湖北省湖泊现状与变化遥感研究

湖北省是长江流域重要的湖泊分布区,由于河(江)湖关系自然演变和人类活动的双重影响,湖泊数量和湖泊面积变化都较大。本文利用时相为1975、2000、2007、2017年的卫星遥感影像作为基本信息源,借助GIS技术,调查研究了湖北省湖泊现状及变化情况。结果表明,2017年,湖北省域大、小天然湖泊共计808个(其中大于100km2的湖泊有4个),湖泊总面积(平水位)2776.96km2,湖泊面积总量大,数量多,但空间分布极度不匀;1975-2017年的40余年间,湖泊总面积共减少了129.88km2,年平均减少量为3.09km2;湖泊变化阶段性特征突出,前30余年湖泊面积消减,数量减少,后10年面积增加,数量增加,反映出近10年来湖泊湿地生态环境总体趋于良性演化。     

呼伦贝尔地区土地荒漠化动态变化

呼伦贝尔地区是中国重要的天然草原和畜牧基地, 随着该地区经济和社会的发展及人类对资源的不合理利用, 土地荒漠化现象加重。笔者应用RS和GIS技术, 以1970 年MSS、2000 年ETM和 2007年CBERS数据为数据源, 主要采用人工目视解译方法, 并辅助野外调查验证, 获得三期解译数据, 并利用空间分析、网格剖分方法, 对呼伦贝尔地区荒漠化的时空变化情况进行研究。结果表明: 近40年来, 该地区土地荒漠化总面积不断增加, 1970 年该地区土地荒漠化面积为7408.76 km2 , 2000年为7 539.52 km2 , 2007年增加到7 852.12 km2 , 共增加面积443.36 km2。1970-2000年间, 沙漠化减轻、盐碱化加重的面积为134.09 km2 , 沙漠化加重、盐碱化减轻的面积为53.35 km2 ; 2000- 2007年间, 沙漠化减轻、盐碱化加重的面积为41.71 km2 , 沙漠化加重、盐碱化减轻的面积为172.8 km2。     

川北若尔盖高原盆地沙漠化、岩漠化遥感动态监测研究

若尔盖高原盆地是全国五大牧区之一,曾是青藏高原东北缘最好的草场。若尔盖高原盆地生态环境脆弱,生态平衡极易被打破。一旦失去平衡,生态环境将呈现由沼泽→草原→荒漠草原→荒漠逐级退化的发展趋势。20世纪80年代中期以来,若尔盖高原盆地逐渐沙漠化、岩漠化,部分地段甚至出现沙(岩)进人退、沙(岩)进路移的景象。遥感动态调查证实,该地区2000年沙漠化、岩漠化区面积已达43911.15hm2,比1986年扩大了6280.44hm2。沙漠化主要分布在山丘的北坡和垭口,岩漠化分布在山丘的南坡。沙漠化、岩漠化主要受北西向季风、地貌条件、松散沉积物、古沙丘等自然因素和过度放牧等人为因素控制。     

2000-2010年鄂尔多斯地区沙漠化动态及其气候变化和人类活动驱动影响的辨识

以2000-2010年近10 a来鄂尔多斯地区沙漠化过程为研究对象, 在利用MODIS数据对沙漠化动态进行监测的基础上, 综合分析沙漠化逆转和发展地区气候变化和人类活动引起的NPP变化趋势, 定量评估近10 a来鄂尔多斯地区沙漠化动态及其与气候变化和人类活动间的关系. 结果表明: 2000-2010年间, 尽管鄂尔多斯地区沙漠化面积没有明显变化, 但是沙漠化程度呈现整体逆转的态势, 其中逆转的沙漠化土地面积达47 057 km²(占鄂尔多斯地区土地总面积的54.2%), 比发展的沙漠化土地面积高出近3倍. 气候变化是近10 a来鄂尔多斯地区沙漠化逆转的主导因素, 主要归因于2006年来降雨量的增加以及近10 a来春季风速的减小, 围封禁牧、 退耕还林(草)等政策的实施及其与有利气候条件的耦合进一步加快了区域沙漠化的逆转. 人类活动是导致近10 a来鄂尔多斯地区沙漠化发展的主要因素, 主要归因于部分地区生态保护政策的落实不力以及区域资源开发引起的环境破坏, 完全由人类活动引起的沙漠化发展主要分布鄂尔多斯的北部地区.     

