大湖塘石门寺钨矿床碳、氧、硫同位素研究

石门寺钨矿是大湖塘钨矿床的北矿段,位于我国下扬子成矿省之江南隆起东段成矿带西部,钦杭结合带的北侧。针对此细脉浸染型钨矿体中金属硫化物中的硫同位素和方解石中的碳、氧同位素进行了测定,结果显示细脉浸染型矿体中黄铜矿样品的δ34S值介于-2.6‰~-0.3‰之间,平均值为-1.31‰;辉钼矿样品的δ34S值介于-1.2‰~0.3‰之间,平均值为-0.53‰。矿体的硫主要来至深部岩浆或者上地幔。方解石δ13 CV-PDB值介于-11.42‰~-5.76‰之间,平均值为-7.06‰;δ18 OV-SMOW的变化范围为7.13‰~16.34‰,平均值为11.79‰,说明成矿流体中的碳主要来源于深部岩浆或者上地幔,并受到有机碳的混合。大湖塘石门寺钨矿段的成矿物质主要来源于大湖塘燕山期S型花岗岩岩浆,但不排除成矿流体在上升的过程中萃取了一部分围岩的成矿物质。     

豫西熊耳山地区吉家洼金矿床成矿物质来源探讨——碳、氧、硫、铅同位素地球化学证据

吉家洼金矿床位于豫西熊耳山金多金属矿集区中西部,矿体产出受断裂构造控制,属构造蚀变岩-石英脉型金矿床。为了查明吉家洼金矿床的成矿物质来源,本次对矿床的碳、氧、硫、铅等同位素进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,吉家洼金矿的δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)介于-10.3‰~-7.7‰之间,δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)介于14.2‰~17.8‰之间,表明成矿流体中的碳来源于岩浆。硫化物δ~(34)S值介于-20.4‰~-5.4‰,表明硫来源于早白垩世花山花岗岩基,造成硫化物的δ~(34)S值呈现出较大负值的原因可能是在成矿过程中成矿流体物理化学条件的变化引起硫同位素发生分馏所致。铅同位素组成为~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=17.042~18.149,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.333~15.575,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=37.675~38.868,与由新太古界—古元古界太华群岩石重熔形成的早白垩世花岗岩的铅同位素组成相似,具有壳幔混合源的特点。综合碳、氧、硫、铅等同位素的研究结果认为,吉家洼金矿床的成矿流体来源于岩浆热液,并有大气降水的加入;成矿物质主要来源于早白垩世花岗岩,矿床成因属岩浆期后热液脉状金矿床。     

湘南铜山岭铜多金属矿床成矿物质来源的 S、Pb、C同位素约束

铜山岭铜多金属矿床是湘南W、Sn、Pb、Zn、Cu多金属矿集区的代表性矿床,本文对其不同类型岩石和矿石矿物进行了S、Pb、C同位素组成对比研究。矿石硫化物的δ34 S值变化范围为-1.9‰~5.7‰,平均值为2.6‰,硫主要来源于硫同位素组成均一化的岩浆。硫化物硫同位素平衡温度表明,矿床主要成矿温度为134~339℃。矿石铅的206 Pb/204 Pb、207 Pb/204 Pb、208 Pb/204 Pb比值分别为18.256~18.856、15.726~15.877、38.352~39.430;岩体岩石铅的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18.617~18.805、15.721~15.786、38.923~39.073;两者铅同位素组成相同,都主要为上地壳铅,是由同一岩浆体系分异形成,可能来源于古老基底岩石。不同类型岩石、方解石矿物的δ13 CPDB值为-9.88‰~1.32‰,δ18 OSMOW值为11.67‰~17.68‰,从矽卡岩矿体到距岩体稍远的围岩地层,方解石矿物的δ13 CPDB、δ18 OSMOW值逐渐增大,成矿流体中的碳早期可能主要来源于岩浆,在成矿过程中有部分碳酸盐岩地层碳的加入。铜山岭矿床成矿物质主要来源于岩浆,赋矿地层对矿床成矿物质来源作用不显著,仅提供了少量成矿物质。     

