In Memory of Professor Xiao xi-Guang

ProfessorXiaoXi-Guang,aseniortranslator,Englisheducator,writer,andEnglishreviewerofourJournalbetween1992and1993.HediedofcanceronNov.21,1999inhospitalofBeijingWeexpresssincerecondolencestohisfamilyandrelatives.ProfessorXiaowasbornon11ofDecember1921int...     

Tracing the Forecast of Earthquakes Based on the Seismicity Characteristics of the Chi-Chi Strong Earthquake Swarm Sequence

The data of earthquakes with M≥3.0 during the 7 years from September 21, 1993 to September 20, 2000 recorded by the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau (CWB) show that there were 6 types of clear characteristics of seismicity during the Chi-Chi strong earthquake swarm of September 21. These 6 types of characteristics are (1) foreshock types, (2) seismic gaps, (3) seismic bands, (4) clustering activity of foreshocks and signal shock, (5) quiescence before the main shock and (6) secondary aftershocks in the aftershock sequence. Using the procedures for analyzing the yearly strong earthquake tendency, further tracing based on the earthquake sequence characteristics, and taking the Chi-Chi earthquake sequence as an example, tracing analysis of the earthquake tendency was attempted using the shorter time range of monthly rather than in a yearly time scale. An attempt was made to establish the procedures for tracing analysis of shallow-focus earthquakes in the seismic belt of western Taiwan. It is hoped that this can provide an analystical method for approaching the short-imminent time scale of seismometry-based earthquake forecasting.     

Characteristics and Implication of the Earthquake Swarm Occurred in Fuzhou in September 1999

on Septmeber 23,1999,an earthquake swarm occured in Fuzhou,Because the swarm occurred in the region where earthquaks occurred scarcely before and very close to the center of the city as well as shortly after the Jiji earthquake with Ms7.6 in Taiwan,September 21,1999,has aroused interest broadly.In this paper,we analyzed the characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution of the earthquake swarm and validated magnitude-number constituent of the swarm is special.In present theory,the earthquake swarm means that a small scale macro original rupture has formed in the layer of the crust in Fuzhou region where moderately strong earthquake risk exists.     

Discrimination Between Foreshocks and Earthquake Swarm from the Change of First Motion Sign

Based on the data of first motion of 11 earthquake sequences with ML ≥ 3.0 recorded by the Telemetric Seismic Network of Shanxi since the 1980s, the first motion characteristics of each earthquake sequence were studied. It is known that earthquake sequences of different types have different consistency characteristics of focal mechanism. The decrease and increase of the first motion contradictory sign ratios could be taken as an index to judge whether there would still be a larger earthquake to come after the earthquake sequence.     

Study on Inelastic Attenuation and Source Parameters of the Shidian Swarm in 2001

Based on horizontal-component digital seismograms recorded on 6 stations of the Yunnan Regional Digital Network, we inversed the inelastic attenuation in the source region of the Shidian swarm using the Atkinson method and the site responses of the 6 stations 200km around the Shidian epicenters using the Moya method. The observational seismic waveform data were corrected by removing the propagation, instrument and site effects before the source parameters of the Shidian swarm in 2001 were determined using genetic algorithms. The results are as follows: (1) There is a linear relation between seismic moment and local magnitude. The seismic moment is between 1×10~ 12 and 10~ 14 N·m. The rupture radius of the seismic focus varies from 157m to 973m. The seismic moment and the rupture radius maintain a linear correlation. (2) The corner frequency increases as the seismic moment decreases. Based on the expression between corner frequency and seismic moment using least squares fitting, we can obtain the estimated value of the corner frequency. The time-varying value of the calculated corner frequency minus the estimated corner frequency shows that there were continuous high and low anomalies before the strong aftershocks. (3) The seismic stress drop is in the range of 0.07～1.55MPa. The stress drop seems independent of the local magnitude. The variation of stress drops is high before the occurrence of the strong aftershocks. (4) The depth of aftershocks is mostly in a range from 5km to 10km, which means that energy release of aftershocks is mainly concentrated in this range of depth.     

Study on Stress Triggering During the Activity Process of the Jiashi Strong Earthquake Swarm

The Bachu-Jiashi earthquake of Ms6.8 occurred on February 24, 2003, about 20km from the southeast of the 1997 - 1998 Jiashi seismic region in Xinjiang, and its aftershocks are rich and strong. Did the 1997 - 1998 Jiashi strong earthquake swarm trigger the Bachu-Jiashi Ms6.8 earthquake？ The Atushi earthquake of Ms6.7 occurred in 1996, and the 1997 - 1998 Jiashi strong earthquake swarm occurred about 70km from the Atushi earthquake 10 months later. Did the Atushi earthquake of Ms6.7 encourage the 1997 - 1998 Jiashi strong earthquake swarm？ There were 9 earthquakes with Ms6.0 from 1996 to 1997 in the Jiashi seismic region, how did they act on each other？ To answer the above questions, the article studies the triggering effect of the activity process of the whole Jiashi earthquake swarm from the 1996 Atushi earthquake of Ms6.7, the 1997 - 1998 Jiashi strong swarm to the 2003 Bachu-Jiashi earthquake of Ms6.8, and analyzes the seismicity characteristics around the Jiashi region. The results show that the 1996 Atushi earthquake of Ms6.7 encouraged the 1997 - 1998 Jiashi strong swarm to some extent, the accumulative Coulomb stress change from the previous M6.0 earthquakes of the Jiashi strong swarm had certain triggering effects on the following M6.0 events, and the Coulomb stress change converted from the Jiashi strong swarm strongly encouraged the 2003 Bachu-Jiashi earthquake with Ms6.8.     

