基于GRACE/GRACE-FO和Swarm卫星研究2002-2020年南极和格陵兰岛冰盖质量时空变化

两极冰盖消融及其质量变化作为全球气候变化的重要指标之一,一直是联合国政府间专门气候委员会IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)报告的重点关注内容.GRACE(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment,2002年4月-2017年...     

利用SWARM卫星高低跟踪探测格陵兰岛时变重力信号

GRACE重力卫星任务即将结束,后续GRACE Follow-On卫星计划于2017年发射,在此期间,迫切需要一个新的卫星计划继续对全球时变重力场进行连续监测,以保证时变重力场信息时间序列的连贯性.SWARM计划包括三颗轨道高为300~500 km的近极轨卫星星座,类似于三颗CHAMP卫星,具有接替时变重力场探测的潜力.本文首先分析SWARM(模拟)、CHAMP、GRACE反演至60阶时变重力场球谐系数的误差特性及不同高斯平滑半径对高频误差的抑制效果,然后分别利用SWARM、CHAMP、GRACE的时变重力场模型恢复全球质量变化,结果表明,SWARM模拟观测数据的高频误差低于CHAMP观测数据,探测时变重力场的整体精度优于CHAMP,略低于GRACE探测精度;其次,对比2003年1月—2009年12月期间CHAMP(hl-SST)和GRACE(ll-SST)时变重力场模型反演格陵兰岛冰盖质量变化趋势,结果显示,CHAMP数据得到格陵兰岛冰盖质量变化趋势为-50.2±2.0 Gt/a,GRACE所得结果为-41.2±1.6 Gt/a,两者相差21.8%;最后,对比2000年1月—2004年12月间SWARM模拟数据和"真实"模型数据反演的格陵兰岛冰盖质量变化趋势,结果表明,两者相差19.2%.本文研究表明,利用SWARM hl-SST数据探测时变重力场可以达到20%相对精度水平,有潜力用于填补GRACE和GRACE Follow-On期间探测地球时变重力场的空白.     

利用GRACE空间重力测量监测长江流域水储量的季节性变化

2002年3月成功发射的美德合作重力卫星计划GRACE(Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment)已经开始提供阶次数达到120、时间分辨率为约1个月的地球重力场模型时变序列. GRACE的星座由两颗相距约220 km, 高度保持300~500 km, 而倾角保持约90°的近极轨卫星组成. 由于采用星载GPS和非保守力加速度计等高精度定轨技术以及高精度的星-星跟踪数据反演地球重力场, 在几百公里和更大空间尺度上, GRACE重力场的精度大大超过此前的卫星重力观测. 根据GRACE时变重力场反演的地球系统质量重新分布对固体地球物理、海洋物理、气候学以及大地测量等应用有重要的意义. 在长期时间尺度上, GRACE的结果可用于研究北极冰的变化, 并进而研究极冰融化对全球气候变化, 特别是对海平面长期变化的影响. 在季节性时间尺度上, 利用GRACE重力场的精度足以揭示平均小于1 cm的地表水变化或小于1 mbar的海底压强变化. 除了巨大的社会和经济效益外, 这些变化对了解地球系统的物质循环(主要是水循环)和能量循环有非常重要的意义. 利用2002年4月至2003年12月之间共15个月的GRACE时变重力场揭示了全球水储量的明显季节性变化, 并重点分析了中国长江流域水储量的变化. 结果表明长江流域水储量周年变化幅度可达到3.4 cm等效水高, 其最大值出现在春季和初秋. 根据GRACE时变重力场反演的水储量变化与两个目前最好的全球水文模型的符合相当好, 其差别小于1 cm等效水高. 研究表明现代空间重力测量技术在监测一些大流域的水储量变化(如长江流域)、全球水循环和气候变化上有巨大的应用潜力.     

卫星重力捕捉龙滩水库储水量变化

利用近7年的Gravity Recovery and climate Experiment(GRACE)重力卫星资料,采用改进的滑动窗去相关滤波和扇形滤波技术计算了红水河上游区域的重力变化,结果显示红水河上游区域重力场有明显的上升趋势,利用Global Land Data Assimilation Systems(GL...     