西藏雄村矿集区Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号矿体的硫、铅同位素特征研究及其指示意义

雄村矿区位于西藏冈底斯斑岩铜成矿带，是唯一一个与洋壳俯冲有关斑岩型矿床。通过对雄村斑岩型铜金矿床硫、铅同位素进行研究，揭示成矿物质来源。研究表明上述矿体的金属硫化物的δ³⁴S变化于-2.7‰～2.7‰，平均值为-0.32‰，分布范围较窄，来源单一，成矿热液的δ³⁴S_∑S均表现为深源岩浆硫。矿石金属硫化物的铅同位素²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为17.972～18.752，平均值为18.437;²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为15.497～15.733，平均值为15.585;²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为38.001～39.153，平均值为38.561。另外铅同位素的相关参数表现为异常铅。在铅同位素判别图解中，表明雄村矿区金属硫化物的铅主要来源于地幔物质，可能有少量俯冲沉积物混入。     

西藏雄村矿区Ⅱ号矿体硫、铅同位素地球化学特征

雄村矿区位于西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带西段,目前在该矿区发现了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号斑岩型铜金矿体。文章通过Ⅱ号矿体硫、铅同位素研究,获得Ⅱ号矿体金属硫化物的δ~(34)S值为-1.6‰~-0.6‰,平均值-1.30‰,总硫同位素值(δ~(34)S_(ΣS))为0.99‰,与含矿斑岩的硫同位素组成(-2.1‰~+1‰,平均0.06‰)一致,均落入幔源硫范围,表明硫主要来自岩浆。含矿斑岩和金属硫化物的铅同位素组成~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb分别为18.460~18.560、15.586~15.622、38.603~38.727和17.972~18.425、15.528~15.593、38.024~38.489,两者的铅同位素组成基本一致,变化范围小,表明两者具有相同的来源。所有样品的铅同位素μ值为9.34~9.49,显示幔源特征,综合源区判别图解认为铅主要来源于幔源,有少量俯冲沉积物加入,矿床形成于与洋壳俯冲消减作用有关的岛弧构造环境。     

贵州独山巴年锑矿床硫、铅同位素特征及其对成矿物质来源的指示

贵州独山巴年锑矿床是华南锑矿带代表性锑矿床之一。矿体赋存于中泥盆统独山组地层之中。本文对该矿床辉锑矿的硫、铅同位素组成进行了系统分析。结果表明,辉锑矿的δ34S值变化范围为-5.4‰～-1.2‰,平均-4.2‰,计算获得成矿流体中总硫的δ34SΣS=0.1‰,显示岩浆来源硫的同位素特征。辉锑矿铅同位素组成变化范围较窄:206Pb/204Pb为18.561～19.156,平均18.813;207Pb/204Pb为15.703～15.769,平均15.734;208Pb/204Pb为38.573～39.207,平均38.906。绝大多数样品中矿石铅为正常铅,具有华南区域性铅同位素组成特征。我们认为巴年锑矿床成矿金属元素锑除主要来源于赋矿围岩泥盆系外,基底地层也可能提供了部分成矿物质。     

新疆西天山喇嘛萨依铜矿床地质和C、O、S、Pb同位素地球化学

喇嘛萨依铜矿是新疆西天山赛里木微地块内的一处典型铜矿床,关于其成因类型尚存争议。总结了该铜矿床的地质特征,测试围岩、脉石碳酸盐的C、O同位素和硫化物的S、Pb同位素组成,探讨其成因类型。研究表明,喇嘛萨依铜矿床具有后生矿床特征,发育矽卡岩化蚀变,脉石方解石的δ13C值变化范围为-1.04‰~-0.87‰,低于围岩灰岩的δ13C值(变化范围为3.51‰~5.47‰),δ18O值变化范围为9.33‰~9.61‰,明显低于正常的海相碳酸盐岩的O同位素(δ18O=20‰~26‰),C、O同位素组成反映喇嘛萨依铜矿成矿晚阶段流体来自岩浆水和地下水的混合水;硫化物的δ34S值主要变化范围为3.75‰~8.64‰,与区域上海西期斑岩的硫同位素组成(如达巴特斑岩铜钼矿床硫化物的δ34S变化范围为4.9‰~7.9‰)接近,反映硫来源于斑岩;黄铜矿的铅同位素为206Pb/204Pb=18.264~19.544,207Pb/204Pb=15.575~15.656,208Pb/204Pb=38.103~38.705,具有富含放射成因铅、两阶段异常铅特征,与区域上海西期斑岩(达巴特流纹斑岩)的铅同位素组成特征相似,反映成矿金属物质部分来源于斑岩。通过综合分析认为,喇嘛萨依铜矿是与斑岩有关的矽卡岩型矿床。     