The Polarimetry of Нα-prominences

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - A brief comparative analysis determining the magnetic field in optical and radio range prominences is presented; a tendency to increase averaged magnetic fields two to...     

The International Latitude Service – A Historical Review, From The Beginning To Its Foundation In 1899 And The Period Until 1922

The study of Polar Motion (PM) is associated withthe work of the InternationalLatitude Service (ILS), the International PolarMotion Service (IPMS) and theBureau International de l'Heure (BIH), andthen the International Earth RotationService (IERS). After reviewing briefly thehistory of early PM research, thescientific objective of the ILS including itsrealizing, and the activities of all thecited services and giving information on thePM time series available from mid-19thcentury to the present, important details onthe events and results are presentedover the period until 1922. It is shown, inwhich way the Geodetic Institute Potsdamcontributed to the foundation of the ILS andtook part in its activities through thework of Helmert, Albrecht, Wanach and Mahnkopf.Based on international scientificcooperation, the results were the rectangularcoordinates of the Polar Motion from1890.0 to 1922.7 at 0.1 year intervals, inparticular those derived from the latitudeobservations at independent stations from 1890.0to 1899.8, and those derived fromthe latitude observations at the ILS stationsfrom 1899.9 to 1922.7.     

The depth of Moho in the mainland of China

ＴｈｅｄｅｐｔｈｏｆＭｏｈｏｉｎｔｈｅｍａｉｎｌａｎｄｏｆＣｈｉｎａＲｏｎｇ－ＳｈｅｎｇＺＥＮＧ；（曾融生）Ｗｅｉ－ＧｕｏＳＵＮ；（孙为国）Ｔｏｎｇ－ＥｎＭＡＯ（毛桐恩）ＺｈｏｎｇＹａｎｇＬＩＮ；（林中洋）Ｈｏｎｇ－ＸｉａｎｇＨＵ；（胡鸿翔）ａｎｄＧ...     

The reality of the scaling law of earthquake-source spectra?

Attempts to build a “constant-stress-drop” scaling of an earthquake-source spectrum have invariably met with difficulties. Physically, such a scaling would mean that the low-frequency content of the spectrum would control the high-frequency one, reducing the number of the parameters governing the time history of a shear dislocation to one. This is technically achieved through relationships of the corner frequency of the spectrum to the fault size, inevitably introduced in an arbitrary manner using a constant termed “stress drop”. Throughout decades of observations, this quantity has never proved to be constant. This fact has fundamental physical reasons. The dislocation motion is controlled by two independent parameters: the final static offset and the speed at which it is reached. The former controls the low-frequency asymptote of the spectrum while the latter its high-frequency content. There is no physical reason to believe that the static displacement should predetermine the slip rate, which would be implied if the “stress drop” were constant. Reducing the two parameters to just one (the seismic moment or magnitude) in a “scaling law” has no strict justification; this would necessarily involve arbitrary assumptions about the relationship of one parameter to the other. This explains why the “constant-stress-drop” scaling in seismology has been believed in but never reconciled with the data.     

The time reversal effect of the impulse response of crust

IntroductionTime reversal effect is a kind of reversed dynamic process in a limited space or time interval, which can be realized artificially by resetting the boundary and loading conditions. In this case the time seems to be reversed and such effect therefore is called time reversal effect, which was first proposed in and applied to the field of ultrasonic. Although the focusing of ultrasonic wave has powerful effect, it is difficult to focus in an anisotropic or homogeneous medium. Fink (19…     

The limit properties of spatial coherence of seismic ground motion

ＴｈｅｌｉｍｉｔｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｓｐａｔｉａｌｃｏｈｅｒｅｎｃｅｏｆｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｇｒｏｕｎｄｍｏｔｉｏｎＪＵＮ－ＪＩＥＷＡＮＧ（王君杰）ＷＥＩＣＨＥＮ（陈玮）ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｒｉｄｇｅＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，ＴｏｎｇｊｉＵｎｉｖ...     

The numerical simulation of thesource development of the Tangshan earthquake

Ｔｈｅｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｄｅｖｅｌ┐ｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅＴａｎｇｓｈａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅＺＨＩ－ＲＥＮＮＩＵ（牛志仁）ＤＡＮＧ－ＭＩＮＣＨＥＮ（陈党民）ＢＩＮＧ－ＱＩＡＮＬＩ（李炳乾）Ｓｅｉｓｍｏｌｏ...     

The Klyuchevskoi Eruptions of 2015–2016

This paper deals with the summit eruptions of 2015–2016, as well as with the 2016 subterminal eruption of Klyuchevskoi. We estimate the dimensions of the depression that was produced by a landfall in the southeastern trough of the volcano. We estimated the volume and area of landfall deposits. The observed volumes of landfalls during the terminal eruptions of 1944?1945, 1985, and 2016 can vary within 0.006?0.140 km³. The theoretical volumes can reach 4?8 km³. We discuss the leading factors that cause landfalls on Klyuchevskoi. These include irreversible creep at depth, the influence of cracks and fissuring in the volcanic cone, as well as the constant intrusive activity of the volcano. Geodetic measurements revealed that the rates of sliding for several individual patches on the slopes varied between 6.7 cm/yr and 19.4 cm/yr. Video and photographic observations were used to estimate the thermal power of stable steam–gas and ash jets, volume of pyroclastics, and the volume of the erupted lava. The thermal power of the steam–gas jets for 2015 was approximately 122 × 10⁶ kW, that of the gas–ash jets was 5.9 × 10⁶ kW. The volume of discharged pyroclastic material was V = 0.00007 km³ for 2015 and V = 0.0003 km³ for 2016.