山西临汾震区地壳上地幔构造的研究

利用郑州－临汾－靖边深地震测深剖面临汾，阳城炮点所获得的太行山至靖边段的观测资料，在以往解释的基础上重新进行了对比解释。研究结果表明：临汾与其东西两侧壳幔结构与构造的差异是极其明显的，其主要特征如下：（１）对仅在临汾以西出现的强震相Ｐ２进行了解释，并在ＰＭ波之前识别出一组来自下地壳的反射波Ｐ５；（２）根据临汾以西Ｐｇ与Ｐ２波的特征，我们确认在临汾盆地下方及其西侧，中地壳的上部８－１２ｋｍ深度内存在     

山西省及邻区洞体形变异常指标的研究

山西省共有6个洞体形变观测点(定襄、离石、太原、昔阳、临汾、侯马),台点主要分布在忻定盆地、太原盆地、临汾盆地和部分隆起区内,整个布局与山西地震地质构造背景一致.     

1695年山西临汾大震发震构造探讨

近３０年来于临汾盆地对３００年前的临汾大震发震构造虽作过大量实地考察、研究，但至今仍有不同认识和存疑。考虑到继续以临汾论临汾恐难获新识，本文另辟新径，从华北、乃至中国东部更大范围类似地震构造环境所取得的大震（Ｍ≥７．４）发震构造的某些共性，应用地质类比方法，在论证临汾地区存在ＮＥ向控震背景基础上，进而评述和探讨了临汾大震的可能发震构造。     

双泊松过程在地震危险性评估中的应用

利用双泊松模式计算了山西临汾盆地、太原盆地、代县盆地所围限地区未来５０年发震概率；利用概率分配法与衰减规律相结合，计算了未来地震危险性。     

山西中部断陷盆发生强震的构造背景

临汾盆地的史前强震,均发生在盆地长期下降后骤然回返上升阶段,盆地下降阶段,无强震发生。这是山西中部断陷盆地发生强震的构造背。本文用考古学、地质学、地貌学方法,分析了山西中部各断陷盆地的地表垂直运动。表明各盆地不同地貌单元,虽仍存在上升与沉降差异运动,但总体抬升的趋势已表现出来。因此可认为,山西中部断陷盆地存在着发生强震的构造背景。山西中部诸盆地,现今主要发震构造仍是北北东向断裂。考虑这些断裂的活动强度和规模,未来强震发生的机率,临汾盆地仍然较高。     

临汾盆地的现代构造活动

临汾盆地位于山西省中南部,属山西断陷盆地之一,也是强震集中带,历史上曾发生过两次八级强震。本文着重讨论临汾盆地地壳形变特征和近期断裂活动强度及其活动方式,为进一步研究临汾盆地近期地震危险性提供一些依据。1.构造基本特征临汾盆地的范围北以近东西向什林断裂为界,南与北东东向展布的紫金山断裂相接,东     

临汾地震的构造背景及其活动规律探讨

运用波浪镶嵌构造观点，对临汾盆地的构造背景和地震活动规律进行了探讨，认为临汾盆地正好位于环太平洋波系和特提斯波系壳下次级构造隆起的叠加部位，其地震活动明显受这２大波系的控制，即临汾大地震是在２大波系构造同时强烈活动时发生的，单方向构造活动，不足以引发临汾大地震。认为临汾盆地大震活动的周期约４００年，其活跃期约１００年，平静期约３００年。     

大同盆地6级～61＼2级地震活动与华北北部7级左右地震的关系

论述了大同盆地中强地震活动的时空特点及华北北部中强地震活动之间的关系，发现在时间过程中，大同盆地中强地震活动受北强震活动周期的制约，在空间分布上与华北北部中强地震成丛活动密切相关，得出１９８９年在同－阳高６．１级地震后，与大同盆地相邻的忻定盆地，延怀盆地发生６１／２级左右地震的危险性增大的结论。     

临汾盆地地壳精细结构和构造——地震反射剖面结果

采用深、浅地震反射相结合的探测方法,对临汾盆地的地壳结构和隐伏活动断裂进行了研究.结果表明,研究区地壳具有清晰的上、中、下地壳结构特征,其地壳厚度约为38~42 km.临汾盆地为典型的半地堑沉积盆地,盆地沉积层最深处约为5~6 km.莫霍面在临汾盆地下方出现约3 km的上隆,其展布形态与盆地基底呈“镜像”对应关系,显示出临汾盆地为拉张作用下的纯剪切盆地模式.深地震反射剖面揭示的一系列铲状或面状正断层在剖面上表现为“负花状”构造特征,其中,罗云山山前断裂和浮山断裂为临汾盆地的东、西边界控制断裂,具有规模大、切割深度深和多期活动的特点,对临汾盆地的形成、地层沉积和褶皱以及地震活动都有重要的控制作用.研究结果为深入理解该区的深部动力学过程、分析研究深浅构造关系、评价断裂的活动性提供了依据.     

