Shonkin Sag laccolith,Montana

A variety of rock types is developed in the Shonkin Sag laccolith, with extreme compositions represented by the porphyritic pseudoleucite-bearing chilled margin, shonkinitic in composition, and by the final differentiate, chemically a nepheline syenite. During differentiation the pyroxenes changed in composition from Ca-rich varieties through aegirine-augite to acmite; there is no evidence of an immiscibility gap between Ca-rich and Na-rich pyroxenes. Olivine compositions changed from approximately Fa₂₀ to Fa₄₀, but in marked contrast the coexisting biotites exhibit a more extensive compositional range, from annite₂₄ to annite₁₀₀; the crystal margins of annites in the most evolved rocks are manganophyllite-rich. Titanomagnetites are TiO₂-poor varieties. Arfvedsonite and melanite occur in the most evolved syenites.From mineralogical and thermodynamic data initial and final temperatures of crystallization of the various rock types have been calculated. At an estimated total vapor pressure of 310 bars, the temperature of intrusion was 985° C. Final crystallization of the laccolith took place below 700° C, and crystallization intervals for most rock types are of the order of 170° C. Over the total magmatic temperature range the activity of silica in the melt decreased from 0.13 to 0.09. Oxygen fugacity falls with temperature approximately parallel to the synthetic fayalite-magnetite-quartz oxygen buffer until olivine disappears. The crystallization of Na-rich pyroxenes does not demand an increase in the fugacity of oxygen, but rather requires that the oxygen fugacity fall less rapidly with temperature than would be the case if olivine and magnetite were present.     

Chemical and thermal zonation in a mildly alkaline magma system Infiernito Caldera,Trans-Pecos Texas

Postcollapse lavas of the Infiernito caldera grade stratigraphically upward from nearly aphyric, high-silica rhyolite (76% SiO₂) to highly prophyritic trachyte (62% SiO₂). Plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, magnetite, ilmenite, and apatite occur as phenocrysts throughout the sequence. Sanidine, biotite, and zircon are present in rocks with more than about 67% SiO₂. Major and trace elements show continuous variations from 62 to 76% SiO₂. Modeling supports fractional crystallization of the observed phenocrysts as the dominant process in generating the chemical variation.Temperatures calculated from coexisting feldspars, pyroxenes, and Fe-Ti oxides agree and indicate crystallization from slightly more than 1100° C in the most mafic trachyte to 800° C in high-silica rhyolite. The compositional zonation probably arose through crystallization against the chilled margin of the magma chamber and consequent rise of more evolved and therefore less dense liquid.Mineral compositions vary regularly with rock composition, but also suggest minor mixing and assimilation of wall rock or fluids derived from wall rock. Mixing between liquids of slightly different compositions is indicated by different compositions of individual pyroxene phenocrysts in single samples. Liquid-solid mixing is indicated by mineral compositions of glomerocrysts and some phenocrysts that apparently crystallized in generally more evolved liquids at lower temperature and higher oxygen fugacity than represented by the rocks in which they now reside. Glomerocrysts probably crystallized against the chilled margin of the magma chamber and were torn from the wall as the liquid rose during progressive stages of eruption. Assimilation is indicated by rise of oxygen fugacity relative to a buffer from more mafic to more silicic rocks.Calculation of density and viscosity from the compositional and mineralogical data indicates that the magma chamber was stably stratified; lower temperature but more evolved, thus less dense, rhyolite overlay higher temperature, less evolved, and therefore more dense, progressively more mafic liquids. The continuity in rock and mineral compositions and calculated temperature, viscosity, and density indicate that compositional gradation in the magma chamber was smoothly continuous; any compositional gaps must have been no greater than about 2% SiO₂.     

