重磁电综合物探技术在南方页岩气地质调查中的应用研究——以桂中坳陷鹿寨地区为例

广西一直以来面临着"缺煤、少油、无气"的窘境.本次研究工作是在"南方地区页岩气基础地质调查"的工作基础之上,通过对广西桂中坳陷鹿寨地区开展高精度重力、磁法以及大地电磁法综合物探剖面测量,结合地质、物性和钻探等成果资料,对获取的重、磁、电资料进行联合正反演综合研究,定性-定量解释推断了该地区富有机质泥页岩主要有利目标层系——下石炭统鹿寨组泥页岩层的分布、埋深和厚度等特征;并进一步了解了该地区的断裂构造展布特征,最终对该地区页岩气勘探的有利目标区带进行了圈定预测,为该地区下一步的页岩气基础地质调查工作提供了重要的物探依据.同时,也证实了该套物探技术方法组合能够在南方地区页岩气地质勘探工作中取得较为理想的勘探效果,值得推广应用.     

塔里木盆地西南坳陷山前带复杂地震资料“六分法”叠前去噪方法应用研究

塔里木盆地西南坳陷山前带勘探程度较低,是开展油气勘探的重要潜力区之一.受地表条件复杂、近地表激发条件差、目的层埋藏较深等地震地质条件的影响,研究区地震资料信噪比低、品质较差,严重地制约了地震资料解决地质问题的能力.本文在分析研究区新采集的深反射地震资料基础上,根据不同类型地区地震数据记录特点和噪声分布规律,采用"六分法"叠前去噪方法进行噪声压制,在实际资料处理中取得了较好的应用效果,中深层资料信噪比得到较大程度的改善.     

潮汕坳陷地球物理特征及油气勘探潜力

潮汕坳陷位于珠江口盆地南部，是珠江口盆地油气勘探的新领域.中生界地层特征和油气勘探潜力是目前工作重点.本文分析了潮汕坳陷区域重力、磁异常特征及地震地质规律，提出潮汕坳陷是衔接东沙群岛和西沙群岛两个构造单元的构造过渡带的观点，同时盆倾断层控制了中生界发育与分布.根据潮汕坳陷地震等地球物理特征及地质规律，结合前人研究结果，分析了该区的油气勘探潜力.     

位场方法在非常规油气勘探中的应用

在常规油气勘探领域,高精度的重磁资料能够非常好的完成油气资源的远景评价,为地震勘探和钻井提供指导.在非常规油气勘探领域,重磁勘探方法显得尤为重要.因为非常规油气资源的地质结构、圈闭条件、储层评价、成藏机理、渗流特征等方面更加复杂和未知,地震勘探和钻井难以直接开展,亟需非地震方法的优选规划.由于重磁位场方法并不能"特异性"的揭示地下页岩分布和页岩气的资源潜力,从某种程度上说,重磁位场方法在常规油气和非常规油气的勘探技术是没有多大区分的,核心都是"综合"二字.其中,对重磁资料的处理要经过常规的延拓、剩余重力异常提取和磁异常化极等,以及重力异常剥皮、park反演、梯度反演等关键处理,能够获取特定地层的厚度与埋深和断裂信息.本文以页岩气资源的重磁位场勘探技术为中心,通过调研国内外重磁方法在非常规油气勘探阶段的应用实例,总结规律,构建利用位场方法开展页岩气等资源勘探的技术体系与流程.     

南祁连盆地重力异常特征及其地质意义

南祁连盆地具有丰富的油气资源,盆地内部坳陷边界、基底深度及内部构造控制着油气资源的分布.为落实南祁连盆地内部坳陷及构造分布,笔者充分利用多年来在研究区及周缘完成的各类勘探资料,以南祁连盆地的重力数据为主,结合相关资料,开展重力数据处理和综合反演解释,分析提取反映深大断裂的重力异常信息,并基于重力异常完成主要坳陷的密度界面深度反演和剖面2.5维反演,推断南祁连主要沉积盆地和坳陷的基底深度及起伏变化,进而综合讨论研究区主要坳陷的油气远景,为南祁连盆地油气资源战略调查和进一步勘探选区提供了依据.     

辽河坳陷雷家致密油区单点高密度三维地震采集技术研究

辽河坳陷雷家地区新生代沙四段碳酸盐岩致密油气藏,经多口井钻探显示较大的勘探潜力,但以往地震采集方法主要针对深层潜山,没有考虑沙四段薄储层预测的需求.本文以辽河坳陷雷家致密油区单点高密度采集为例,对单点模拟检波器采集效果进行分析,并设计了适应单点采集的观测系统.研究结果表明:采用单点模拟检波器接收,并配以小面元、高覆盖、高密度、全方位的观测系统,可以得到高品质的地震资料,有效提高了沙四段碳酸盐岩致密油气藏分辨率和成像精度,取得了良好的应用效果.     