共和盆地构造背景及发震构造探讨

本文在讨论共和盆地区域构造背景及其活动构造的基础上，综合分析了盆地内发生地震的分布特征及多种地震参数，进而探讨其发震构造。认为：盆地内的Ｆ１、Ｆ２北西向隐伏断层是共和盆地的两条主要发震断层。     

ESTIMATION OF THE MINIMUM DENSITY CONTRAST OF A HOMOGENEOUS BODY AS AN AID TO THE INTERPRETATION OF GRAVITY ANOMALIES*

Goodacre A.K. 1980, Estimation of the Minimum Density Contrast of a Homogenous Body as an Aid to the Interpretation of Gravity Anomalies, Geophysical Prospecting 28, 408–414. The minimum density contrast value for which a homogeneous body will accurately reproduce an observed gravity low can often be used to determine whether the causative body is a low-density granite batholith or a sedimentary basin. If the minimum density contrast value is large, the anomaly source is probably a sedimentary basin; if it is small, the source may be either a sedimentary basin or a granite batholith. The minimum density contrast method is tested on the Cheshire Basin and the Weardale Granite.     

直下型断层的破裂速度对盆地地震效应的影响

首先基于有限断层破裂下的运动学震源模型,对比验证了三维谱元法对于近场地震动的模拟精度。 进而通过含盆地模型与不含盆地的一维水平成层模型的地震动强度之间和放大系数分布特征之间的对比,详细研究了直下型断层的破裂速度对盆地地震效应的影响。结果表明,盆地的存在会显著改变近断层地震动的分布特征,同时盆地内不同分量强地震动的分布特征变化较大。断层破裂速度对盆地地震效应影响显著,随破裂速度的增大盆地地震动强度逐渐增加,但不同分量上地震动强度的增加速率显著不同,受盆地效应的影响,放大系数表现出与强地震动不同的分布特征。盆地放大系数整体表现出随破裂速度的增加而减小的趋势,但不同分量放大系数所受影响程度差异明显。同时,盆地内地震动强烈放大区域的位置也受破裂速度的显著影响,但其总体上集中在断层两侧区域及垂直于破裂方向的盆地边缘附近。      

1966年邢台7.2级地震的构造背景和发震构造

本文根据石油地质勘探的最新资料和元-济人工地震地壳测深剖面相应地段重新解释的结果,分析了邢台7.2级地震的构造背景和发震断裂。研究结果表明,7.2级地震震中位于束鹿断陷盆地南部次凹的东缘,该次凹发育在由新河断裂等4条缓倾铲形正断裂分制围限地台盖层而成的“斛”状构造块体上,块体之下的地壳中存在两条倾向相反的高角度断裂;地震与断陷主断裂及其控制的断陷盆地并非是简单的对应关系,7.2级地震的发震断裂不是单一的缓倾铲形新河断裂或其下方的高角度的F_3断裂和深部的东断裂,而是它们的组合,且高角度断裂是发震断裂的主要部分     

Harmful microalgae blooms (HAB); problematic and conditions that induce them

HAB occurrence is becoming more frequent and problematic in marine recreational waters. However, the exploitation of the coastal area for recreational use is promoting the necessary conditions for the HAB increase. In terms of the harmful effects, we can consider two types of causative organism: the toxic producers and the high-biomass producers. Toxic events can be produced by a very low concentration of the causative organism. This characteristic implies a difficulty for the monitoring programs in relation to human health. It is important to point out in the context of human health and HAB events, that in some coastal regions (e.g. the Mediterranean basin) HABs are an emerging problem. In these regions, the local population and visitors may face a health risk that is difficult to measure. The monitoring of toxic species has mainly been associated -with shellfish farming. However, the risk of intoxication could become even greater in areas not subject to legislation of aquaculture activities.     

青海省河南MS5.1和玛沁MS5.0地震后库玛断裂带的地震活动趋势研究

根据地震活动特征、大武地震台尾波持续时间及长宁、湟源和西宁3个台水氡异常变化，讨论了1999年河南Ms5.1和玛沁Ms5.0地震发生后库玛断裂带的地震活动趋势，结果表明，河南-玛沁地区的中强地震活动与库玛断裂带上的强震活动有明显的对应关系；在库玛断裂带中东段存在一个由ML≥3.0地震围成的空区；上述2次地震发生后大武地震台尾波持续时间异常依然存在，长宁、湟源和西宁台水氡趋势异常仍然持续，据此认为库玛断裂带存在发生强震的背景。     

Three-dimensional simulations of strong ground motion in the Shidian basin based upon the spectral-element method