Effect of oxygen fugacity and water on phase equilibria of a hydrous tholeiitic basalt

The influence of oxygen fugacity and water on phase equilibria and the link between redox conditions and water activity were investigated experimentally using a primitive tholeiitic basalt composition relevant to the ocean crust. The crystallization experiments were performed in internally heated pressure vessels at 200 MPa in the temperature range 940–1,220°C. The oxygen fugacity was measured using the H₂-membrane technique. To study the effect of oxygen fugacity, three sets of experiments with different hydrogen fugacities were performed, showing systematic effects on the phase relations and compositions. In each experimental series, the water content of the system was varied from nominally dry to water-saturated conditions, causing a range of oxygen fugacities varying by ~3 log units per series. The range in oxygen fugacity investigated spans ~7 log units. Systematic effects of oxygen fugacity on the stability and composition of the mafic silicate phases, Cr–spinel and Fe–Ti oxides, under varying water contents were recorded. The Mg# of the melt, and therefore also the Mg# of olivine and clinopyroxene, changed systematically as a function of oxygen fugacity. An example of the link between oxygen fugacity and water activity under hydrogen-buffered conditions is the change in the crystallization sequence (olivine and Cr–spinel) due to a change in the oxygen fugacity caused by an increase in the water activity. The stability of magnetite is restricted to highly oxidizing conditions. The absence of magnetite in most of the experiments allows the determination of differentiation trends as a function of oxygen fugacity and water content, demonstrating that in an oxide-free crystallization sequence, water systematically affects the differentiation trend, while oxygen fugacity seems to have a negligible effect.     

东昆仑东段哈拉尕吐花岗岩基岩浆混合作用:来自岩石学和矿物学约束

哈拉尕吐花岗岩基位于东昆仑东段,其中花岗闪长岩岩浆混合作用明显,是研究岩浆混合作用的良好对象.从岩石学、岩相学和矿物化学等方面对哈拉尕吐花岗岩基进行了详细研究.电子探针结果显示:寄主岩斜长石的An值同相对应包体中斜长石捕掳晶近似;包体中基质斜长石大部分具核边结构,核部和边部An值存在间断;部分包体中浅色基质斜长石的An值与具核边结构斜长石的边部近似;辉长闪长岩中斜长石具较高的An值.寄主岩角闪石同相对应包体中角闪石捕掳晶的结晶温度、压力和氧逸度较为接近;包体中基质角闪石的结晶温度和压力低于寄主岩角闪石,氧逸度稍高于寄主岩角闪石;辉长闪长岩角闪石具有最高的结晶温度和压力及最低的氧逸度.哈图沟剖面和德福胜剖面寄主岩中的斜长石和角闪石的成分具有一定差别.岩浆不同期次侵入结晶和岩浆自身演化,使不同地点斜长石和角闪石的成分和物理化学特征具有一定变化.镁铁质岩浆位于地壳深部,氧逸度较低,使结晶的角闪石具有较高的形成压力和较低的氧逸度,斜长石具较高An值;随着镁铁质岩浆注入寄主岩,由于环境突变,使斜长石受到熔蚀;由于岩浆上侵以及两种岩浆物理化学性质差别较大,导致温度、压力和水饱和度降低,氧逸度升高,使包体中残留岩浆快速结晶,形成具核边结构、浅色均一的斜长石,以及结晶程度较差、较高氧逸度的角闪石.      

Volcanic facies and mineral chemistry of Tertiary volcanics in the northern part of the Eastern Pontides,northeast Turkey: implications for pre-eruptive crystallization conditions and magma chamber processes

