贵州东部中上寒武统层序地层学及台地演化

通过对贵州东部丹寨一三都中上寒武统两个碳酸盐岩露头剖面的层序地层学研究，识别出3个(三级)层序及8个体系域，并认为由于构造升降运动，两露头剖面的沉积环境发生变化，该区台地类型由中寒武统的缓坡型陆棚演变成上寒武统的镶嵌陆架型台地。研究表明，自中元古宙晚期以来，研究区经历了由洋壳过渡到陆壳的演变过程，体现在该区自中寒武世至晚寒武世由广阔的坡缓底平的广海陆棚沉积，转为台地(斜坡)-广海(盆地)沉积环境。     

下扬子地区寒武纪层序格架及古地理演化

下扬子地区在寒武纪处于相对稳定的克拉通盆地背景,盆地沉积格局基本上为两坳夹一隆的特点,中部以碳酸盐岩台地沉积为特征,南北为深水碎屑沉积与碳酸盐沉积为特征。作者以下扬子发育的野外露头为主要研究对象,通过精细测量与观测南京、巢湖、杭州等12个露头点露头资料,建立了下扬子地区寒武纪的层序地层格架。寒武纪可划分为2个二级层序及14个三级层序,作者首次以二级层序体系域为单元对寒武纪进行了岩相古地理编图,并对寒武纪层序—古地理演化3个关键的控制因素进行了分析。下扬子区寒武纪古地理格局相对稳定,继承性地发育了开阔台地、局限台地、台地边缘斜坡、盆地等沉积相类型。     

塔里木盆地柯巴麦地区寒武纪层序模式及意义

以层序地层学理论为指导,据全球海平面变化,结合钻井、野外露头及地震资料,将柯坪-巴楚-麦盖提斜坡地区寒武系碳酸盐岩划分为3个二级层序,24个三级层序。总结每个层序界面及层序内部特征,建立柯巴麦寒武系层序地层格架,揭示层序内体系域构成特征。提出柯巴麦地区寒武系碳酸盐岩发育3种层序模式—低位、海侵与高位模式,分析其控制因素。将寒武系沉积模式归纳为2种：碎屑岩沉积模式和碳酸盐台地-蒸发台地沉积模式,为塔西南地区进一步油气勘探提供新思路。     

华北克拉通北缘寒武系层序地层划分

华北克拉通北缘寒武系碳酸盐岩作为区域油气勘探的重要目标,其沉积环境演化和层序地层格架的研究对区域地层及有利储层定位具有重要指导意义,也为华北地区寒武系油气勘探提供线索。以大量露头剖面实测分析为基础,结合典型井录井、测井、微观显微镜下分析以及地化测试等数据资料,在年代地层框架下进行旋回性地层分析研究,对华北克拉通北缘寒武系岩性、岩相以及地层叠置样式进行详细剖析,研究沉积趋势变化,总结寒武系层序地层划分样式。研究认为：在全球海平面变化控制下,华北地区自府君山组开始,发育广泛的由南向北的持续海侵,在陆源碎屑供给以及碳酸盐岩加积作用的相互制约下,华北地区表现为碳酸盐台地的形成-发展-镶边过程;以张夏组为界,中-下寒武统表现为缓坡-陆棚的沉积环境,上寒武统为具镶边的台地沉积背景;在不同层位不同层序边界类型（I型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型）的分隔作用下,将华北克拉通北缘寒武系划分为7个可区域性对比的三级层序,各三级层序高水位体系域多表现厚层清水碳酸盐岩沉积的特点,且受不同程度白云石化作用,成为区域寒武系重要的有利油气储集层。     

塔里木盆地东北缘库鲁克塔格地区寒武纪-奥陶纪沉积特征及演化

库鲁克塔格地区保存了相对完整的寒武纪-奥陶纪沉积地层,其沉积特征及演化规律的研究,对塔东地区寒武系-奥陶系油气勘探具有重要意义。通过库鲁克塔格地区详细的野外地质调查,结合前人相关研究成果,对该区寒武系-奥陶系沉积体系、沉积模式及演化规律的研究表明,寒武纪时期,库鲁克塔格地区经历了一次大的海侵-海退旋回,南、北两区沉积具有相似性。寒武纪早期的快速海侵导致南、北两区均发育陆棚相-深水盆地相沉积;寒武纪晚期,在逐渐海退的背景下,南、北两区开始出现沉积分异。奥陶纪,经历了新一轮大的海侵-海退旋回,南北两区沉积差异显著。北区从早奥陶世到晚奥陶世,发育台地边缘斜坡相-广海陆棚相-缓斜坡相-台地边缘礁滩相-开阔台地相相序,构成整体向上变浅的碳酸盐岩沉积层序;而南区发育深水盆地相-陆棚斜坡相-浊流盆地相-碎屑陆棚相相序,形成一套巨厚的深水复理石建造。库鲁克塔格地区寒武纪时期发育缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地,因台地不断向南构筑以及断裂活动,导致奥陶纪晚期台地边缘快速变陡,并在经历斜坡相快速堆积填平补齐之后,重新演变为缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地。晚奥陶世,由于周缘构造活动影响,却尔却克山-雅尔当山一带下沉,逐渐向远端变陡缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地演化。     

