断层三维扩展过程的实验研究

实验研究三维断层的形成和扩展对于理解实际断层作用过程具有重要意义．在双轴压缩条件下开展了断层三维扩展过程的实验研究,利用多通道数字化高密度应变观测和基于可见光图像分析的数字散斑相关测量技术对岩石样品应变场的详细结构进行了动态观测和分析,同时利用多通道声发射全波形三维定位系统对样品内部微破裂的发育过程进行了观测．实验结果表明,断层在三维空间的扩展模式与二维明显不同,表现出更复杂的空间展布形态和变形机制．断层的三维扩展过程可以划分为3个基本阶段：第一裂纹扩展阶段——翼裂纹扩展阶段、转换阶段——花瓣裂纹活动阶段和第二裂纹扩展阶段——贝壳断面形成阶段．不同阶段具有不同的主导裂纹扩展方式,并对应不同的变形场和微破裂分布．其中,花瓣裂纹活动阶段在三维断层的发育过程中至关紧要,它是从表面似二维扩展向三维扩展转换的关键,也是三维断层扩展区别于二维断层的核心所在。     

基于加权一致性的蚁群算法在断层检测中的应用

突出地震数据振幅空间不连续性的断层增强属性体是断层自动解释的基础,而如何压制噪声、地层残余响应、角度不整合接触等伪断层的影响是断层自动检测的关键问题之一.在指纹图像边缘检测处理中,一致性是对指示局部方向场信息各向异性强度的一个度量,本文将其作为一种新的断层增强属性引入到地震数据处理中.为了更有效地压制噪声,本文通过对一致性进行加权处理,再结合蚁群算法,提出了新的断层自动检测方法——基于加权一致性的蚁群算法.理论地震模型和实际地震数据的处理结果表明,对于相同的断层检测过程,对比常规的基于方差属性的蚁群算法和基于C3相干属性的蚁群算法,本文所提方法不仅更有效地压制了噪声和地层残余响应产生的伪断层信息,而且更完整地展现了断层的延伸长度,同时具有更高的稳定性和计算效率.     

基于高精度地基LiDAR技术的活动断层错断地貌研究——以冷龙岭活动断裂带为例

高精度地形测量是活动断裂带定量研究的重要途径,通过对强震活动形成的错断地貌进行测量分析,可以估算断层位移,分析断层破裂的历史过程,揭示强震复发特征。激光雷达测距技术(LiDAR)为研究断层破裂特征提供了重要手段。选取青藏高原东北缘的冷龙岭活动断裂为研究目标,利用地基LiDAR对一些典型错断地貌进行了测量,并就地基LiDAR构建活动断层三维错断地貌的关键技术问题进行了分析。通过对测量得到的点云数据进行点云匹配、镶嵌、植物滤除以及不规则三角网建模处理,得到了0.05m空间分辨率的数字高程模型,划分了地貌单元,识别了断层陡坎与断层错断冲沟等地貌,实现了对断裂微地貌形态的高清晰度三维再现,并据此揭示了沿断裂带存在的多次地震事件,断裂主要表现为左旋走滑活动,并具有微小的倾滑运动分量。     

逆冲断层产状对跨断层水准影响的数值模拟研究

正断层作为地壳形变的薄弱地带,强地震的孕育及发生往往伴随着显著的断层变化,跨断层测量作为断层形变监测的有效手段,能够直接反映场地所控制断层段落的运动变化过程,但往往断层产状随深度增加而发生改变,地面水准测量结果受断层倾角、形态等地质构造的影响。因此,针对逆冲断层特征通过构建不同的三维物理模型,模拟断层产状等变化对跨断层水准测量的影响,模型主要从以下3个角度进行:(1)单一模型断层倾角固定,通过构建不     

三维初始破裂的理论与实验研究及其在解释断层现象中的意义

简述了受压表面(半椭圆)裂纹的三维破裂实验结果,并对三维破裂的应力判据理论进行了研究。对弥合初始破裂的方法进行了改进。指出Palaniswamy和Knauss提出的极值(EV)方法存在重要缺陷,主要是只考虑了两个欧拉角(2EA),忽略了第三个欧拉角的变化。如果将三个欧拉角(3EA)全部考虑进去,其弥合效果会有质的变化,能够弥合成实验观测到的曲面,而不是平面。提出了法向矢量法(NSDV),并证明和3欧拉角法(3EA)等效。证明法向矢量法(NSDV)可以进一步优化为求最大主应力的主面集合法(CFPDP)。用主面集合法的计算结果可以很好地弥合已有的三维破裂实验中观察到的初始破裂曲面。主面集合法可以用于椭圆裂纹模型弥合埋深断层的滑动段破裂。三维破裂研究的结果,可以用来解释地震断层中大量的跨尺度破碎现象,解释板缘断层在低剪切力作用下地震的发生以及孕震过程中EDA(张性扩容各向异性)裂隙引起的介质各向异性机理。     

基于CT数据的二次曲面拟合算法研究

二次曲面工件在工业中比较常见,为测量物体内部的二次曲面,本文采用工业计算机断层成像（CT）技术获取物体的断层图像序列,利用U-net图像分割网络获得断层图像上的目标区域,对分割结果的边缘进行检测和曲线拟合并堆叠成三维点集,通过曲面拟合获取物体曲面的三维空间坐标信息。研究结果表明,本文的方法能够有效地实现边界提取和界面参数的拟合工作,拟合误差在1%以内,相比传统方法有较大改进。     

基于非平稳相似性系数的构造导向滤波及断层检测方法

不连续地质体（如断层）的自动检测一直以来都是叠后地震数据解释中的关键问题之一,尤其在三维情况中尤为重要.然而,大多数边缘检测和相干算法都对随机噪声很敏感,随机噪声衰减是叠后地震数据解释的另一个主要问题.针对构造保护去噪和断层检测问题,本文基于非平稳相似性系数完善一种构造导向滤波方法并且提出一种自动断层检测方法,形成了一套匹配的处理技术.该构造导向滤波既能够有效地衰减随机噪声又可以很好地保护地震资料中的断层等信息不被破坏,增强地震剖面中弯曲、倾斜同相轴的连续性.根据地震数据局部倾角走向,利用相邻道构建当前地震道的预测,通过预测道的叠加得到参考道,计算预测道与参考道之间的非平稳相似性系数可以设计出数据驱动的加权中值滤波.另一方面,预测道与原始道之间的非平稳相似性系数能够用于带有断层指示性的相干分析.这两种方法都基于构造预测和非平稳相似性系数,但是使用不同的调节参数和处理方案.理论模型和实际数据的处理结果证明了本文提出构造导向滤波和断层检测方法的有效性.     

三维可视化在CSAMT勘探中的应用

CSAMT法是一种强有力的地球物理勘探手段,具有测量迅速、探测深度大、信噪比高等优点,已被广泛应用于金属矿、油气田、地下水、以及地热田的勘探中.在CSAMT勘探资料解释方面,传统的二维电阻率断面很难清晰、直观地揭示3D(三维)地电结构的分布特征,为此应加强3D可视化应用技术的研究.本文详细的介绍了3D可视化的建模过程,将3D构造的建模分为空间曲面剖分、空间曲面拟合插值、空间曲面拓扑关系生成、3D结构网格剖分、属性建模等过程.并以一个CSAMT勘探实例,展现出3D可视化方法技术的突出优势.三维可视化可以多角度、多层面展现地下3D电性结构的分布特征,使我们更加清晰、直观地了解3D地质体的空间范围与几何形态.     

银川盆地深地震断层的三维透射成像

为了获得三维地震透射成像技术在活断层探测中的有效性和应用价值的评价,在银川盆地中北部布设了一个三维地震透射台阵,利用该台阵获得的基底初至折射波和莫霍界面反射波资料,采用有限差分反演、时间项反演和连续速度模型反演方法,对台阵区域基底及上地壳结构进行了分析.结果表明：研究区基底呈东西浅、中部深的界面形态,且西陡东缓,最深处大致位于芦花台至西大滩一带,埋深达7 km.芦花台断层、银川—平罗断层、黄河断层在研究区内均表现为北北东走向的速度差异条带,且断层两侧基底及沉积界面埋深存在显著变化.芦花台断层东倾,倾角较陡,延伸至研究区基底之下;银川—平罗断层倾向西,是一条超基底的隐伏断层;黄河断层西倾,延伸深度超过研究区基底.本探测结果证明,初至折射波与莫霍面反射波探测相结合的三维地震透射台阵技术能够给出研究区上地壳三维细结构图像,不仅可以揭示主要断裂的展布位置、浅部空间形态和特征,而且可以揭示断裂向基底之下的延伸状况.     

三维破裂及其在地震和断层研究中的应用（综述）

文中提出若干断层破裂和震源过程的重要问题,包括断层分布的形态、震源多重事件的非共面性、震源迁移和动力来源等,这些问题用目前二维力学模型无法回答,只有用三维模型才有可能。综述了三维岩石断裂力学的实验和Ｇｒｉｆｉｔｈ－Ｉｒｗｉｎ理论研究的进展情况,指出三维破裂研究既包括三维裂纹的破裂,也包括无初始裂纹的Ｈｅｒｔｚ接触引起的破裂。总结了岩石三维破裂的特征,并简述了三维破裂在震源过程和断层形成问题研究中的一些证据和研究前景,认为一些地震前兆机理问题有可能在三维模型中得到解答。同时也讨论了三维震源与断层模型简化为常用的二维模型的条件。     

Experimental investigation of three-dimensional propagation process from surface fault

Experimental study of the formation and propagation of three-dimensional (3D) faults is of great sig- nificance in the understanding of the propagation process developing from initial natural faults. In the study described in this paper, experimental investigations of 3D propagation processes of a type of surface fault are carried out under biaxial compression. The strain field near the surface fault is dy- namically measured and fully analyzed with a high-density Multi-Channel Digital Strain Gauge (MCDSG) and Digital Speckle Correlation Method (DSCM) based on the white-light image analysis. Simultane- ously the micro-fracture process involved in fault formation is observed by a 3D acoustic emission (AE) location system with a set of multi-channel whole-wave record equipment. The experimental results show that the 3D propagation process of surface fault differs greatly from that of the two-dimensional (2D) state and that a new more complicated type of 3D morphological characters and deformation mechanisms are produced. The 3D propagation process of surface faults may be divided into three stages: 1) the first stage of crack propagation initiated by wing cracks; 2) the conversion stage propa- gated by petal cracks; and 3) the second stage of crack propagation formed by shell-shaped fracture surface. The primary propagation patterns of the three stages are different. The corresponding defor- mation fields and micro-fracture distributions are likewise different. The fracture activities from petal cracks especially are of vital importance during surface fault propagation. This is also a key conversion state and marks an intrinsic difference between 2D-like and the 3D state in fault development.     

Fault detection by reflected surface waves based on ambient noise interferometry

Detecting subsurface fault structure is important for evaluating potential earthquake risks associated with active faults. In this study, we propose a new method to detect faults using reflected surface waves observed in ambient noise cross correlation functions. Ambient noise tomography using direct surface waves obtained from ambient noise interferometry has been widely used to characterize active fault zones. In cases where a strong velocity contrast exists across the fault interface, fault-reflected surface waves are expected. We test this idea using a linear array deployed in the Suqian segment of Tanlu fault zone in Eastern China. The fault-reflected surface waves can be clearly seen in the cross-correlation functions of the ambient noise data, and the spatial position of the fault on the surface is close to the stations where the reflected signals first appear. Potentially reflected surface waves could also be used to infer the dip angle, fault zone thickness and the degree of velocity contrast across the fault by comparing synthetic and observed waveforms.     

利用曲线网格有限差分方法研究三维倾斜断层的破裂动力学

利用曲线网格有限差分方法,研究了三维倾斜断层的破裂传播过程.基于断层面生成贴体曲线网格,并通过坐标变换将含曲线网格的物理空间转换到含均匀直角网格的计算空间,实现了有限差分方法对复杂界面的处理.通过模拟地震断层的自相似破裂和自发破裂,并与已有发表的结果对比,发现拟合程度较高,验证了本方法的有效性和精确性.重点研究了不同倾角的倾斜断层破裂,最后展望了今后用本方法对非均匀介质中和任意起伏地表下的任意非平面断层破裂动力学的进一步研究.     

三维竖向断层场地对地面运动的影响

实际工程场地中的断层通常具有三维尺寸,应进行三维分析。本文考虑均匀弹性半空间内存在不同长度、深度的三维断层,由下向上垂直入射一个脉冲波,主要采用三维时域显式有限元结合透射人工边界的方法及相应编写的三维显示有限元波动程序DSI3,计算断层附近地震地面运动的时程反应,研究含有三维断层场地地面运动的一些特点,并与自由场反应对比,以说明三维竖向断层对地震波传播的特点和对断层附近地面运动的影响。     

