2014年云南鲁甸MS6.5地震峰值加速度震动图

综合考虑震中地区地质构造背景、震源机制解结果、余震分布以及我国西部地区地震动参数衰减特征,运用考虑场地效应的震动图快速生成方法,将收集到的62组强震台站的峰值加速度作为插值使用,估计了2014年8月3日云南鲁甸M_S6.5地震峰值加速度震动图. 利用地震后获得的强震记录计算了强震台站观测值与借助经验性衰减关系得到的估计值之间的系统偏差,校正了缺少台站地区借助经验性衰减关系得到的估计值,获得了校正后的峰值加速度分布图. 结果显示,鲁甸M_S6.5地震的地震动峰值加速度随距离的衰减速度比前人对我国西部衰减统计的结果更快,对数偏差校正的结果更符合本次地震的衰减规律. 校正后的峰值加速度大于40 cm/s2的区域面积近8000 km2,比未经校正的峰值加速度大于40 cm/s2的面积减小了40%左右.      

2014年云南鲁甸6.5级地震强震动观测记录及初步分析

2014年8月3日云南鲁甸发生MS6.5地震,在震中及其周边地区分布的中国数字强震动台网的81个台站获取了这次地震的主震强震动记录.特别是位于极震区鲁甸龙头山镇财政所强震动台,完整记录到这次地震的地震动时程,其东西向PGA达948.5 cm/s2,该台站周边多栋多层建筑物底层完全倒塌和损毁,与记录所反映的强烈震动相吻合.初步分析强震动观测记录,讨论了本次地震的震中位置、破裂方向和强震动衰减速率等问题.     

基于ShakeMap_CNST的2014年云南鲁甸MS6.5地震震动图研究

分析了2014年8月3日云南鲁甸6.5级地震的发生背景及震害特征,介绍了ShakeMap_CNST震动图系统的设计思路和实现原理及地震动参数的校正方法,并将其应用于鲁甸6.5级地震的震动图预测中,进一步分析了震区场地条件对局部震害的影响。结果表明,震动图预测的地震动特征与现场宏观调查的结果总体上是相适应的,最后对震动图系统的优缺点及应用前景进行了探讨。     

2020年10月22日四川北川MS4.7地震强震动特征分析

2020年10月22日11时03分37秒四川省绵阳市北川县发生MS4.7地震,四川强震动台网与预警烈度速报台网在震区建成较密集的台站,获取了532组三分量加速度记录,有助于开展区域地震动衰减和地震动特征研究.本文对强震记录进行常规处理后计算出强震动记录的相关参数,利用克里金插值方法得到地震动峰值加速度PGA和峰值速度PGV的空间分布图,长轴呈北西—南东方向.分析强震动记录PGA、PGV随距离的衰减规律,与常用衰减关系预测值进行对比,此次地震PGA的衰减特性与俞言祥和汪素云(2006)提出的中国西部地区水平向基岩加速度衰减关系有较好的一致性.北川MS4.7地震获得的密集强震动记录为建立区域衰减关系,以及开展基于经验格林函数方法(EGFM)再现大震强地震动场展布等研究提供了重要的数据支撑.     

2014年云南鲁甸地震和景谷地震的震害对比研究

2014年8月3日云南鲁甸发生MS6.5地震,10月7日云南景谷发生MS6.6地震。这2次地震的震级、地震类型、震源深度等相差不大,但地震所造成的人员伤亡、房屋建筑损毁程度、地震地质灾害等却相差很大。在地震现场调查资料的基础上,对比分析地震造成的崩塌、滑坡、地裂缝、砂土液化、房屋建筑损毁等灾害轻重差别的主要原因。研究表明,鲁甸地震灾区地质构造复杂,地层破碎,人口密度大,房屋建筑抗震性能差;而景谷地震灾区地质环境较好,植被茂密,人口密度低,相比同量级地震的加速度小,房屋建筑结构抗震性能较好。总体而言,鲁甸MS6.5地震的震害比景谷MS6.6地震要严重得多。     

鲁甸M_S6.5与景谷M_S6.6地震灾区房屋抗震能力差异分析

介绍2014年鲁甸MS6.5与景谷MS6.6地震灾区房屋概况,对两次地震灾区房屋的震害特征进行阐述,从房屋建筑材料、结构选型、场地条件等方面对比分析两次地震灾区的房屋抗震能力,进一步分析景谷灾区房屋抗震性能优于鲁甸灾区的原因,并强调抗震概念设计的重要性,提出建议以供恢复重建、农村民居地震安全工程、新农村建设等借鉴参考。     

一种随机有限断层的三维地震动模拟方法——鲁甸地震为例

传统随机有限断层方法只能模拟水平单向地震动,不能完全满足工程抗震设计对三维(两个水平向及竖向)地震动需求。文中在传统方法的基础上发展了一种可模拟三维地震动的随机有限断层方法,利用水平向和/或垂直向P、SV、SH波在频域上的经验表达并结合随机相位合成三维地震动加速度时程。为验证方法的可靠性,模拟了2014年云南鲁甸地震的三维地震动。结果表明,改进方法合成的加速度时程波形与观测记录较相似,且模拟记录PGA、0.05～10 s周期段PSA幅值和谱形与观测记录也具有良好一致性,能合理反映地震动随距离的衰减规律;鲁甸地震三维地震动的可靠模拟也验证了路径衰减、路径持时经验模型、高频衰减参数、震源谱衰减率等模拟输入参数的可靠性,可进一步应用于该区域设定地震地震动预测。     

