黄河三角洲粉土液化的试验研究

在野外自然地理和地质调查的基础上，以黄河地区可液化场地粉土为研究对象，利用室内动三轴和振动柱试验进行测定，分析了动荷载作用下粉土的动应力应变关系并模拟了地震荷载作用下粉土的孔压响应及抗液化强度，得出了液化破坏标准，提出了原状粉土的振动孔压上升模型。对试验结果进行分析发现，随着粘粒含量的增加，粉砂、粉土、粉质粘土、粘土达到相同剪应变所需的动剪应力也依次增加；粉土孔压比0．68、粉砂土孔压比0．87作为液化破坏开始的标志；粉土发生液化所需的循环应力比大于砂土。这些研究为以后建立适合本地区的饱和地基土地震破坏判别方法提供了参数和依据。     

荆江大堤下伏饱和粉细砂动力特性试验研究

针对荆江大堤江陵段下伏地层广泛分布的饱和粉细砂,参照原位试验成果重塑粉细砂试样,按估算的固结应力比(Kc约为1.6)对试样动剪模量、阻尼比及总应力动强度进行测试,结果表明:(1)试样应力-应变骨干曲线与Hardin-Drnevich双曲线模型假设高度吻合,Hardin公式可很好地拟合动模量/阻尼比与动应变的关系。在研究试样密实度范围内,最大动模量随围压和密实度的增加而增加,但围压对动模量的敏感性更高,且相同围压下动剪模量比与动应变关系曲线近乎重合。围压增大或密实度升高均会引起阻尼比的降低,1%应变对应的阻尼比分布在0.15~0.21之间;(2)偏压状态下以累积轴向应变5%作为液化判别标准进行抗液化强度试验,随特征振次及测试围压的增大,液化动剪应力比相应减小,试样振动孔压比最高仅能达到0.8~0.9;(3)由总应力法求取的动内摩擦角与黏聚力均随设定特征振次的增加而下降,且内聚力并非约等于0,表明动力作用下该试样具有一定的黏滞性。     

颗粒组成对粉土动强度的影响分析

以天津汉沽地区某挡土墙地基粉土为研究对象,首先对不同颗粒组成的粉土做固结不排水动三轴剪切试验,采用各向等压固结,周围压力等于100kPa。固结完成后在不排水条件下施加轴向激振力,试验波形为正弦波,振动频率1.0Hz,试验中以试样在周期剪切时轴向周期应变达到5%作为破坏标准,得出粉土的动强度受颗粒组成的影响。细颗粒含量越大,其动强度越小,黏粒含量为7.2%的粉土循环剪应力比CSR约为20.3%黏粒含量粉土的2倍。粉土的动强度可以用循环剪应力比和破坏振次建立的幂函数关系式较好地拟合。在剪切过程中,粉土的孔隙水压力一直没有达到所施加的围压数值,最终稳定在75%~85%围压之间。同时,试验还得出孔隙水压力的增长模式不能用统一的Seed模型拟合,孔压增长规律的影响因素较多。     

黏粒含量对粉土液化后特性影响的试验研究

利用多功能动三轴仪的先进功能,对3%、6%、8%、9%、12%和15%黏粒含量的粉土进行了动三轴试验。试样在初始液化后继续施加动荷载,达到不同的双幅轴向应变后施加不排水单调荷载模拟液化后大变形。研究结果表明,相同循环周数时不同黏粒含量对动加载阶段的动剪应力影响规律与其对液化后初始阶段大应变规律有内在联系,即黏粒含量为8%时动剪应力最小而液化后低强度段应变最大,而强度恢复段模量也最低。试验验证结果表明,拟合关系式能较好地反映不同黏粒含量粉土液化后大变形。     

黄泛区粉砂土动强度与抗液化强度试验研究

因黄泛区粉砂土与其他地区有较大区别,对其动强度和抗液化强度的研究相对较少。对开封地区粉砂土的动强度和抗液化强度进行研究,选定围压、干密度、细粒含量作为影响因素,通过动三轴试验得到其动强度曲线和抗液化强度曲线,分别分析三个影响因素对黄泛区粉砂土动强度和抗液化强度的影响。结果表明:黄泛区粉砂土的动强度和抗液化强度随围压和干密度的增加而增大,随动荷载振动次数的增加而减小,随细粒含量的增加出现先降低后提高的现象,且其抗液化强度比动强度大。     