Tertiary volcanics in the northern zone of the Eastern Pontides are characterized by subaerial and shallow-subaqueous facieses, and are divided into three volcanic suites: Eocene aged (1) basalt-trachybasalt-basaltic trachyandesite (BTB) and (2) trachyte-trachyandesite (TT), and Miocene aged (3) basanite-tephrite (BT) suites. Clinopyroxene is a common phase in all three volcanic suites, and has different compositions with Mg# varying from 0.57 to 0.91 in BTB suite and 0.57–0.84 in TT suite to 0.65–0.90 in BT suite. Feldspars in all suites generally exhibit wide range of compositions from sanidine to albite or anorthite and have weak normal and reverse compositional zoning. Olivines in BTB and BT suites have Fo_60–92. Hornblendes in BTB, TT and BT suites are commonly magnesio-hastingsite and rare pargasite in composition (Mg#: 0.67–0.90). Brown mica is mainly phlogopite with Mg# ranging from 0.56 to 0.92 in the BTB suite, 0.59–0.84 in the TT suite, and 0.75–0.93 in the BT suite. Analcime is present only in the BT suite rocks. Fe–Ti oxides in all suites are mainly composed of magnetite and titanomagnetite. Textural petrographic and mineral chemical data suggest that magmas had undergone hydrous and anhydrous crystallizations in deep-, mid-, and shallow-crustal magma chambers. Clinopyroxene thermobarometric calculations show that Eocene magma chambers were characterized by temperature ranging from 1,100 to 1,244 °C and pressure ranging from 1.84 to 5.39 kbar. Similarly, the Miocene magma chambers were characterized by temperature ranging from 1,119 to 1,146 °C and pressure ranging from 4.23 to 4.93 kbar. Hornblende thermobarometry, oxygen fugacity, and hygrometer reveal that the crystallization temperature of Eocene volcanics range from 956 to 959 °C at pressure ranging from 6.49 to 6.52 kbar. Eocene volcanics were characterized by water content ranging from 7.83 to 8.57 wt.% and oxygen fugacity of 10^?9.36 to 10^?9.46 (ΔNNO+2). Miocene volcanics had crystallization temperature ranging from 970 to 978 °C at pressure ranging from 8.70 to 9.00 kbar with water content ranging from 8.04 to 8.64 wt.% and oxygen fugacity ranging from 10^?8.75 to 10^?8.87 (ΔNNO+2). Brown mica thermobarometric data show that Eocene volcanics were characterized by relatively high oxygen fugacity varying from 10^-10.32 to 10^-12.37 (HM) at temperature ranging from 858 to 953 °C and pressure ranging from 1.08 to 1.41 kbar. Miocene volcanics were crystallized at highly oxidized conditions, which are characterized by high oxygen fugacity of 10^?12.0 (HM) at temperature of 875 °C and pressure of 2.09 kbar. The wide range of obtained temperatures for clinopyroxenes of the suites denotes that the equilibration of clinopyroxene crystals initiates from depth until close to the surface before magma eruption. The compositional variations, resorbed core and reverse zoning patterns in clinopyroxene phenocrysts, as well as variable pressures of crystallization, further indicate that the magmas that formed the suites were polybaric in origins and were composite products of more than one petrogenetic stage. The observed range of phenocryst assemblage and different compositional trends possibly originated from fractionation of magmas with different initial water contents under variable pressures of crystallization. The repeated occurrence of magmas from different suites during a single period of activity suggests that the magmatic system consists of several conduit systems and that magma reservoirs are dispersed at different levels of crustal magma chambers.     

A high-pressure experimental study on the evolution of the silicic magmatism of the Main Ethiopian Rift

In this contribution we report the results of an experimental study that investigated equilibrium and fractional crystallization of hydrous, transitional alkaline basalt at low oxygen fugacity, under lower to middle crustal conditions to constrain the generation of subaluminous and peralkaline differentiation products that typically occur in rift systems. The experiments reveal that liquids produced by equilibrium crystallization in the range 0.7–1 GPa cannot cross the subaluminous/peralkaline compositional divide. In contrast, fractional crystallization experiments under isobaric and polybaric conditions approach closer the naturally observed trend from subaluminous to evolved peralkaline products suggesting that polybaric differentiation starting at elevated pressures can indeed lead to the transition from subaluminous to peralkaline derivative liquids. The presence of water in the parental magmas of silicic derivative products is of prime importance for the fractionation equilibria as well as for the mobility of such magmas toward shallow crustal levels.

We suggest that peralkaline magmas in rift environments are indicative for differentiation under relatively low oxygen fugacity conditions in an extensional environment characterized by a high degree of crustal fracturing that allows rapid upward migration of mafic parental magmas and formation of shallow magma reservoirs. Crystallization–differentiation of parental, hydrous transitional alkaline basalt in such reservoirs is controlled by low pressure phase equilibria that typically evolve through early saturation of anorthite-rich plagioclase and suppressed amphibole crystallization resulting in ‘low-alumina’, peralkaline derivative liquids.     