陕北榆林地区沙漠化土地类型及时空变化分析

根据1987年和1999年两个时相TM遥感影像解译成果，运用地理信息系统空间分析方法及数理统计方法，分析了陕北榆林地区1987-1999年间土地沙漠化程度和土地沙漠化时空分布变化特征。并有所好转，这主要得益于当地政府对土地沙漠化的积极治理和有效政策，生态环境脆弱，气候干燥，多风是本区土地沙漠化的主要自然驱动因素，不合理的人类活动则是沙漠化的诱因，人为的积极治理措施可以有效控制沙漠化的进程。     

陕西大柳塔煤矿区土地沙漠化时空演变研究

通过野外路线穿越调查和地面分辨率为2．5m的1：25000 SPOT5遥感影像解译，查明了研究区2005年沙漠化土地现状，采用TM遥感影像解译对比了1986年煤矿建设初期、1996年开发中期同时段土地沙漠化程度及面积。研究表明：20年来研究区土地沙漠化面积减少了11．67km^2。主要煤矿塌陷区土地沙漠化变化与研究区趋势相同，即重度、中度面积逐渐缩小，采煤塌陷区土地沙漠化没有出现加剧的现象。这一结论为该区大规模开发煤炭资源，同时保护生态地质环境提供了科学依据。     

遥感与GIS支持下的松嫩平原农牧交错区土地沙漠化调查研究

以1986年和2000年两个时期的LANDSATTM数据作为主要信息源,对松嫩平原农牧交错区的土地沙漠化现状、程度和发展趋势进行遥感解译和实地调查。分析研究结果表明:区域内的土地沙漠化总体上呈逆转趋势。主要表征为沙漠化土地面积减少,平均每年减少0.71×10⁴hm²,年递减率为0.8%;沙漠化程度渐轻,微度沙漠化土地增加92.9%,而轻、中、重度沙漠化土地减少了44.3%。该地区的土地沙漠化整体上以逆转趋势为主,还有一些局部区域沙漠化程度仍在发展,土地沙漠化的状况不容忽视。人类活动对区域土地沙漠化的影响比较明显,气候变化和地理环境也对土地沙漠化产生重要的影响,沙漠化土地类型由以草地为主转为以旱地为主。     

全新世气候变化与中国北方沙漠化

气候变化是中国北方地区荒漠化形成发展的主要控制因素。新生代以来伴随着青藏高原的隆升和内陆盆地的下降逐渐形成的气候格局造就了北方地区荒漠化土地的分布。北方西部内陆盆地以干旱气候为主要特征,中部高原是受季风系统中夏季风和冬季风的消长变化影响最为显著的地区,东部地区则以暖湿气候为主,受夏季风控制。第四系以来气候的波动则控制着沙漠化的发展或逆转。末次间冰期以来一直持续的大约以1500a为周期的气候振荡对中国北方地区的沙漠化有重要的影响或控制作用。全新世以来,北方地区约在10000aBP、8000aBP、5500aBP、4000aBP、3000aBP、1500aBP的沙漠化过程分别与北大西洋第7、5、4、3、2和1次的浮冰事件相应,沙漠化扩大过程与全球气候变化的主要事件相一致。十年尺度上气候变化的周期性振荡对沙漠化有一定的影响,至少在生态环境脆弱的敏感地带对沙漠化可以起到控制作用。年际尺度上,6.7a和3.38a气候变化周期控制着我国北方地区沙尘暴的发生。此外,北方不同地区近150a以来的人类活动对沙漠化的扩大起到了重要作用。     

近30年来黄河上游荒漠化时空演变及成因研究

黄河上游地区是中国土地荒漠化的重灾区之一,是中国荒漠化监测和治理工作的重点区域。本文采用MSS、TM、ETM、CBERS四期数据,基于RS和GIS技术,主要采用人工目视解译方法,辅助野外调查验证,得到四期解译数据。对三个阶段的数据进行空间分析,研究1975年到2007年黄河上游荒漠化的时空分布特征,探索演变成因,并结合该区域气温和降水数据,着重分析了其与荒漠化演变进程的关系。结果表明:1975—2007年,从整体变化趋势看,黄河上游地区土地荒漠化面积共增加了3 499.76 km2,其中沙质荒漠化面积增加3 407.62 km2,盐碱质荒漠化面积增加了92.14 km2。从三个阶段的变化趋势看,呈现先增加后减少的发展趋势,2000年之前是荒漠化的增加时期,2000年之后是荒漠化的减少时期。结合气温和降水量数据叠加分析得出,气候变化是黄河上游荒漠化发展的重要原因;地质背景是内因,人类活动起催化作用。     

青藏高原东缘若尔盖盆地表层沉积物粘土矿物组成及其环境意义探讨

青藏高原东缘若尔盖盆地的古气候和物源研究一直备受关注,但现有指标研究尚不足以探讨若尔盖盆地物源、降水变化及流域化学风化特征.本研究选择若尔盖盆地表层沉积物和基岩为研究对象,以X射线衍射(XRD)分析为主,结合X荧光光谱(XRF)分析,系统获取了该盆地表层沉积物和基岩的粘土矿物组合、全岩地球化学元素组成变化特征,开展了不...     