利用径向基函数RBF解算GRACE全球时变重力场

本文利用GRACE(Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment)level 1b数据和径向基函数RBF(radial basis function)方法解算了全球时变地球重力场.RBF基函数相比传统球谐(spherical harmonic)基函数,其高度的空域局部特性使得正则化过程易于添加先验协方差信息,从而可能揭示更加准确的重力场信号.本文研究表明,RBF基函数算法在精化现有的GRACE全球时变重力场模型,如提升部分区域信号幅度等方面具有一定优势.本文通过将RBF的尺度因子作为待解参数,基于GRACE卫星的Level 1b数据和变分方程法,成功获取了2009-2010年90阶无约束全球时变重力场RBF模型Hust-IGG03,以及正则化全球时变重力场RBF模型Hust-IGG04.通过与GRACE官方数据处理中心GFZ发布的最新90阶球谐基时变模型RL05a进行对比,结果表明:(1)无约束RBF模型Hust-IGG03和GFZ RL05a在空域和频域表现基本一致;(2)正则化RBF模型Hust-IGG04无需进行后处理滤波已经显示较高信噪比,噪音水平接近于球谐基模型GFZ RL05a经400 km高斯滤波后的效果;(3)HustIGG04相比400 km高斯滤波GFZ RL05a在周年振幅图和趋势图上显示出更多的细节信息,并且呈现出更强的信号幅度,如在格陵兰冰川融化趋势估计上Hust-IGG04比GFZ RL05a提高了24.2%.以上结果均显示RBF方法有助于进一步挖掘GRACE观测值所包含的时变重力场信息.     

利用动力学方法解算GRACE时变重力场研究

本文利用动力学方法建立GRACE(Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment)K波段距离变率(KBRR)观测、轨道观测与重力场系数的观测方程,通过GRACE Level 1B观测数据,成功解算出全球月时变重力场模型——IGG时变重力场模型,并将2008—2009年的解算结果与GRACE三大数据处理机构美国德克萨斯大学空间中心CSR(Center for Space Research)、美国宇航局喷气推进实验室JPL(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)和德国地学研究中心GFZ(GeoForschungs Zentrum)发布的最新全球时变重力场模型进行详细对比分析.结果表明:IGG结果在全球质量异常、中国及周边地区质量异常的趋势变化、全球质量异常均方差、2~60每阶位系数差值以及亚马逊流域和撒哈拉沙漠等典型区域平均质量异常等方面与CSR、JPL和GFZ解算的RL05结果较为一致.其中,IGG解算结果在2~20阶与CSR、GFZ和JPL最新解算结果基本一致,20~40阶IGG解算结果与GFZ、JPL单位最新解算结果较为接近,大于40阶IGG结果介于CSR与GFZ、JPL之间;亚马逊流域平均质量异常周年振幅IGG、CSR、GFZ和JPL获取到的结果分别为17.6±1.1cm、18.9±1.2cm、17.8±0.9cm和18.9±1.0cm等效水柱高.利用撒哈拉沙漠地区的平均质量异常做反演精度评定,IGG、CSR、GFZ和JPL的时变重力场获取到的平均质量异常均方差分别为1.1cm、0.9cm、0.8cm和1.2cm,表明IGG解算结果与CSR、GFZ和JPL最新发布的RL05结果在同一精度水平.     

白鹤滩水电站蓄水引起重力与库仑应力变化的模拟研究

白鹤滩水电站为中国第二大在建水电站,蓄水过程引起的重力和库仑应力变化对于该地区的水储量变化和触发地震研究具有重要参考价值.首先,本文给出了水电站库区临近区域均衡重力异常场,结果表明该地区基本处于均衡状态,较为稳定.其次,利用白鹤滩水电站库区地形数据,模拟计算了蓄水过程引起的地表和GRACE-FO(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-on)卫星观测的重力变化,并与GRACE FO实际观测数据进行了对比分析.模拟计算的重力变化表明,蓄水引起的重力变化为毫伽量级,万有引力作用为库区重力变化的主因,该重力变化比弹性形变的结果大两个量级.模拟GRACE-FO重力变化表明,白鹤滩地区蓄水引起的卫星观测重力变化为微伽量级,GRACE FO有可能观测到白鹤滩水电站蓄水的重力变化.最后,计算了蓄水引起的地壳内部应力变化,并给出了小江断裂带北段断层的库仑应力变化,该结果表明库仑应力变化在巧家以南和以北的两个区域大于0.01 MPa,该地区触发地震的可能性需密切关注.     

