微磁测量在坦桑尼亚构造蚀变岩型金矿床上的应用研究

构造蚀变岩型金矿床是坦桑尼亚绿岩带重要的金矿床类型.金矿脉和它所赋存的构造蚀变带与周围背景岩石磁性差异较小,高精度磁测难以反映出构造蚀变带和金矿脉引起的微弱磁场特征,为了获取构造蚀变带和金矿脉引起的精细磁场结构,在选择的单元测区(主要矿脉分布区)内进行了高密度、高精度、高分辨微磁测量(20 m×5 m)精细研究;微磁异常清晰地反映了构造蚀变带和金矿脉群引起的磁场特征,为钻探工程布置提供了充分的依据,起到了良好的找矿效果.研究认为寻找构造蚀变岩型金矿的微磁测量流程为:(1)开展1∶1万地面高精度磁力扫面测量,大致圈定找矿靶区和选择单元测区;(2)单元测区内进行微磁测量,获取精细地磁场结构;(3)微磁异常上布置微磁剖面测量(点距2 m),定位构造蚀变带和金矿脉.微磁测量对坦桑尼亚其他绿岩带以及我国(乃至世界)绿岩带地区寻找构造蚀变岩型金矿也具有良好的示范和指导意义.     

金矿勘查中的地面高精度磁法测量——以黑龙江乌拉嘎金矿外围十三公里勘查区为例

地面高精度磁测是可以间接找金的.它能够可靠地反映控矿地质体的磁性变化,了解隐伏的控矿岩体、构造和含矿蚀变破碎带的分布.为了提高黑龙江乌拉嘎金矿外围十三公里区的金矿勘查效果,利用地面高精度磁测在该区进行了扫面测量.通过该项研究表明了含矿构造破碎带的存在.在矿化带上方表现为正值磁测异常区与负值磁测异常区的接触带,尤其是梯度较大部位.矿体一般位于负值一侧的低缓正异常处.通过对优选靶区的工程查证,探槽、浅井双双见矿,共获得黄金资源量1.5吨.由此证明了应用该方法找金的有效性.     

坦桑尼亚凯巴卡瑞地区构造蚀变岩型金矿航磁异常特征与找矿意义

坦桑尼亚是东非第一产金大国,构造蚀变岩型金矿是该国的一个重要金矿床类型,该类型金矿床与断裂构造中的构造蚀变带密切相关,主要分布在坦桑尼亚环维多利亚湖东部、西南部及东南部绿岩带中;凯巴卡瑞地区内岩石磁性表现为强-中-弱-微或无的强度等级,岩石相互之间磁性差异明显,其航磁异常显示的地质信息比较详尽,反映的磁性地层、岩体界线清晰,线性构造特征明显.依据坦桑尼亚凯巴卡瑞地区尼亚斯罗利金矿床上的航磁异常表现形式,对凯巴卡瑞地区航磁异常强度、规模、形态及延伸等特征进行了认真分析和对比研判,认为该区域航磁异常客观地反映了与构造蚀变岩型金矿有关联的断裂构造和绿岩分布区,构造蚀变带、金矿脉以及所赋存的绿岩地层在航磁异常上表现为低强度磁异常,其他岩石(条带状铁建造、辉绿岩、花岗岩)在航磁异常上表现为高强度磁异常,据此选择的找矿靶区通过地面物探方法(高精度磁测、微磁测量)查证,取得了明显的找矿效果;凯巴卡瑞地区航磁异常解译厘定的地质信息,为进一步预测成矿区域、圈定找矿靶区及间接发现构造蚀变岩型金矿床奠定了基础,因而预判坦桑尼亚凯巴卡瑞地区分布的航磁异常具有寻找构造蚀变岩型金矿的较大潜力.     

时间域激电测深在坦桑尼亚金矿床勘查中的应用例析

铁建造(BIF)型金矿和构造蚀变岩型金矿是坦桑尼亚绿岩带中主要金矿床类型,应用时间域激电测深获得了这两种类型金矿床内、由探测目标体和目的物引起的良好异常,了解了它们在地下半空间内的电性分布特征;依据激电测深显示的"低阻高极化"断面异常对含矿标志层(条带状含铁建造)、含矿构造(蚀变带)和金矿(化)体进行空间定位,为钻探工程布置、进而发现隐伏-半隐伏金矿床提供了充分依据.以坦桑尼亚绿岩带内近几年发现的典型金矿床为实例,分析时间域激电测深在这两种类型金矿床中的应用效果,以期为成矿地质条件类似地区通过激电测深手段寻找金矿产提供借鉴.     

坦桑尼亚西嘎山一带铁建造型金矿床航磁异常特征及找矿意义

坦桑尼亚条带状铁建造(BIF)型金矿床是该国绿岩带型金矿床中的一个主要类型,主要分布于坦桑尼亚维多利亚湖的西南部区域,姆瓦莫拉(Mwamola)金矿为苏库马兰德绿岩带(Sukumaland greenstone belt)上比较典型的大型隐伏铁建造型金矿床,位于坦桑尼亚西北部西嘎山一带;该类型矿床在航磁异常上表现为弱-中等强度线性磁异常,在地面磁异常上表现为中-强线性磁异常,条带状铁建造BIF(磁铁石英岩)和金矿石具有中强磁性,两者是引起磁异常的主要因素,磁异常是寻找该类型金矿的直接标志之一.根据姆瓦莫拉金矿床上的航磁异常表现特征,对西嘎山一带航磁异常形态进行了分析研究,认为航磁异常反映了与金矿有关的条带状铁建造的聚集分布区,金矿脉与航磁异常、地磁异常走向基本一致,据此选择的找矿靶区找矿效果良好,表明该区域航磁异常对选择靶区、寻找铁建造型金矿床具有一定的指导意义,坦桑尼亚西嘎山一带分布的航磁异常具有寻找铁建造型金矿的较大潜力.该区域金矿勘查,除充分利用该国已有的高分辨率航磁异常成果筛选靶区外,还需配合地面1∶1万高精度磁法测量确定条带状铁建造位置和进行钻探工程布置,借鉴或复制姆瓦莫拉和PL9110金矿找矿经验和模式,才能取得良好的找矿效果.     