Driving forces responsible for aeolian desertification in the source region of the Yangtze River from 1975 to 2005

The Yangtze River is the China’s longest river and the third-longest river in the world. The river’s source region in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is especially sensitive to global environmental change because of its high elevation and cold environment. Under the influence of global warming, aeolian desertified land has expanded rapidly in this area. To assess the trends in aeolian desertification from 1975 to 2005, remote-sensing and GIS technology were used to monitor the extent of aeolian desertification in 1975, 1990, 2000, and 2005. The data sources included Landsat multi-spectral scanner images acquired in 1975, Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images acquired in 2000, and Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired in 1990 and 2005. Images recorded between June and October were selected, when vegetation grew well, because aeolian desertified land was more easily recognized during this period. Thematic maps, including land use and geomorphologic maps, were used as supplementary data. Aeolian desertification maps (1:100000) were produced for each year from the Landsat images through visual interpretation. The area of aeolian desertified land increased by 2,678.43 km² from 1975 to 2005, accounting for 8.8% of the total area of aeolian desertified land in 1975, an increase of 89.28 km² a⁻¹. Increasing mean annual temperature and the combination of a dry, cold, and windy climate in winter and spring were mainly responsible for the expansion of desertified land.     

基于Albedo-NDVI特征空间的玛曲县荒漠化时空动态监测

开展荒漠化时空动态监测是荒漠化防治的一项重要基础工作。以地处青藏高原东北缘的甘肃省玛曲县为例,以该县2001年、2005年、2010年的TM影像和2015年的HJ-1影像为数据来源,利用Albedo-NDVI特征空间法,从整体到局部,分别对该县全区域及其黄河沿岸地区不同尺度区域近15年的土地荒漠化进行了监测和时空动态分析。研究结果表明：Albedo-NDVI特征空间法能便捷、有效、精确地对荒漠化信息进行提取和分级,有利于荒漠化的定量分析与监测;玛曲县近15年来实施的生态恢复工程效果显著,该县荒漠化状况有所改善,荒漠化土地的面积持续减小,程度不断降低,主要发生“轻度荒漠化土地向非荒漠化土地”的转移;但是由于沙源丰富、人口密集以及过度放牧等原因,玛曲县黄河沿岸5 km带状区域荒漠化以“非荒漠化土地向轻度荒漠化土地”转移为主,荒漠化状况较全县整体水平严重,并且仍有不断恶化的趋势。     

Relationships between rocky desertification and spatial pattern of land use in typical karst area,Southwest China

Karst rocky desertification is a typical type of land degradation in the Southwest China. An attempt was made to study quantitatively the relationships between rocky desertification and spatial pattern of land use through applying spatial analysis of Geographical Information System in Nandong underground river system, a typical karst area, Southwest China. The spatial distribution of rocky desertification and spatial pattern of land use were obtained from interpreting Landsat Images in Nandong area in 2007 by supervised classifications, and verified and rectified through field survey. The results indicate that: (1) the total land deserted area covers 378.3 km², or 23.4% of the total area, of which intense, moderate and slight rocky desertification covers 269.46, 54.2, and 54.63 km², respectively, in Nandong area. (2) There is an obvious effect of spatial pattern of land use on rocky desertification. With the increase of elevation and slope, there is a higher occurrence ratio of rocky desertification in the cultivated land and grass land. Also, more than half of total rocky desertification was dominated within the areas of 4 km from the construction land, and 97% of total rocky desertification was dominated within the areas of 10 km from the construction land in Nandong area. And what can be known from the data is that the primary effect distance of human on rocky desertification from the construction land is 4 km, and the farthest effect distance of human on rocky desertification from the construction land is 10 km in Nandong area.     

Driving forces of aeolian desertification in the source region of the Yellow River: 1975–2005

The source region of the Yellow River, located in the northeastern portion of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, plays a critical role in water conservation, biodiversity protection, and wetland conservation. Aeolian desertification of this area is an important concern. Remote sensing and GIS technology were employed to assess the trends in aeolian desertification from 1975 to 2005. The monitoring results showed that, aeolian desert land increased from 15,112 to 17,214 km² during 1975–2005. In addition, it was found that the area of aeolian desertification increased rapidly from 1975 to 1990, was stable from 1990 to 2000, and slightly decreased from 2000 to 2005. Increasing temperature, overgrazing, and drainage of wetlands have been key driving factors of aeolian desertification. Thus, to control the expansion of aeolian desert lands in the source region of the Yellow River and to rehabilitate existing desert areas, the priority should be given to altering human behavior in these areas.     