西秦岭碌础坝石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩的地球化学、矿物学研究及其地质意义

不同成因类型的花岗岩组合,反映出不同的物源组成或迥异的岩浆演化过程。为了进一步探讨西秦岭造山带中生代花岗质侵入岩的成因、矿物结晶条件和地球动力学背景,选择西秦岭东部碌础坝岩体内的石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩为研究对象,对其开展详细的野外地质调查以及系统的岩相学、矿物学和岩石地球化学研究。研究结果表明:碌础坝石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩的SiO₂含量范围为59.65%~67.36%,A/CNK为0.82~1.04,K₂O/Na₂O=1.11~1.74,Mg^#值为47~53,显示出准铝质-弱过铝质特征,属于高钾钙碱性岩石,其中花岗闪长岩为I型花岗岩;岩体具有富集Rb、Th、U、K和Pb等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti等元素的特征,具有中等Eu负异常(δEu=0.50~0.77),轻重稀土分馏明显((La/Yb)_N=9.43~30.37)。碌础坝花岗质岩石中斜长石的An值介于18~53之间,以中长石为主,部分斜长石显示振荡环带;角闪石为镁角闪石,部分角闪石具有环带结构,且核部Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺)值较高(0.88~0.91)并具有富钙特征(CaO含量为17.80%~22.67%),但Al₂O₃含量较低,指示角闪石核部与边部的形成环境具有明显差异;黑云母Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺)值为0.44~0.57,为镁质黑云母。碌础坝花岗质岩石中全岩和各类矿物的温度计算结果显示,全岩锆饱和温度为736~795 ℃,角闪石结晶温度为704~824 ℃,黑云母结晶温度为700~746 ℃。三种方法计算的结晶温度相近,表明岩体形成于中温环境。碌础坝岩体角闪石全铝压力计结果为1.0~3.5 kbar(1 bar=100 kPa),平均形成深度为6.8 km;黑云母结晶压力为0.9~1.4 kbar,平均形成深度为4.1 km。角闪石湿度及氧逸度计显示其相对氧逸度为ΔNNO=0.1~1.3,含水量为3.9%~6.3%。结合前人资料,认为西秦岭碌础坝岩体由角闪岩为主的变基性岩部分熔融形成,幔源组分的参与导致其具有高Mg^#值、高Cr和Ni等元素含量的特征。碌础坝岩体形成于洋-陆俯冲向陆-陆碰撞转换的阶段。     

幔源岩浆氧化还原状态及对岩浆矿床成矿的制约

岩浆的氧化还原状态是控制许多基本地质过程的关键热动力学参数之一。估算玄武质岩浆和源区岩石氧化还原状态的常用方法主要包括多价元素的价态、多价元素的分配系数、共存矿物对的化学平衡和全岩化学比值。岩石学实验的深入和分析技术手段的快速发展使精确估算岩浆氧逸度成为可能。这有力地促进了对地幔源区成分、岩浆的部分熔融程度和熔融方式与分异演化历史,以及岩浆矿床的成因机制及成矿过程的研究。幔源岩浆的氧化还原状态复杂多变,不仅与构造背景有关,还与地幔深度(压力)、交代作用和部分熔融有着密切联系。而在岩浆到达浅部地壳后,结晶分异、岩浆去气和同化混染等过程也能不同程度地改变岩浆的氧逸度。因此,即使来自同一构造背景的幔源岩浆也呈现出明显的氧逸度不均一性。氧逸度的高低对源区部分熔融过程中金属元素的地球化学行为、岩浆的分异演化趋势、Fe-Ti-V氧化物饱和时间的早晚和S在岩浆中的溶解度具有明显的控制作用。因此,岩浆的氧逸度对钒钛磁铁矿矿床和汇聚板块边缘的岩浆硫化物矿床的成矿过程具有显著的影响。     