藏南柯月铅锌矿床成矿物质来源:来自硫、铅同位素的证据

藏南柯月铅锌矿床位于特提斯喜马拉雅构造域Sb-Au-Pb-Zn成矿带东段,矿体主要呈透镜状或脉状,严格受北东向断裂构造所控制,赋矿地层为下侏罗统日当组含碳钙质板岩。矿石硫化物硫同位素δ~(34)S介于9.2‰~11.2‰之间,平均值为9.85‰,与区内日当组地层的δ~(34)S值变化范围相似,表明成矿流体中的硫主要来源于容矿地层。矿石硫化物铅同位素组成为:~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为19.669~19.813,平均值19.740;~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.823~15.979,平均值15.902;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为40.104~40.687,平均值40.410。其结果显示,矿石中的铅具有高放射性成因铅的特征,与喜马拉雅结晶基底的铅同位素组成具有相似的比值,表明矿石铅主要来源于喜马拉雅结晶基底。     

湖南祁东清水塘铅锌矿床成矿物质来源同位素示踪

清水塘铅锌矿床位于湖南省祁东县北东部,是一个中型矿床。在详细的野外地质调查基础上,本文通过矿石硫、铅同位素,含矿石英氢、氧同位素和含矿方解石碳、氧同位素等综合研究,探讨清水塘铅锌矿床成矿物质来源和成因。硫同位素研究结果表明,清水塘铅锌矿床中黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿的硫同位素δ~(34)S介于-7.41‰~2.91‰之间,重晶石的硫同位素δ~(34)S介于11.49‰~12.34‰之间,表明矿石中的硫主要来源于深源岩浆,并受到上部地壳物质的混染。黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿的Pb同位素~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb介于17.810~18.710之间,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb介于15.497~15.726之间,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb介于37.858~38.834之间;其中闪锌矿变化范围略偏大,表明矿石中的铅主要来源于地壳,可能混有少量地幔物质。含矿石英的氢、氧同位素δD_(SMOW)介于-87.4‰~-79.3‰之间,δ~(18)O_(H_2O)介于-8.10‰~0.63‰之间,表明成矿流体以岩浆水为主,晚期有大气降水的混入。含矿方解石的碳、氧同位素δ~(13)C_(VPDB)介于-5.3‰~-4.6‰之间,δ~(18)O_(SMOW)介于12.30‰~13.48‰之间;与地层灰岩的δ~(13)C_(VPDB)(0.9‰~2.6‰),δ~(18)O_(SMOW)(21.86‰~23.39‰)不一致;说明成矿流体中的碳主要来自深源岩浆。以上研究表明,清水塘铅锌矿床的成矿物质主要来自地壳熔融形成的岩浆,混合作用是成矿的主要机制。     

湖南常宁康家湾铅锌矿床同位素地球化学研究

在详细的野外地质工作基础上,本文通过矿石硫、铅同位素,含矿石英的氢、氧同位素,以及含矿方解石的碳、氧同位素组成等综合研究,探讨康家湾铅锌矿床成矿物质来源和形成机制。结果显示矿石的δ34SVCDT介于-2.71‰~-0.90‰之间,均值为-1.42‰,表明矿石中的硫主要来自深部岩浆,可能受到地壳物质混染。矿石铅同位素206Pb/204Pb介于18.227~18.573之间,均值为18.485;207Pb/204Pb介于15.661~15.695之间,均值为15.682;208Pb/204Pb介于38.673~38.964之间,均值为38.820;铅同位素组成比较均一,具有放射铅的特征,表明成矿物质主要来源地壳,混有少量地幔物质。含矿石英中的δDSMOW介于-68.00‰~﹣60.00‰之间,均值为-64.00‰;δ18OH2O介于-7.25‰~-5.17‰之间,均值为-6.23‰;氢、氧同位素组成研究显示,成矿流体早期以岩浆水为主,后期混有大气降水。含矿方解石中的δC VPDB介于-0.50‰~0.30‰之间,均值为0‰;δ18OSMOW介于14.10‰~16.80‰之间,均值为14.40‰;含矿方解石中的碳、氧同位素与地层灰岩中的碳、氧同位素值大致相近,表明矿石中碳主要来源于晚古生代地层中的灰岩。以上研究表明,康家湾铅锌矿床的成矿物质主要来自地壳,混有少量地幔物质,混合作用可能是矿床形成的主要机制。     