含砾量对饱和砂砾土液化特性的影响

利用GDS循环三轴仪进行一系列饱和砂砾土不排水动三轴液化试验,研究其在循环荷载作用下的液化特性,分析含砾量对饱和砂砾土动强度和动孔压的影响规律。研究表明:含砾量对砂砾土液化性能影响较大,随着含砾量的增加砂砾土抗液化强度呈单调增加趋势;随循环周次的增加孔隙水压力不断升高,增长速率与所施加的循环应力幅值有关,同一固结压力下,振次比相同时循环动应力幅值越大动孔压比越大;破坏振次对动孔压增长模式存在影响,破坏振次较小时砂砾土动孔压增长模式呈双曲线型发展,破坏振次较大时砂砾土的动孔压增长模式可用反正弦函数来表示,且含砾量越大循环荷载引起的孔隙水压力越高;含砾量对砂砾土液化特性的影响可从砂砾土的微细观结构特征得到阐释,并借助其粒间状态参量进行分析。     

饱和黄土液化判别方法的两点发现

黄土液化实例多与现有可液化土地质年代规定不符。采用动三轴弯曲元试验设备对原状黄土饱和过程进行剪切波速跟踪测试,发现黄土浸水、结构先破坏再固结形成新的稳定结构的特点,证明经历过饱和的黄土已不能再视其为饱和前的地质年代。兰州马兰黄土中的黏粒有些是以黏土团块的形式存在,而黏土团块并不影响其他部分粉质土的液化,因此对于此类土应用黏粒含量进行液化判别时,应考虑将黏土团块不计入黏粒含量。     

饱和尾矿粉土动力特性试验研究

通过动三轴试验研究某尾矿粉土的动强度特性与孔压特性,试验在围压100、200和300kPa与固结比1.0和2.0条件下进行。结果表明:(1)在循环荷载作用下,等压固结时饱和尾矿粉土全部液化;偏压固结时饱和尾矿粉土未发生液化;(2)各向等压固结时,选取双幅动应变达到5%作为破坏标准;偏压固结时,选取总应变达到5%作为破坏标准;(3)围压越大,τd/σ′0-Nf曲线越高,动剪应力比τd/σ′0与破坏振次Nf在对数坐标图上表现出良好的线性关系,可以采用对数函数来拟合τd/σ′0-Nf关系曲线;(4)固结应力条件相同时,动应力σd变化对尾中砂的孔压增长ud/σ0-N/Nf关系曲线基本上没有影响;固结应力比Kc一定时,固结围压σ3越大,ud/σ′0-N/Nf关系曲线越高;(5)尾矿粉土孔压发展模式在等压固结和偏压固结时不同,固结比Kc=1.0时,可采用幂函数表达式来描述尾粉土孔压发展;固结比Kc=2.0时,可用对数函数来模拟其发展。     

饱和粉土液化特性的大型振动台模型试验研究

京沪高速铁路徐沪段路基的粉土粘粒含量少于1.5%、粉粒含量约为80%,在强烈地震作用下存在着液化可能性.为充分研究这一饱和粉土地层的液化特性,本文作者利用大型地震模拟振动台,进行了模拟自由场地饱和粉土的地震液化模型试验,试验结果再现了自然地震触发的粉土液化的各种宏观震害现象,揭示了饱和粉土的地震液化规律和特征。试验结果为京沪高速铁路徐沪段路基的抗震设计提供了参考依据。     

淮安市典型土动力特性的试验研究

通过对淮安市典型的全新世沉积粉土和粘性土进行室内自振柱试验及粉土的动三轴液化试验，把粉土和粘性土的自振柱试验结果与Seed和Idriss建议的砂土及饱和粘土的剪切模量比G／Gmax-γ曲线和阻尼比λ-γ曲线的变化范围进行对比，结果表明：粉土的剪模量比要比饱和粘土的大，而比砂土的剪模量比要小，其阻尼比接近于砂土的阻尼比；粘性土的剪模量比要比一般饱和粘土的大，而与砂土的剪模量比相近，其阻尼比要比砂土的略低；粉土的抗液化强度与液化振次之间的关系可以用指数函数来表示，其振动孔隙水压力的发展规律可以用反正弦三角函数拟合；粘粒含量是影响淮安市全新世沉积粉土抗液化强度的主要影响因素。     