联合卫星重力、卫星测高和海洋资料研究中国南海海平面变化

利用卫星测高、GRACE(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment)卫星重力和海洋实测与模式资料,在季节和年际尺度上,探讨了海水比容变化和海水质量变化对中国南海海平面变化的影响.在季节尺度上,利用测高和ECCO(Estimation of the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean)模式得到的南海海水质量引起的海平面变化的周年振幅和GRACE卫星独立观测的结果在地理分布上有很好的一致性.GRACE卫星观测到海水质量引起的南海平均海平面变化具有明显的季节性变化,其周年振幅为(2.7±0.4)cm;利用另一种独立的方法(测高减比容)得到的平均海平面周年振幅为(2.7±0.3)cm,两者符合得很好.在年际尺度上,南海平均海平面变化表现出明显的年际变化特征,且主要为比容海平面变化的贡献.卫星测高结果表明,1993～2009年的南海平均海平面变化为(5.5±0.7)mm/a,明显高于同期全球平均海平面变化趋势(3.3±0.4)mm/a.GRACE卫星观测到的海水质量变化没有表现出明显的趋势信号,这说明南海整体上与周边海域或陆地水的水循环是平衡的.     

利用GRACE时变重力场探测2010年中国西南干旱陆地水储量变化

GRACE(Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment)卫星计划为监测陆地水储量变化提供了有效技术手段.本文采用2003至2010年共计8年的GRACE月重力场模型反演中国西南区域陆地水储量变化,与GLDAS(Global Land Data Assimilation System)全球水文模型进行对比分析,其结果在时空分布上均符合较好,同时在2009年秋至2010年春该区域陆地水储量均呈现明显减少,与该时段云贵川三省的干旱事件相一致;比较分析了2009年秋至2010年春GRACE反演陆地水储量变化与TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)合成数据计算的月降雨量的时空分布,两组结果均与西南干旱事件对应时段与区域十分吻合;对近8年的陆地水储量变化与月降雨量数据进行相关性分析,其结果表明陆地水储量变化与降雨量强相关,即降雨量是导致陆地水储量变化的主要因素;分析该区域地表温度变化,结果显示2009年9月至2010年3月地表温度均比历史同期高,地表温度的升高加剧了陆地水储量的减少.     

卫星重力测量数据反演中国西部地壳水平运动速率

在固定的坐标系下,讨论了直立长方体水平运动与其外部的重力场变化之间的关系,建立了地壳水平运动与地球外部重力场变化的数学模型。根据此模型,并参考直立长方体大小以及地形等因素,用2003～2008年GRACE(Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment)卫星数据计算地球外部重力场变化,基于PSO算法(ParticleSwarm Optimization Algorithm)反演中国西部地区地壳水平运动速率。反演结果表明:中国西部地壳水平运动具有整体由南向北、且伴有向东运动的特征;地壳水平运动表现为不均匀,除昆明区域(地壳由北向南运动)外,在南北方向上地壳水平运动速率具有从南向北逐渐递减的趋势。青藏高原南北方向运动速率为10～35 mm/a,东西方向运动速率1～25 mm/a;塔里木盆地南北方向运动速率5～15 mm/a,东西方向运动速率4～7 mm/a。     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization.     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

Seismicity at Fuego,Pacaya, Izalco,and San Cristobal Volcanoes,Central America, 1973–1974

Seismic data collected at four volcanoes in Central America during 1973 and 1974 indicate three sources of seismicity: regional earthquakes with hypocentral distances greater than 80 km, earthquakes within 40 km of each volcano, and seismic activity originating at the volcanoes due to eruptive processes. Regional earthquakes generated by the underthrusting and subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate are the most prominent seismic feature in Central America. Earthquakes in the vicinity of the volcanoes occur on faults that appear to be related to volcano formation. Faulting near Fuego and Pacaya volcanoes in Guatemala is more complex due to motion on a major E-W striking transform plate boundary 40 km north of the volcanoes. Volcanic activity produces different kinds of seismic signatures. Shallow tectonic or A-type events originate on nearby faults and occur both singly and in swarms. There are typically from 0 to 6 A-type events per day withb value of about 1.3. At very shallow depths beneath Pacaya, Izalco, and San Cristobal large numbers of low-frequency or B-type events are recorded with predominant frequencies between 2.5 and 4.5 Hz and withb values of 1.7 to 2.9. The relative number of B-type events appears to be related to the eruptive states of the volcanoes; the more active volcanoes have higher levels of seismicity. At Fuego Volcano, however, low-frequency events have unusually long codas and appear to be similar to tremor. High-amplitude volcanic tremor is recorded at Fuego, Pacaya, and San Cristobal during eruptive periods. Large explosion earthquakes at Fuego are well recorded at five stations and yield information on near-surface seismic wave velocities (α=3.0±0.2 km/sec.).