皖南东至地区寒武系层序地层研究

皖南东至地区寒武系在地层分区上可以分为下扬子地层分区、过渡地层分区和江南地层分区，生物群上出现了两区特征分子和过渡区的混生现象，并处于台地与盆地交接部位。通过对分别位于台地、斜坡和盆地露头层序地层研究，将寒武纪地层自下而上划分为三个Ⅱ类沉积层序和二个Ⅰ类沉积层序，早寒武世的三个Ⅱ类沉积层序的陆架边缘体系域不发育；中寒武世晚期到晚寒武世的二个Ⅰ类沉积层序皆由低水位体系域、海侵体系域和高水位体系域 组成三元结构。通过层序地层分析和沉积体系演化建立了相应的海平面变化曲线，自早寒武世早期本区海平面达到最高位和最大上升速率后，至寒武纪末研究区海平面总体处于下降过程，即海平面为累进式的缓慢的下降。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部奥陶系碳酸盐岩层序地层研究

碳酸盐岩的物源性质、形成背景、沉积机理和扩散方式都与碎屑岩有很大的差异．对于碳酸盐岩层序地层，需要从成因上、从台地的性质与演化、海不的进退、台地的淹没与暴露等方面进行研究．在总结露头层序地层工作方法的基础上，阐述了密集段、首次洪泛面和层序边界的识别标志，建立了高分辨率层序地层格架．鄂尔多斯盆地早奥陶世三道坎组沉积时，为碳酸盐岩－碎屑岩混合缓坡背景；桌子山组及克里摩里组沉积时为镶边陆架与末端陡倾缓坡的背景；乌拉力克组及中奥陶世时，转化为拗拉槽背景．由此分别建立了碳酸盐岩－碎屑岩缓坡模式和镶边陆架与末端陡倾缓坡的综合模式     

北京西山寒武系层序地层

为了使北京西山地质学方面的研究更为全面,并为其他地区寒武系的研究提供对比,以北京西山地区出露的寒武纪地层为根据.进行了层序地层学和沉积学方面的研究.该区寒武纪地层多为碳酸盐岩,岩石类型以各种灰岩及白云岩为主.按照层序地层学的原理和工作方法,结合区域层序界面特征把该区寒武系划为16个三级层序,其中SQ1-SQ3为Ⅰ型层序,Ⅱ型层序则较为发育,SQ4-SQ16都为Ⅱ型层序.研究区寒武系属于典型的碳酸盐岩台地沉积.由于寒武纪研究区内地形地势平缓,构造沉降比较稳定,因而深切谷等标志不发育,所有层序都缺失低水位体系域(LST)或陆架边缘体系域(SMST)沉积.     

皖西贵池、宿松地区中下三叠统沉积环境及层序分析

摘要：皖西中、下三叠统为一套碳酸盐岩沉积。从下往上,其沉积环境经历了从盆地－开阔陆棚－开阔台地－局限台地－潮上蒸发台地这样一个海水逐渐变浅、盐度不断增高的环境演化序列．据露头剖面分析,这套碳酸盐岩地层可分成３个层序。层序均由低水位、海进和高水位体系域组成,特征明显。据其岩性特征及准层序的叠置方式,识别出了追赶碳酸盐体系（ｃａｔｃｈｕｐｃａｒｂｏｎａｔｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ）和并进碳酸盐体系（ｋｅｅｐｕｐｃａｒｂｏｎａｔｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ）。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部奥陶系碳酸盐岩层序地层…

碳酸盐岩的物源性质，形成背景，沉积机理和扩散方式都与碎屑岩有很大的差异，对于碳酸盐岩层序层地层，需要从成因上，从台地的性质与演化，海水的进退，台地淹没与暴露等方面进行研究，在总结露头层序地层工作方法的基础上，阐述了密集段，首次洪泛面和层序边界的识别标志，建立了高分辨率层序地层格架，鄂尔多斯盆地早奥陶世三次坎组沉积时，为碳酸盐岩－碎屑岩混合缓坡背景，桌子山组及克里摩里组沉积时为镶边陆架与末端陡倾缓坡     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.