Strain energy based evaluation of liquefaction and residual pore water pressure in sands using cyclic torsional shear experiments

In this study, cyclic hollow cylinder torsional tests were conducted on the reconstituted specimens of Toyoura sand in a practical range of initial density and stress states. The results were employed to evaluate the liquefaction resistance and residual pore water pressure of sand using the strain energy concept. A simple pore water pressure (PWP) model with two calibration parameters was developed for the prediction of residual pore pressure as a function of cumulative strain energy density and the capacity energy of sand. Capacity energy is defined as the cumulative strain energy that is required for liquefaction onset. Based on the results of the tests, an equation is then presented for the estimation of capacity energy in terms of relative density and initial effective confining pressure of sand. This equation is shown to work well as a state boundary curve, which can discriminate between the liquefied and non-liquefied field case histories. Several extra tests were also performed to investigate the effect of initial static shear stress on the proposed PWP model and capacity energy. The results show that initial shear stress has a minor effect on the trend of the proposed PWP model; however, it definitely affects the capacity energy. The final part of the paper aims to confirm reasonable performance of the proposed PWP model by the available observations of seismically induced pore water pressure in shaking table, centrifuge, and real site conditions.     

Dynamic properties and liquefaction resistance of two soil materials in an earthfill dam—Laboratory test results

Results are presented of laboratory resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests on specimens of two compacted soils (a sandy–silty clay and a sand–gravel mixture), planned to be used in the core and the shells, respectively, of a proposed earthfill dam. The values of low-amplitude shear modulus of the clayey material were found to increase with increasing confining pressure and decreasing water content, with deviations of ±20% from the predictions of the “Hardin equation”. On the other hand, the low-amplitude damping ratio was found to be at least four times higher than the values corresponding to natural undisturbed cohesive soils. The proposed G/G₀−γ_c curve for the compacted cohesive soil was found to be independent of confining pressure and small variations of the water content on either side of the optimum value and showed a remarkable agreement with recently published similar curves for natural cohesive soils. For the case of the sand–gravel mixture, normalized G/G₀–γ_c and D–γ_c curves are proposed, based on recently published results for gravelly soils and the limited data of the present study. The liquefaction resistance of the saturated sand–gravel mixture was found to be strongly dependent on its relative density, especially for high values of cyclic stress ratio. A relative density of at least 55% was found to be necessary to assure safety against earthquake-induced liquefaction of the material. The results presented herein may be used (directly or as guide) in the seismic analysis of (new or existing) earth dams constructed from similar soil materials and in addition they provide insight into the dynamic behavior of compacted soils.     

考虑温度效应软黏土累积塑形应变模型及验证

通过对宁波饱和软黏土开展应力控制循环三轴试验,研究了不同温度、动应力、初始偏应力、围压作用对累积塑性应变的影响。在试验的基础上,引入综合影响参数对试验数据进行归一化,建立饱和软黏土累积塑性应变的双曲线模型,并基于动态平衡的假设,建立了长期动荷载作用下饱和软黏土达到平衡状态后的归一化累积塑性应变预测模型及考虑温度影响的考虑温度影响的归一化累积塑性应变预测模型,模型预测值与试验结果吻合性较好,可以为轨道交通设计和施工提供参考。     

Energy approach to unsaturated cyclic strength of sand

The mechanical response to cyclic loading of saturated cohesionless soils is usually investigated by means of effective stress method considering pore water pressure changes that lead to reduced strength and stiffness. On the other hand, the behavior of partially saturated sands is different from the behavior of saturated sand deposits. The development of negative pore water pressures in particular makes it difficult to estimate the behavior of partially saturated sands. The response of partially saturated sands, however, can be examined in a physically understandable manner by investigating their energy characteristics independently of pore pressure behavior. To establish a general framework for understanding the behavior of partially saturated sand, a total of 52 resonant column and dynamic torsional shear tests were conducted under undrained conditions. The effects of factors such as the amplitude of shear strain, relative density, saturation ratio and confining pressure on the dynamic characteristics of the sand and on energy dissipation were studied. The use of the energy concept in the evaluation of partially saturated soils is shown to be a promising method for the evaluation of the cyclic behavior of partially saturated sands.     