西藏冈底斯岩浆弧南缘晚白垩世早期石英二长闪长岩中锆石的成因矿物学研究

锆石的形态标型和成分标型可用于反演岩浆的演化过程和构造环境。为探讨西藏桑耶地区晚白垩世的石英二长闪长岩的岩浆成因、演化过程及其物理化学条件,采用成因矿物学方法对石英二长闪长岩中的锆石的形态标型、成分标型及其构造环境进行了系统研究。结果表明,锆石的延长系数多集中于1.5∶1~3.0∶1,锆石群型多为S₁₀和P₁。锆石形态标型表明岩浆为壳幔混源成因,成分标型指示锆石的Ti饱和温度为802~896℃(均值为853℃)。氧逸度结果离散度较大,其lgf_{O_(2})为-15.37~-4.77(平均FMQ为0.41),属中等氧逸度。锆石的Th/U值(0.76~1.38)及其微量元素成因判别图解均显示其为岩浆锆石,构造-岩浆背景判别图指示石英二长闪长岩可能来源于岛弧岩浆环境,形成于大陆弧型的构造背景。     

Effect of oxygen fugacity on the etching rate of diamond crystals in silicate melt

Experimental data on the etching of diamond crystals in basaltic melt at 1130°C with variable oxygen fugacity in the environment are considered. The oxygen fugacity was set with the HM and NNO buffers. The study was carried out on a 0.6–0.8 mm fraction (powder) of natural diamond crystals. It has been established that, at the same temperature, the rate of diamond etching (oxidation) in silicate melt depends on the oxygen fugacity in the environment. The etching rate decreases with decline in the oxygen fugacity from the case where the melt comes into contact with atmospheric air to the conditions controlled by the HM and NNO buffers. Under the conditions of the HM and NNO buffers, oxidation was accompanied by surface graphitization of diamond crystals.     

On power-law kinetics of transport phenomena in minerals

 Power laws can be written which describe many physical phenomena in materials and can be of great utility. However, they can sometimes provide a false picture of a relationship between two variables when dependence on a third parameter is not taken into account. (For example, electrical conductivity, diffusion, and creep can be shown to have a spurious power-law dependence on oxygen fugacity if the dependence of activation energy on oxygen fugacity is not considered). Extrapolations of data with such spurious power-law dependences can provide a false picture of material behavior under in-situ conditions in the Earth. Received: July 11, 1996 / Revised, accepted: January 23, 1997     

攀西层状基性-超基性岩体的韵律特征及分形研究

攀西层状基性－－超基性岩体的韵律结构发育,岩体的岩石矿物特征、地球化学特征在垂向上均叶多级套叠的韵律式变化。通过对韵律结构全面、详细的研究,发现韵律结构具有分形特征;运用分形理论地大韵律层进行研究之后,认为层状岩 韵律结构的形成可能受５个实质性状态变量控制;进一步结合地质资料分析,推测达５个状态为量力：岩浆成分、压力、温度、氧逸度、重力。     

Spatial variability analysis of precipitation in northwest Iran

The spatial variability of precipitation was investigated in the northwestern corner of Iran using data collected at 24 synoptic stations from 1986 to 2015. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used to regionalize precipitation in the study area. Eleven precipitation variables were averaged and arranged as an input matrix for the R-mode PCA to identify the precipitation patterns. Results suggest that the study area can be divided into four spatially homogeneous sub-zones. In addition, the spatial patterns of annual precipitation were identified by applying the T-mode PCA and CA to the annual precipitation data. The delineated spatial patterns revealed three distinct sub-regions. The resultant maps were compared with the spatial distribution of the rotated principal components (PCs). Results pointed out that the delineated clusters are characterized by different precipitation variability; and using different precipitation parameters can lead to different spatial patterns of precipitation over northwest Iran.     

Mineralogical Characteristics of Exsolved Spinel in the Panzhihua V-Ti Magnetite Deposit, Sichuan: Implications for the Mineralization Process