高精度重磁电资料在伊犁盆地巩乃斯坳陷基底岩性岩相识别中的应用

盆地基底岩性岩相对于研究盆地构造格架、构造演化以及对后期沉积特征及油气分布的影响等具有重要意义.勘探困难区,构造复杂、基底埋深大、岩性岩相复杂,造成地震资料识别基底岩性岩相存在诸多困难.不同岩性的火成岩具有不同的密度、磁化率和电阻率特征及组合特征,使应用多方法组合提高解释精度成为可能.文中介绍了利用高精度重磁电资料划分基底岩性岩相的方法.基于计算机辅助自动识别,相比传统依靠人工对比划分的方法,提高了工作效率和划分精度.利用这种方法,结合重磁电物性组合特征,对研究区的岩性、岩相进行了划分.研究区有喷发相、侵入相等.岩性有中酸性侵入岩、中酸性喷发岩等,重磁电综合解释是研究基底的有效方法组合.     

基于时频电磁法的富有机质页岩层系勘探研究

我国地质条件复杂、多样,能否充分发挥出非地震勘探技术成本低、效率高的技术优势,检验电法勘探技术在页岩气勘探中的有效性,是当前在页岩气勘探起步阶段亟待解决的重要问题之一.本文介绍了在研究和总结含气页岩密度、极化率、电阻率等岩石物理特征基础上,在四川盆地南部筠连地区开展的物性调查、时频电磁法勘探试验工作.勘探研究结果表明,本地区分布的富有机质页岩层系-志留系龙马溪组(S1l)具备开展电法勘探工作的物性条件,时频电磁法具有勘探富有机质页岩层系的能力.     

库车坳陷高陡构造地区零井源距VSP资料波场分析与识别

库车坳陷属于高陡构造地区,油气资源丰富,勘探潜力巨大.但是该地区地下构造复杂,断裂发育,地层倾角陡,地震波场复杂,地震成像品质较差是制约库车复杂构造研究的主要因素.零井源距VSP资料波场上转换横波很发育,波场记录上转换横波和纵波同时存在造成该地区地面地震波场相当复杂,影响地面地震资料的成像品质.因此为了避免地面地震资料处理过程中各种波场的相互影响,利用VSP波场信息能防止地面地震资料处理过程中可能出现的"陷阱".本文充分发挥VSP波场信息丰富的特点,通过库车坳陷高陡构造地区零井源距VSP波场正演模拟和实际资料波场分析,准确识别纵波和转换横波波场,并利用有效的波场分离手段分离出VSP纵波波场和VSP转换横波波场.通过VSP纵横波波场与实际地面地震资料对比,能很好地识别出了地面地震资料上的纵波和转换横波波场,为库车坳陷高陡构造地区地面地震资料处理提供参考依据.研究表明:库车坳陷高陡构造地区转换横波在地震纵波成像中影响较大,建议库车坳陷高陡构造地区地面地震处理要加强转换横波的识别与应用,进一步加强井地联合处理攻关研究,获得更可靠、更高品质的纵波资料,同时也能得到更为丰富的转换横波资料.     

AVO反演在南海北部潮汕坳陷中生界地层物性研究中的应用

潮汕坳陷是中生界地层为主的沉积坳陷,是南海油气勘探突破的重要领域.LF35-1 1钻井证实了潮汕坳陷存在大套中生代海相地层,但未获油气发现,在钻至目标层前钻遇了侵入岩体,凸显了中生界钻前预测的重要性,本文对收集到的一条穿越潮汕坳陷长排列地震测线资料进行了多次波压制和AVO反演处理,获得了清晰的剖面反射特征,识别了两个中生界AVO异常带.研究区中生代速度普遍较高,但折射波速度计算表明这两个异常带中生界纵波速度低于背景速度,可能具有有利储集物性条件,因此作为AVO分析的选择区.但是AVO反演的纵波速度反射率剖面上显示为很大的数值,因此异常带成岩程度较高,可能不是油气成因的异常.地震偏移剖面也显示异常区受到切穿海底的高角度断裂影响,下部反射模糊杂乱,可能还有岩体侵入的影响,都不利于油气储集.     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.     

Applied volcanology in geothermal exploration in Iceland

In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites.