齿舌进行了解剖,对其形态特征进行了对比研究.研究结果表明,6个种的齿式均为1·1·1.以往曾有报道蛾螺科的齿舌"中央齿具有3～7个齿尖",而本研究发现了蛾螺科的褶纺锤螺,其中央齿齿尖数目有8枚.同时发现,黄渤海区蛾螺的侧齿数目有的是不对称的.本研究可为蛾螺科的分类学研究提供参考资料.     

中国沿岸13荔枝螺的齿舌形态分析

利用扫描电镜对13种荔枝螺属种类的齿舌形态进行观察,发现本属齿舌式均为0：1：1：1：0。齿舌中央齿尖锐突出与本属物种均为肉食性相符。各物种齿舌中央齿基部均较宽,具1枚中央齿中间齿,2枚中央齿侧齿。中央齿上布满侧生小齿,大部分为中央齿侧齿内小齿和侧齿外小齿,同种不同个体的小齿形态、数目存在差异,侧生小齿具有不对称性和可变性,因此在对本属种类分类时中央齿小齿仅可作为部分参考依据。本属种类的中央齿缘齿有较大的区别,红豆荔枝螺和刺荔枝螺不具中央齿缘齿,其余11种具有明显的中央齿缘齿,因此齿舌的分叉类型也分两种,红豆荔枝螺和刺荔枝螺为较原始不具中央齿缘齿的三分叉型,其余11种为两端分叉型。通过齿舌形态的分析,结合比较外部形态和分子系统发育,认为红豆荔枝螺和刺荔枝螺与其余11种之间已达到属间关系,建议将红豆荔枝螺和刺荔枝螺归为红螺亚科的Mancinella属。     

中国近海蛾螺科(Gastropoda: Buccinidae)种类齿舌的扫描电镜观察

本研究选取了中国近海蛾螺科动物16属,共计21种,进行了齿舌解剖,利用扫描电子显微镜对齿舌进行了观察,并对其形态特征进行了研究对比。结果证明,蛾螺科种类的齿舌齿式为1·1·1。通过研究发现蛾螺科动物的齿舌形态结构包括形状、排列方式以及齿尖数目虽然在属内、种内有一定的变化,但仍可以作为蛾螺科种类的分类依据之一,从而将各属、种区分开来。此外,本研究确认了在火红土产螺Pisania ignea(Gmelin,1791)中存在着齿舌两性异型现象。     

基于线粒体CO Ⅰ基因序列对中国海蛾螺科的分子系统学分析

本研究利用18种蛾螺总科（Buccinoidea）动物的CO Ⅰ基因序列对中国海蛾螺科进行了科上和科内水平的分子系统学分析。在建立的系统发育树中,蛾螺科种类聚成了4个明显的分枝:第一枝包括侧平肩螺（Japelion latus）、朝鲜蛾螺（Buccinum koreana）、黄海蛾螺（Buccinum yokomaruae）、皮氏蛾螺（Voluthapa perryi）、香螺（Neptunea cumingi）、小鼠脊蛾螺（Lirabuccinum musculus）以及褐线蛾螺（Japeuthria cingulata）;第二枝包括莫氏角亮螺（Antillophos monsecourorum）和尖鱼篮螺（Nassaria acuminata）;第三枝包括黑口甲虫螺（Cantharus melanostoma）和矛唇齿螺属（Engina lanceolata）;第四枝包括褐管蛾螺（Siphonalia spadicea）和长吻真螺（Euthria lubrica）。该结果与先前基于形态分析进行的亚科划分基本一致。蛾螺科的单系性没有得到支持,织纹螺科种类（Nassarius thachi、N.sinarus、N.euglyptus）插到蛾螺科系统树中并与角亮螺属（Antillophos）及鱼篮螺属（Nassaria）聚成一枝;东风螺科种类（Babylonia areolata、B.spirata）和榧螺科种类（Oliva mustelina）与褐线蛾螺（Japeuthria cingulata）聚成一枝。东风螺属起初隶属于蛾螺科,现已被移出并作为单独的一科——东风螺科Babyloniidae,本研究确认了这一结论。鱼篮螺属（Nassaria）和角亮螺属（Antillophos）与织纹螺属（Nassarius）种类聚在一起,这与最近的分子研究得到的结果一致。     

我国角螺属不同群体齿舌形态的比较

采集我国沿海不同地区的管角螺Hemifusus tuba (Gmelin)、大角螺Hemifusus colosseus (Lamarck)和棘角螺Hemifusus kawamurai Habe样本,从这3种角螺10个群体中每个群体随机选取10―20个体,进行齿舌结构的比较.结果表明,角螺属齿舌上有齿3列,每一横列齿舌均为3枚,对称排列,其齿式为1·1·1.角螺属这3种齿舌的种间差别主要体现在中央齿的中间突起,而侧齿区别不大;种内不同群体间无明显差别,种间的差异略大于种内,其中管角螺与大角螺和棘角螺差异显著(P<0.05).大角螺与棘角螺的差异不明显,只是在北部湾大角螺和阳江棘角螺的侧齿第一突起/中央齿宽的比值差异极显著(P<0.01).角螺属各群体间齿舌差别不大,与其生活习性较为一致有关.齿舌参数不适合作为管角螺不同地理群体的分类依据.     