坦桑尼亚环维多利亚湖地区金矿勘查地球物理方法应用研究

坦桑尼亚环维多利亚湖地区绿岩带是东非重要的太古宙金成矿带,由于受到准平原化作用的影响,总体覆盖较厚、较广,常规的地质填图和找矿方法效果不佳,地球物理勘查方法在金矿资源勘查中发挥了至关重要作用,为大型隐伏铁建造(BIF)型姆瓦莫拉金矿和中型构造蚀变岩型尼亚斯罗利金矿的发现起到了关键性的指导作用;以环维多利亚湖地区金矿床的成矿地质条件、岩石物理性质、地球物理场特征等信息为基础,以姆瓦莫拉金矿和尼亚斯罗利金矿为典型案例,系统总结了坦桑尼亚金矿床有效的地球物理勘查技术方法,首次归纳建立了该国境内铁建造型金矿、构造蚀变岩型金矿的地球物理找矿模型,并提出了物探勘查这两种类型金矿床可采取的最佳方法组合模式,对进入坦桑尼亚的世界各国地勘部门寻找金矿具有一定的借鉴作用和参考意义.随着我国对海外矿产勘查热度的增大,坦桑尼亚金矿床地球物理勘探方法和工作模式对世界上其他国家或地区绿岩带型金矿勘查、评价及找矿方向也具有重要指导意义.     

坦桑尼亚条带状铁建造和辉绿岩磁异常特征的识别与找矿研究

含铁建造型金矿和构造蚀变岩型金矿是坦桑尼亚国主要的金矿类型,含铁建造型金矿与条带状含铁建造(BIF)密切相关,而构造蚀变岩型金矿则与热液构造活动有一定的联系,条带状含铁建造(磁铁石英岩)和辉绿岩二者具有强磁性,不仅都能够在地表引起很强的ΔT负磁异常,而且其异常形态有很大的相似性,均呈线性串珠状展布;为分辨识别隐伏异常源,圈定与各自有关联的找矿靶区、间接发现这两种类型的金矿床,归纳总结了从五个方面对隐伏的条带状含铁建造和辉绿岩所引起的磁异常特征进行识别:(1)岩石半出露特征,(2)区域地层(或构造)分布特征,(3)磁异常强度的高低,(4)2.5维反演计算,(5)磁异常的排列关系;对磁异常特征进行解译判别,有效地指导了在隐伏绿岩带内圈定找矿靶区、进而间接发现与各自有关联的含铁建造型金矿和构造蚀变岩型金矿的作用.     

乌拉嘎金矿主要控矿因素与激电法找金效果

乌拉嘎金矿主要控矿因素是构造破碎带及裂隙带、斜长花岗斑岩体和老基底变质杂岩.其中构造破碎带是最主要控矿因素.矿化富集与含金玉髓状石英细脉或细网脉、黄铁一白铁矿脉和碳酸盐脉的发育程度密切相关.含金热液脉体的形态产状受构造破碎带和裂隙带控制，经过多期次叠加，往往造成矿化的进一步富集.矿体呈脉状、复脉状、扁豆状等形态.上述特点为该区电法找金提供了先决条件.金矿石是本区主要极化体.在乌拉嘎金矿区的张才沟靶区获得低阻高极化和高阻高极化异常，可望找到含金石英脉及含矿破碎带.     

综合地球物理方法在某金多金属矿区找矿中的应用

某金多金属矿区地表矿化痕迹较多,矿化体和围岩物性差异明显,为了准确查明区内矿体的空间分布以及控矿构造,在该区实施了对称四极装置的激电扫面和EH4连续电导率测深工作.激电测量获得了总体呈NE走向、与地表矿带对应的中高视电阻率(?s)及中高视极化率(?s)矿化异常带.异常带西窄东宽,矿化集中在测区327°向测线800～1350 m处;在与已知矿体对应的?s-2高极化率激电异常开展的EH4测深工作结果进一步确定了深部成矿潜力:含矿构造延深可达500 m,具有低阻异常特征,倾角近直立.激电扫面和EH4测深相结合的综合物探方法在该区达到了查明矿体分布规律、控矿构造的目的,是有效的多金属矿找矿方法之一.     

高精度磁测在多金属矿整装勘查区成矿规律研究中的应用

以最新成矿理论为指导,在多金属矿整装勘查区开展1:5万地面高精度磁法测量,为进一步地层、构造划分及矿产勘查工作提供有力地球物理依据.在充分收集并研究前人成果资料的基础上,对磁测数据进行化极、延拓等处理,并对采集的物性标本磁化率及剩磁进行分类统计,查明工作区磁场分布特征,圈定局部磁异常,研究磁异常与中酸性岩体、地质构造、成矿条件等之间的关系,从而圈定隐伏-半隐伏中酸岩体13处,划分构造26条,划定成矿有利靶区2处.对部分重点高磁异常布置1:1万的综合剖面测量,利用二度半人机交互反演,拟出了异常体埋深和形态.后经地质矿产检查证实推测结果与实际情况相吻合,因此证明高精度磁测在该区对构造相关的多金属矿成矿规律的研究有良好的效果.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.