Spinel exsolution is widespread in titanomagnetite from the Fe-Ti oxide gabbro of the Panzhihua intrusion, Emeishan Large Igneous Province, SW China. However, little research has been conducted into the implications of patterns in the mineralogical characteristics of the spinel for spatial variation in the controls on the exsolution mechanism and, hence, the formation process of the ore deposit. This study selected the Lanjiahuoshan Ore Block in the Panzhihua V-Ti magnetite deposit to explore this issue, systematically studying exsolution textures in the titanomagnetite through petrographic observation and the integrated use of in-situ microanalysis. The results show that the exsolved spinel gradually becomes finer-grained and less abundant from the center to edge and the bottom to top of the ore bodies. Compositionally, there is an inverse correlation between the size of exsolved spinel grains and their Mg# value. In addition, there is compositional zonation in the spinel interiors, with a gradual increase in the Mg content and decrease in Fe content from the core to the rim. The analysis suggests that fractional crystallization of ferrotitanium magma with a high oxygen fugacity in a shallow magma chamber caused compositional differences in the primary magnetite solid solution in different parts of the Panzhihua intrusion. Additionally, the thermal evolution of the magnetite solid solution differed in different parts of orebody, bringing about variations in spinel development. Together, these effects resulted in spatial variation in the abundance, grain size, and morphology of spinel in different parts of the orebody and intrusion that follows an identifiable distribution law. Furthermore, the compositional zonation of exsolved spinels reflects the rapid growth of exsolution features in a high-temperature environment. Thus, the size, morphology, abundance, and composition of spinel exsolution features in titanomagnetite provide a valuable petrogenetic tool for estimating the maturity and formational environment of the deposit.     

上黑龙江盆地二十一站岩体角闪石和黑云母成分特征及成岩成矿意义

二十一站岩体位于黑龙江省东北部大兴安岭地区塔河县境内,该岩体产出的岩石类型包括早白垩世二长岩和石英二长斑岩及早侏罗世花岗岩和二长岩等,在该岩体中已发现斑岩型铜金矿床,但是该岩体形成的物理化学条件和岩石成因尚不清楚,不同岩性岩浆岩的成矿潜力也不明确。鉴于此,本文以二十一站岩体中不同时代的花岗岩、二长岩、石英二长斑岩的黑云母和角闪石为研究对象,结合偏光显微镜、电子探针背散射图像和电子探针化学成分,对该岩体的岩石学、矿物学特征进行了研究,并对岩浆结晶的物理化学条件、岩石成因和成矿意义进行了探讨。结果显示:早白垩世二长岩中角闪石化学成分显示:角闪石富钙(CaO 11.21%~11.78%)、富镁(MgO 13.61%~14.85%)、贫钠(Na2O 0.80%~1.11%)和贫钾(K2O 0.40%~0.54%),属于镁角闪石,结晶温度为704.92~805.58℃,平均温度为761.82℃,压力为73.83~115.93MPa,对应岩浆侵位深度为2.8~4.4km,结晶时岩浆氧逸度为△NNO+1.63,含水量为H2O=4.92%,反映出岩浆结晶时高温、高氧逸度、富含水分、浅侵位的特征。黑云母的Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg)比值比较均一,反映黑云母未遭受后期流体改造,均为原生岩浆成因的黑云母。其中早侏罗世花岗岩和二长岩所代表的A类黑云母化学成分上富铁(TFeO 19.92%~22.42%)贫镁(MgO 7.99%~10.46%),属于铁质黑云母,早白垩世二长岩和石英二长斑岩所代表的B类黑云母相比于A类黑云母更富镁(MgO 12.38%~14.45%)和钛(TiO21.90%~2.75%),贫铁(TFeO 16.64%~17.97%)和铝(Al2O315.00%~16%.79),属于镁质黑云母。A类和B类黑云母对应岩浆结晶温度分别为720~740℃和750~780℃;压力为202.20~443.49MPa和158~231MPa,对应岩浆侵位深度为6.67~14.64km和5.24~7.24km;结晶时岩浆氧逸度分别为10-15~10-16和10-12~10-13;岩浆来源为壳源,且B类黑云母对应岩浆有地幔物质参与。因此,可以认为二十一站岩体中早白垩世二长岩和石英二长斑岩具有中高温,高氧逸度应含水量,岩浆主要来源于地壳物质的部分熔融,并有部分地幔物质参与,侵位深度较浅的特点,具有形成大型斑岩矿床的潜力。早侏罗世花岗岩和二长岩氧逸度相对较低,侵位较深,物质来源为地壳,因此不具备成矿潜力。     