Change trends for desertified lands in the Horqin Sandy Land at the beginning of the twenty-first century

The dynamics of desertification in the Horqin Sandy Land between 2000 and 2005 were analyzed using Landsat TM/ETM images and the data-processing function of geographical information software. The results showed that the extent of desertified land decreased at a rate of slightly more than 0.1 km² year⁻¹, from 22,423.1 km² in 2000 to 22,422.4 km² in 2005, indicating that desertification has been controlled in this area and that desert areas may be approaching a steady state. The dynamics of desertification differed among land types. Desertification decreased most obviously in areas of previous desert land. The area in which desertification was ameliorated was higher than the area that underwent further degradation, but non-desertified land (113.3 km²) deteriorated at a rate of 22.7 km² year⁻¹ during this period. This significant change requires careful attention by managers in the study area.     

Rocky desertification and its causes in karst areas: a case study in Yongshun County,Hunan Province,China

Rocky desertification, a process of land degradation characterized by soil erosion and bedrock exposure, is one of the most serious land degradation problems in karst areas, and is regarded as an obstacle to local sustainable development. It is well known that human activities can accelerate rocky desertification; however, the effects of climate change on rocky desertification in karst areas are still unclear. This study focused on the effects of temperature and precipitation changes and human activities on rocky desertification in karst areas to determine the impacts of climate change and human disturbances on rocky desertification. Areas of different level of rocky desertification were obtained from Landsat TM (1987) and Landsat ETM+ (2000) images. The results show that, although the total desertification area increased by only 1.27% between 1987 and 2000, 17.73% of the slightly desertified land had degraded to a moderate or intense level, 2.01 and 15.71%, respectively. Meanwhile, between 1987 and 2000, the air temperature increased by 0.7°C, and precipitation increased by 170 mm. Statistical results indicate that the increase in precipitation was caused by heavy rainfall. In addition, under the interactive influences of heavy rainfall and temperature, the average karst dissolution rate was about 87 m³ km⁻² a⁻¹ during the 14 years in the study area. Further analysis indicated that rocky desertification was positively related with the increase in temperature and precipitation and especially with the heavy rainfall events. Climate change accelerated rocky desertification in the karst areas. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

南疆地区经济发展对荒漠化程度的影响研究

荒漠化程度的变化对南疆地区来说是生态系统退化的表现。应用NDVI数据,利用图像处理软件ENVI对南疆地区荒漠化程度进行分析,结果表明： 1952-1983年之间南疆地区荒漠化面积约增长11%,其中重度荒漠化面积约增14.21%左右,而中轻度荒漠化面积增7%~8%。1983-1993年荒漠化保持着基本稳定的状态。在21世纪初,即从2000年、2005年、2010年、2014年4期遥感数据解译分析结果来看, 2000年荒漠化总面积达到96.11×10⁴ km²,约占总面积的90.41%,其中严重荒漠化面积为72.93×10⁴ km²,重度荒漠化面积为15.76×10⁴ km²,中轻度荒漠化面积为7.42×10⁴ km²,到了2014年,荒漠化总面积达到95.31×10⁴ km²,比2000年下降1.24%,但严重中轻度荒漠化土地面积不断发生变化。通过分析发现,荒漠化程度变化主要是人类活动和自然因素共同作用所导致的。     

Application of remote sensing in monitoring environmental change in ore area-Take Panzhihua V-Ti magnetite as an example

Remote sensing is an effective method to monitor environmental change. To study the influence of mining and mine dump on the environment of mine, remote sensing is used to monitor the change of land use and vegetation in the ore area, and to forecast the ecological environment by considering the mining speed. Remote sensing images at different periods were collected in the study, which include MSS images in 1975, TM images in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, and SPOT-5 images in 2002. At the same time, relief map and geological map of the ore area were also collected as assistant data for remote sensing interpretation. After color synthesis, enhancing treatment and geometrical revision, the interpreted dynamic information on remote sensing images was edited with ARC/INFO software, to build a dynamic monitoring database for land use in the ore area from 1975 to 2005 and a database for land use in 1975, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2002 and 2005. Through interpretation, it is found that, after 30 years of mining activities, the vegetation area in the Panzhihua mining area was reduced from 9352.6 ha in 1975 to 8195.6 ha in 2005, and its grassland area from 1053 ha in 1975 to 795.5 ha in 2002. After that, the grassland area increased to 869.1 ha in 2005 because of re-cultivation of some mine dumps.