The strong motion of a small long and narrow basin caused by a moderate scenario earthquake is simulated by using the spectral-element method and the parallel computing technique.A total of five different geometrical profiles within the basin are used to analyze the generation and propagation of surface waves and their relation to the basin structures in both the time and frequency domain.The amplification effects are analyzed by the distribution of peak ground velocity(PGV)and cumulative kinetic energy(Ek) in the basin.The results show that in the 3D basin,the excitation of the fundamental and higher surface wave modes are similar to that of the 2D model.Small bowls in the basin have great influence on the amplification and distribution of strong ground motion,due to their lateral resonances when the wavelengths of the lateral surface waves are comparable to the size of the bowls.Obvious basin edge effects can be seen at the basin edge closer to the source for constructive interference between direct body waves and the basin-induced surface waves.The Ek distribution maps show very large values in small bowls and some corners in the basin due to the interference of waves propagating in different directions.A high impedance contrast model can excite more surface wave modes,resulting in longer shaking durations as well as more complex seismograms and PGV and Ek distributions.     

1966年邢台强震群震前、 同震和震后断层运动特征分析

在1966年3月邢台强震群水准观测基础上, 本文首先对同震位移和数值模拟结果进行了对比, 认为邢台强震群发震断层浅层是牛家桥阳断层和永福庄断层, 深部发震断层是倾向北西的北东向断层; 然后以区域水准观测为约束, 通过反演给出了邢台强震群震前断层无震滑移、 同震断层位错和震后断层余滑空间分布。 结果表明, 震前显著无震滑移主要发生在3月8日6.8级前震的发震断层上, 而3月20日宁晋7.2级和6.7级地震发震断层深部同震位错相对弱的断层段, 震前也存在较为明显的无震滑移; 震后断层余滑主要分布在束鹿凹陷西侧的牛家桥阳断层。 从邢台强震群过程中断层运动时空演化特征可以看出, 强震破裂成核过程中震前断层无震滑移既可能发生于前震发震断层, 也可能发生于主震发震断层, 震后断层位移空间分布与同震位错具有互补性; 而震前断层无震滑移是否为有关震前前兆的真正原因, 是值得进一步深入研究的问题。     

断层位置对三维盆地地震效应的影响

采用谱元法模拟了盆地模型和一维水平成层模型的地震动强度和放大系数的分布特征,探究了直下型断层与盆地的相对位置对盆地地震效应的影响.结果显示:盆地地震动受断层位置的影响显著,特别是当断层邻近且平行于盆地边缘时,盆地地表地震动的边缘效应更加明显,强烈地震动区域的位置随断层位置的移动而改变明显;不同分量放大系数的分布特征差别...     

Spatial,inter and intra‐annual variability of the Upper Blue Nile Basin rainfall

In this study, monthly and annual Upper Blue Nile Basin rainfall data were analyzed to learn the rainfall statistics and its temporal and spatial distribution. Frequency analysis and spatial characterization of rainfall in the Upper Blue Nile Basin are presented. Frequency analysis was performed on monthly basin rainfall. Monthly basin average rainfall data were computed from a network of 32 gauges with varying lengths of records. Monthly rainfall probability distribution varies from month to month fitting Gamma‐2, Normal, Weibull and Log‐Normal distributions. The January, July, October and November basin rainfall fit the Gamma‐2 probability distribution. The February, June and December ones fit Weibull distribution. The March, April, May and August rainfall fit Normal distribution. The September rainfall fits Log‐Normal distribution. Upper Blue Nile Basin is relatively wet with a mean annual rainfall of 1423 mm (1960–2002) with a standard deviation of 125 mm. The annual rainfall has a Normal probability distribution. The 100‐year‐drought basin annual rainfall is 1132 mm and the 100‐year‐wet basin annual rainfall is 1745 mm. The dry season is from November through April. The wet season runs from June through September with 74% of the annual rainfall. October and May are transition months. Monthly and annual rainfalls for return periods 2‐, 5‐, 10‐, 25‐, 50‐ and 100‐year dry and wet patterns are presented. Spatial distribution of annual rainfall over the basin is mapped and shows high variation with the southern tip receiving as high as 2049 mm and the northeastern tip as low as 794 mm annual average rainfall. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

TOPMODEL在珠江流域布柳河流域的应用及其与新安江模型的比较

TOPMODEL是一种以地形为基础的半分布式流域水文模型.对珠江流域布柳河流域的DEM信息进行处理,提取流域的水系、子流域边界、地形指数及水流路径距离的分布,将TOPMODEL应用于该流域中.另外将新安江模型也应用于该流域进行比较.此外,分析了两种模型结构差异所带来的模拟功能差异.两种模型模拟结果精度差异不大,而TOPMODEL实现了空间产流面积分布的可视化.