辽宁赛马霓霞正长岩黑云母地球化学特征、40Ar-39Ar年龄及其地质意义

黑云母不仅是理想的40Ar-39Ar年代学定年矿物,其化学组成还可用来指示母岩浆物理化学条件、岩浆源区及分异演化程度、成矿潜力和成岩构造环境.本文对辽宁赛马碱性杂岩体中分布最为广泛的霓霞正长岩中的黑云母开展系统电子探针分析和40Ar-39Ar定年,结合pMELTS软件对前人全岩主量元素分析数据开展了平衡结晶计算,探讨了母岩浆物理化学性质、演化过程和成岩构造背景.电子探针分析结果表明赛马霓霞正长岩黑云母具有高铁高钛特征,属铁质黑云母.根据黑云母主量元素含量及比值估算黑云母结晶温度为770~800℃,lgf_O2介于-16~-14,而pMELTS平衡结晶计算结果表明整个霓霞正长岩岩浆体系于1 300℃以上便已开始结晶,且随温度降低氧逸度呈现不断降低的趋势,这种较高温度和持续降低的氧逸度环境不利于岩浆热液的分异,使得碱金属（Na）、挥发分及铀钍稀有元素保留在岩浆房内并在后期钠质岩浆（异霞正长岩）结晶分异过程中富集成矿.部分黑云母发育完好的振荡环带,且核部较幔部具有更高的TiO₂、Na₂O含量和更低的SiO₂含量和Fe3+/（Fe3++Fe2+）比值,也进一步证实黑云母结晶后残余岩浆具有更低氧逸度和更高Na含量.赛马碱性岩是华北克拉通北缘近东西向碱性岩带的一部分,本文获得其黑云母40Ar-39Ar年龄为222 Ma左右,形成于古亚洲洋闭合之后的后碰撞伸展构造背景.      

Geochronology,geochemistry, and petrology of adakitic Pliocene–Quaternary volcanism in the Şebinkarahisar (Giresun) area,NE Turkey

ABSTRACT

The Pliocene–Quaternary volcanics in NE Turkey are mainly hornblende–phyric trachyandesites having a narrow range of SiO₂ from 61.88 to 63.00 wt.% and exhibiting adakitic signatures with their Na₂O (3.67–4.27 wt.%), Al₂O₃ (16.19–16.80 wt.%), Y (14.1–16.5 ppm) contents and K₂O/Na₂O (0.87–1.12), Sr/Y (44.24–54.90), and La/Yb (36.80–43.88) ratios. Plagioclases as the main mineral phases show a wide range of compositions, and weak normal and reverse zoning. Hornblendes are generally edenite and pargasite (Mg#: 0.39–0.74). Clinopyroxenes are augite (Mg#: 0.58–0.76). Biotites have Mg# ranging from 0.45 to 0.66. The textural and compositional variations indicate disequilibrium crystallization possibly arising from magma mixing. The U–Pb zircon dating of the adakitic volcanics yielded 3.4–1.9 Ma. The studied rocks display moderate light rare earth element /heavy rare earth element ratios and enrichment in the lithophile element and depletion in high field strength element, implying that the parental magmas were derived from mantle sources previously enriched by slab-derived fluids and/or subducted sediments. The crystallization temperature and pressure estimations based on the clinopyroxene thermobarometry range from 1144 to 1186°C and from 3.92 to 7.97 kbar, respectively. Hornblende thermobarometry, oxygen fugacity, and hygrometer calculations yielded results as 908–993°C at a pressure of 2.87–5.22 kbar, water content of 4.4–8.4 wt.%, and relative oxygen fugacity (ΔNNO log units) of ?0.6 to 0.9, respectively. Biotite thermobarometry suggests relatively higher oxygen fugacity conditions (10^–13.33 to 10^–17.60) at temperatures of 676–819°C and at pressures from 1.15 to 1.76 kbar. In the light of the obtained data and modelling, it can be concluded that the magmas of the adakitic volcanics were derived from enriched mantle source through relatively higher partial melting and experienced magma mixing with melts at the crustal level. Additionally, the fractional crystallization and assimilation-fractional crystallization processes may have played an important role during the evolution of the studied volcanics.     