中国近海蛾螺科的初步研究Ⅰ.唇齿螺属及甲虫螺属

蛾螺科(Buccinidae)是腹足类软体动物中经济价值较大、种类较多的一个科,许多种类在世界上某些地区被视为美味上品,它们不仅个体大,而且产量多,营养价值高,如香螺、东风螺等为我国主要经济贝类。该科种类遍布世界各海区,既有分布于高纬度区域的冷水种,也有局限于低纬度区域的暖水种。种类不同栖息的环境也不同,有岩石、珊瑚礁、沙、泥沙及软泥等底质;从潮间带至水深数千米的深海都有分布。 作者根据中国科学院海洋研究所多年来搜集的标本,记述了我国海域唇齿螺属(Engina)和甲虫螺属(Cantharus)种类共14种,其中5种为我国首次记录。     

东海蛾螺科(软体动物:腹足纲)一新记录属和一新记录种

通过整理分类中国科学院海洋生物标本馆历年采集的蛾螺科标本,发现了在东海大陆架生物资源调查时于冲绳海槽水深850—1685m深海处采集的3号蛾螺科标本。经研究发现为一新记录属深海蛾螺属Bathyancistrolepis的一新记录种车轴深海蛾螺Bathyancistrolepis trochoideus(Dall,1907)。文中对其贝壳的形态特征进行了详细描述,对齿舌进行了解剖学研究,并对其分类地位进行了讨论。     

基于线粒体基因序列和齿舌对古氏非螺分类地位的探讨

对古氏非螺(Afer cumingii (Reeve,1844))的齿舌形态以及线粒体CO1和16S rRNA基因序列进行了分析,并以犬齿螺科种类为外群,采用邻接法(NJ)和最大简约法(MP)构建了系统发育树。结果表明,古氏非螺的齿舌具有典型的蛾螺科种类特征;古氏非螺在系统树上与蛾螺科种类聚在一起,而不与犬齿螺科种类聚类。齿舌形态和线粒体基因分析的结果都表明古氏非螺属于蛾螺科,进一步证实了将非螺属修订到蛾螺科的结论。     

笔螺科分类系统学研究概况及我国近海笔螺科研究进展

１笔螺科动物简介笔螺科 (Ｍｉｔｒｉｄａｅ)属于软体动物门 (Ｍｏｌｌｕｓｃａ) ,腹足纲（Ｇａｓｔｒｏｐｏｄａ），新腹足目（Ｎｅｏｇａｓｔｒｏｐｏｄａ）。种间个体差异较大 ,贝壳高度从几毫米到十多厘米。贝壳形状有毛笔形、纺锤形或椭圆形。壳质较厚，结实。壳顶尖 ,螺旋部呈尖圆锥形 ,体螺层大 ,中部稍膨胀。壳面较光滑或具螺旋肋 ,生长纹明显 ,有的种类刻有浅沟、条纹、坑、褶痕和或小颗粒状突起 ,并具薄的壳皮。贝壳表面常具斑点、斑块或色带 ,有的种类色彩较鲜艳。壳口窄长 ,外唇简单 ,大部分种类轴唇具肋状褶襞 ,一般为３～１０…     

枪鱿科和蛸科头足类齿舌的比较研究

为了给头足类的分类提供更多依据,本文采用扫描电镜技术对枪鱿科和蛸科各3种头足类的齿舌进行了显微观察和比较研究。研究显示:6种头足类的齿舌均由7列纵向齿组成,齿式为3·1·3。枪鱿科的3个种(杜氏枪鱿(Uroteuthis duvaucelii)、苏门答腊枪鱿(Loliolus sumatrensis)、莱氏拟乌贼(Sepioteuthis lessoniana)),中央齿1列,具有3个齿尖;侧齿位于中央齿两侧各3列,向外分别称为第一侧齿、第二侧齿和第三侧齿,也称为侧齿、内缘齿和外缘齿;缘板不发达。蛸科的3个种(卵蛸(Amphioctopus ovulum)、台湾小孔蛸(Cistopus taiwanicus)、Octopus sp.),中央齿1列,具有3~5个齿尖,侧齿各3列,缘板发达。结果表明,不同种的头足类动物,其齿舌形态差别较大,可作为分类依据对中国沿海分布的物种进行鉴定。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.