饱和黄土液化后强度与变形特性的试验研究

采用MTS810动三轴试验仪,用二氧化碳+脱气水循环渗流法对重塑黄土进行饱和,进行了一系列对石碑塬滑坡区饱和黄土液化后变形特性试验。考虑干密度和初始有效围压对黄土液化后变形特性的影响,将液化与未液化黄土在单调静荷载作用下的应力-应变曲线进行对比。实验结果表明:利用二氧化碳+脱气水循环渗流法可以使重塑黄土饱和取得较好的效果;饱和石碑塬黄土具有明显的液化特征,在强震作用下发生液化,液化后强度大大衰减,应力-应变曲线呈弱硬化型,分为两个阶段;干密度和初始有效围压对液化后黄土的强度有一定影响,初始有效围压与不排水强度呈拟合度较高的线性关系,初始有效围压越高,液化后不排水强度越大。     

Liquefaction strength of fly ash reinforced with randomly distributed fibers

In this paper a study on the improvement of liquefaction strength of fly ash by reinforcing with randomly distributed geosynthetic fiber/mesh elements is reported. A series of stress controlled cyclic triaxial tests were carried out on fly ash samples reinforced with randomly distributed fiber and mesh elements. The liquefaction resistance of reinforced fly ash is defined in-terms of pore pressure ratio. The effects of parameters such as fiber content, fiber aspect ratio, confining pressure, cyclic stress ratio, on liquefaction resistance of fly ash have been studied. Test results indicate that the addition of fiber/mesh elements increases the liquefaction strength of fly ash significantly and arrests the initiation of liquefaction even in samples of loose initial condition and consolidated with the low confining pressure.     

Simulation of torsional shear test results with neuro-fuzzy control system

In the first part of this study, a series of stress-controlled hollow cylinder cyclic torsional triaxial shear tests were conducted on loose to medium dense saturated samples of clean Toyoura sand to investigate its liquefaction behavior. A uniform cyclic sinusoidal loading at a 0.1 Hz frequency was applied to air-pluviated samples where confining pressure and relative density was varied. Cyclic shear stress–strain changes, the number of cycles to reach liquefaction and pore pressure variations were recorded. Results indicate that the liquefaction resistances of uniform sands are significantly affected by the method of sample preparation and initial conditions.     

Cyclic liquefaction strength of sands

Through an energy approach, a model is proposed to predict the cyclic liquefaction strength of saturated sands in terms of their static shear strengths. Plots of cyclic liquefaction strength versus relative density and also versus modified standard penetration resistance are presented for various uniformity coefficients and different numbers of stress cycles. The predicted cyclic liquefaction strength values are converted to cyclic stress ratios and compare favourably with Seed's empirical correlations.     

振动频率对饱和砂土液化强度的影响

采用“土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪”对饱和砂土进行了一系列动三轴实验,探讨了振动频率对液化强度数值的影响程度。在1．0、1．5固结比和0．05、0．10、1．00Hz振动频率条件下,针对相对密实度分别为70％、28％的密砂和松砂进行了100、200、300kPa围压和100kPa围压条件下的液化强度实验。实验结果表明,饱和密砂和松砂在各种固结条件下,液化强度随着振动频率的增大而增大,相同破坏振次时,各种实验条件下的液化强度与振动频率的关系在双对数坐标上均符合线性关系;振动频率由0．05Hz变化到1．00Hz时,液化强度相差达25％以上;动强度指标翰值随振动频率的增大而增大,最大相差12．2％;随着振动频率的增大,砂土达到液化破坏所需的时间明显缩短;振动频率对松砂液化强度的影响比对密砂的影响更为显著。