我国夕卡岩矿床中的辉石和似辉石特征及其与金属矿化的关系

根据我国３７个夕卡岩矿床中辉石和似辉石的成分和共生矿物特征等的综合研究分析，指出不同金属矿化夕卡岩中的辉石、似辉石类型和成分特征各不相同，因而作为鉴别夕卡岩含矿性的翻来覆去矿的地球化学标志，岩浆期镁夕卡岩中的辉石为铝透辉石，可伴生磁铁矿化；岩浆期后镁夕卡岩中的为较纯的透辉石，可能伴生Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｏ、Ｓｎ、Ａｕ等矿化；钙夕卡岩中的辉石主要为透辉石，而似辉石成分多为硅灰石，随着辉石中钙铁辉石和钙鳃辉     

Chemical composition of rock-forming minerals and crystallization physicochemical conditions of the Middle Eocene I-type Haji Abad pluton,SW Buin-Zahra,Iran

The Haji Abad intrusion is a well-exposed Middle Eocene I-type granodioritc pluton in the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic assemblage (UDMA). The major constituents of the investigated rocks are K-feldspar, quartz, plagioclase, pyroxene, and minor Fe–Ti oxide and hornblende. The plagioclase compositions fall in the labradorite, andesine, and oligoclase fields. The amphiboles range in composition from magnesio-hornblende to tremolite–hornblende of the calcic-amphibole group. Most pyroxenes principally plot in the field of diopside. The calculated average pressure of emplacement is 1.9 kbar for the granodioritic rocks, crystallizing at depths of about 6.7 km. The highest pressure estimated from clinopyroxene geobarometry (5 kbar) reflects initial pyroxene crystallization pressure, indicating initial crystallization depth (17.5 km) in the Haji Abad granodiorite. The estimated temperatures using two-feldspar thermometry give an average 724 °C. The calculated average temperature for clinopyroxene crystallization is 1090 °C. The pyroxene temperatures are higher than the estimated temperature by feldspar thermometry, indicating that the pyroxene and feldspar temperatures represent the first and late stages of magmatic crystallization of Haji Abad granodiorite, respectively. Most pyroxenes plot above the line of Fe³⁺?=?0, indicating they crystallized under relatively high oxygen fugacity or oxidized conditions. Furthermore, the results show that the Middle Eocene granitoids crystallized from magmas with H₂O content about 3.2 wt%. The relatively high water content is consistent with the generation environment of HAG rocks in an active continental margin and has allowed the magma to reach shallower crustal levels. The MMEs with ellipsoidal and spherical shapes show igneous microgranular textures and chilled margins, probably indicating the presence of magma mixing. Besides, core to rim compositional oscillations (An and FeO) for the plagioclase crystals serve as robust evidence to support magma mixing. The studied amphiboles and pyroxenes are grouped in the subalkaline fields that are consistent with crystallization from I-type calc-alkaine magma in the subduction environment related to active continental margin. Mineral chemistry data indicate that Haji Abad granodiorites were generated in an orogenic belt related to the volcanic arc setting consistent with the subduction of Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust beneath the central Iranian microcontinent.     

A trace-element geochemical model for imperfect fractional crystallization associated with the development of crystal zoning

Although many petrological studies of volcanic rocks have suggested that crystallization proceeds within magma bodies, highly compatible trace elements do not display the marked variations and extreme depletions predicted to result from perfect fractional crystallization. Imperfect crystal-liquid separation is a key process in explaining this paradox. The presence of suspended crystals greatly affects variations in highly compatible elements, and has been quantitatively modeled by assuming perfect equilibrium between the suspended crystals and the liquid (equilibrium crystallization and imperfect separation; ECIS); however, volcanic rocks generally contain zoned phenocrysts that reflect the absence of solid-state equilibration. The present study develops a mass-balance model for zoned crystallization and imperfect separation (ZCIS). The ZCIS process is more efficient than the conventional ECIS process in generating depleted compatible elements. These two end-member models are able to explain the compositional range of igneous rocks that experienced imperfect fractional crystallization under natural conditions. The predicted compositional regions in bivariate trace-element diagrams successfully account for the sizes and shapes of the regions defined by whole-rock and melt-inclusion data from the Bishop Tuff, CA, USA.