基于交错网格有限差分法的断面波叠前时间偏移成像影响因素正演分析

断层和断裂带的有效识别是地震资料解释中的重要环节,断层在地震信号响应中以断面波的形式体现,因此断面波成像的质量关系到断层的精细识别与刻画.本文利用精度较高的交错网格有限差分正演模拟方法对断面波成像的影响因素进行了正演研究,主要正演分析的参数包括采集因素中的电缆长度和采集方向,地质因素中的断层倾角、断距、反射系数,以及处理因素中的偏移方法等几个方面.通过正演论证得出：采用合理的采集参数能够提高断面波的照明度;有效结合地质因素能够提高断面波的解释精度;利用合理的偏移方法能够使断层归位更加准确,断面波有效成像.基于以上结论,对于断面波的精确识别与刻画,应综合采集因素,处理因素及地质因素,只有这样才能提高断层的解释精度,有效减小解释误差.     

Preliminary Study on Cenozoic Group and Fault Activity in the Sea Area Near the Yangtze River Mouth

By shallow seismic prospecting, the Cenozoic Group in the sea area near the Yangtze Rver Mouth can be divided into five seismic sequences. They correspond to the Quaternary,Pliocene, Upper Miocene, Lower Miocene and Eocene respectively. The Quaternary System covers all the detecting area. The Tertiary System overlaps and thins out from NE to SW. The sedimentary basement mainly consists of volcanic rock (J3) and acidic rock (r35). Paleogene or Late Cretaceous basins are not found there. The faults that have been detected are all normal faults. They can be divided into three groups (NE, NW, near EW) by their trend. The NE and NW-trending faults are predominant, and agree with aeromagnetic anomaly. Their length and displacement are larger than that of the EW-trending faults. The activity of the NEtrending faults is different in different segments. The SW segment is a Quaternary fault, the middle segment is a Neogene fault, The NE is Paleogene. But the segment of the NW-trending fault is not obvious. The average vertical displacement rate is about 0.015mm/a.     

氡断层气测量在佛山西淋岗活断层探测中的应用研究

在佛山西淋岗活断层附近,垂直断层走向等距测量了断层附近载体中氡气相对含量值,得到了氡含量曲线图．分析了断层气上氡异常形态分布特征,探讨了断层气载体对氡异常形成的影响。     

QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF FAULT ACTIVITY BASED ON HIGH-PRECISION AIRBORNE LiDAR DATA: A CASE OF XIAOHONGSHAN FAULT IN XIANGSHAN-TIANJINGSHAN FAULT ZONE

High-precision and high-resolution topography are the basis of quantitative study of active tectonics. Traditional methods are mainly interpreted from the remote sensing image and can only obtain two-dimensional, medium-resolution DEM(5~10m grid unit)or local three-dimensional surface deformation characteristics. A combination of offset and micro-relief information is essential for understanding the long-term rupture pattern of faults, such as in seismic hazard evaluation. The recently developed high-resolution light detection and ranging(LiDAR)technology can directly carry out high-precision and omni-directional three-dimensional measurement of the landform, and provide fine geomorphologic data for the study of active tectonics, which is helpful to deepen the understanding of surface rupture process and fault activity characteristics. In this study, we take part of the Xiaohongshan Fault, the western segment of Xiangshan-Tianjingshan Fault located in Gansu Province(NE Tibet), as an example of how LiDAR data may be used to improve the study of active faults. Using the airborne LiDAR technology, we obtain the three-dimensional surface deformation characteristics with high accuracy and establish the three-dimensional topographic model of the fault geomorphic. A high-resolution digital elevation model(DEM)of the Jingtai-Xiaohongshan Fault was extracted based on high-precision LiDAR data. Then the faulted geomorphic markers(gullies, ridges and terraces)were measured in detail along the fault, and different offset clusters and long-term sliding vector of different segments of the fault were finally acquired. We obtained the 82 horizontal displacements and 62 vertical displacements of geomorphic markers. According to the offset amounts, we observed peaks in the histogram by using the method of cumulative offset probability density and interpreted that each peak may represent an earthquake that ruptured the Xiaohongshan Fault. The results show that the horizontal and vertical displacements fall into five clusters, and the smallest cluster may indicate the coseismic slip of the most recent earthquake, while the other clusters may represent the slip accumulation of multiple preceding earthquakes. The sliding vectors constrained by the horizontal and vertical displacement of several typical geomorphic markers show obvious differences on different segments of the fault. The results show that the fault segment is divided into three segments from west to east, which indicates that the fault activity is not uniform along the fault.