Text, talk, things, and the subpolitics of performing place

This article tells the story of how a group of Dutch and Belgian citizens organized themselves to promote an area that they valued, to put it on the map, to raise awareness about its qualities, and to protect it from urban and industrial development. Our theoretical perspective focuses on the performative and political aspects of this place-making process and the discursive and material practices involved. We connect this to Beck’s concept of subpolitics.Our findings show how the group performed this place not only through text and talk - giving the area a name, using their knowledge and expertise to raise awareness about its values, lobbying and cooperating with decision-makers -, but also through things - installing art objects and information signs that articulate certain characteristics and values of the area. Our findings demonstrate the struggles involved in these performances. The group involved multiple perspectives on what the important values and characteristics of the area are and on what strategies would work best in trying to influence decision-making and protect the area. However, the use of expertise as the main strategy to gain influence excluded the more critical and activist strategies and privileging archaeological and historical values and characteristics came at the expense of attention on agricultural and natural values.Our findings make clear that performing place cannot be taken to be homogeneous and that it inevitably involves multiple perspectives and demands. The struggles, power relations and dynamics of inclusion and exclusion that this multiplicity implicates reveal a form of sub-politics that involves both politicization and depoliticization. Also, it is a form of subpolitics that is more diverse and ambiguous than Beck’s conceptualization presupposes by its emphasis on the role of outsiders as a homogeneous group.     

Columbus,the discovery of America,and Russia

The discovery of a new continent that was later called America by Christopher Columbus some five hundred years ago, has in one way or another, influenced people the World over. The extraordinary significance of this event for mankind is displayed by the dimension of the consequences and the variety of reactions among nations and communities of the “Old World”.     

山西五台山区滹沱群变质玄武岩岩石学、地球化学特征及其成因意义

在野外地质调查的基础上,选取滹沱群豆村亚群底部四集庄组玄武岩、顶部青石村组玄武岩和东冶亚群中下部河边村组玄武岩,进行岩石学和地球化学研究。分析结果表明：玄武岩主量元素高TiO2、TFeO,低MgO,具有演化的基性岩浆的特征。稀土元素含量相对较高,具有弱—中等程度的轻稀土元素富集,中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异,轻微的Eu异常;玄武岩中Cr、Ni含量变化较大,但与Mg#具有很好的正相关性。微量元素配分图解中具有明显的Sr负异常,部分样品具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,无Zr、Hf负异常,与岛弧火山岩不同;同时Nb、Ta无分异,Zr/Hf值较高,具有板内玄武岩浆的特征。综合分析认为,滹沱群玄武岩可能形成于板内裂谷环境。在岩浆上升过程中发生橄榄石与尖晶石的分离结晶作用,同时不同程度地受到地壳的混染。     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Dielectric constants of apatite,epidote, vesuvianite,and zoisite,and the oxide additivity rule

The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ _a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ _c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ _a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ _c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ _a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ _b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ _a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ _b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ _c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ ₁₁= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ ₂₂=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ ₃₃= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ _a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ _a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ _c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α _D (mineral)=∑ α _D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (V_o) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of V_o in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect.     

Climate,disasters, wars and the collapse of the Ming Dynasty

Based on the historical records of natural disasters and human wars of the final 35 years in the late Ming Dynasty (1610–1644 AD) obtained using different spatial scales, a set of grading systems were established to classify, grade and present these records and their spatiotemporal characteristics. From natural and human perspectives to quantitative analyses of the direct causes of the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, the author draws conclusion regarding a total of six immediate factors, which were, according to the rate of contribution from high to low, internal rebellions, drought, inter-ethnic conflicts, locust, flood and external wars. Among these causes, human factors accounted for approximately 47%, while natural factors accounted for approximately 53%. Attribution analysis indicated that the basin areas in east China were sensitive to climate change during the Ming Dynasty. Severe drought and locusts in a cooling environment were the main natural causes, while frequent internal rebellions and inter-ethnic conflicts influenced by financial crisis were the major human factors. Although natural factors accounted for a greater percentage than human factors in the rate of contribution to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, they were the only external factors impacting social development and changes.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.