景谷M_S6.6、M_S5.8和M_S5.9地震强震动记录初步分析与场地效应研究

2014年云南景谷先后发生M_S6.6、M_S5.8和M_S5.9中强地震,云南强震动台网获取了丰富的加速度记录。本文整理了各次地震中固定台和流动台获取的强震动加速度记录资料,分别进行了地震动衰减关系和加速度反应谱分析,结果表明,所观测到的加速度峰值比云南地区地震动衰减关系预测值高,反应谱谱值随震级的增加有增大趋势。最后将益智强震台作为典型台站,分析了该台站在地震中的场地放大效应。     

2014年云南盈江M_S6.1、鲁甸M_S6.5、景谷M_S6.6地震前通海台垂直摆倾斜仪异常变化特征分析

对云南省通海地震台垂直摆倾斜仪观测资料在2014年云南盈江MS6.1、鲁甸MS6.5、景谷MS6.6地震前出现的异常进行了分析,结果表明,通海台倾斜仪在震前出现明显的中期、短临异常,有明显的趋势转折、破年变、矢量反向、速率超2倍均方差等现象。     

用人工地震波研究三峡地区地面地震动衰减特征

利用长江三峡工程坝区及外围深部构造的人工地震波记录资料,进行了相对速度幅值、速度反应谱和加速度反应谱衰减特征分析,同时利用历史地震资料经转换命同的地震动衰减规律进行对比,反映出由人工地震记录地震动参数衰减特征与由历史资料转换确定的地震动衰减特征是有差异的,在不同地质条件的局部地区,这一差异更为明显,这些结果中为缺乏强震记录的地区的地震动估计提供参考。     

Low CodaQcin the Epicentral Region of the 2001 Bhuj Earthquake ofMw7.7

On 26 January, 2001 (03:46:55,UT) a devastating intraplate earthquake of M_w 7.7 occurred in a region about 5 km NW of Bhachau, Gujarat (23.42°N, 70.23°E). The epicentral distribution of aftershocks defines a marked concentration along an E-W trending and southerly dipping (45°) zone covering an area of (60 × 40) km². The presence of high seismicity including two earthquakes of magnitudes exceeding 7.7 in the 200 years is presumed to have caused a higher level of shallow crustal heterogeneity in the Kutch area; a site lying in the seismic zone V (zone of the highest seismicity for potentially M8 earthquakes) on the seismic zoning map of India. Attenuation property of the medium around the epicentral area of the Bhuj earthquake covering a circular area of 61,500 km² with a radius of 140 km is studied by estimating the coda-Q_c from 200 local earthquakes of magnitudes varying from 3.0–4.6. The estimated Q₀ values at locations in the aftershock zone (high seismicity) are found to be low in comparison to areas at a distance from it. This can be attributed to the fact that seismic waves are highly scattered for paths through the seismically active and fractured zone but they are well behaved outside the aftershock zone. Distribution of Q₀ values suggests that the local variation in Q₀ values is probably controlled by local geology. The estimated Q₀ values at different stations suggest a low value of Q=(102 ± 0.80)^*f^{(0.98 ± 0.02)} indicating an attenuative crust beneath the entire region. The frequency-dependent relation indicates a relatively low Q_c at lower frequencies (1–3 Hz) that can be attributed to the loss of energy due to scattering attenuation associated with heterogeneities and/or intrinsic attenuation due to fluid movement in the fault zone and fluid-filled cracks. The large Q_c at higher frequencies may be related to the propagation of backscattered body waves through deeper parts of the lithosphere where less heterogeneity is expected. Based on the attenuation curve estimated for Q₀=102, the ground acceleration at 240 km distance is 13% of 1 g i.e., 0.13 g agreeing well with the ground acceleration recorded by an accelerograph at Ahmedabad (0.11 g). Hence, it is inferred that the Q₀ value obtained from this study seems to be apt for prediction of ground motion for the region.     

九寨沟MS 7.0地震前单台波速比变化特征

收集、整理四川省地震台网2013年5月至2017年9月产出的震相观测报告数据,采用单台多震和达法,重点分析2017年8月8日九寨沟M_S 7.0强震前龙门山断裂带中北段地区波速比变化特征。结果表明：龙门山断裂带中段西侧的茂县地震台,在发震前2年左右,波速比出现一次持续时间约一年半的下降异常;发震前半年左右,波速比出现明显回返特征,波速比回返至均值上下时即发生九寨沟M_S 7.0地震;震源区周边其他6个地震台波速比在发震前变化较平稳。茂县地震台波速比低值异常对判定九寨沟M_S 7.0强震前龙门山断裂带中北段可能存在孕震体具有重要参考价值。     

Crustal thickness and vP/vS ratio in Shanxi Graben,China

Shanxi Graben is in the middle part of the North China Craton, from south to north. With the teleseismic data recorded by Regional Seismograph Networks and the temporary ZBnet-W Seismic Array around east part of Shanxi Graben, we measured the crustal thickness and v_P/v_S ratio beneath each station using the H-κ stack of receiver functions. The observed crustal thickness shows obvious lateral variation, increasing gradually from east to west in the Shanxi Graben. Beneath the Shanxi Graben the crust is relatively thicker than both sides of the south and the north. In addition, the v_P/v_S ratio in the north of study zone is higher than that in the south. The highest v_P/v_S ratio exists in the crust of the Xinding basin and the Datong basin. Our study also suggests that high velocity ratio might result from the strong activities of the magmation and volcanism.     

Vp and Vp/Vs structures in the crust and upper mantle of the Taiwan region, China

A tomographic study of the V _p and V _p/V _s structures in the crust and upper mantle beneath the Taiwan region of China is conducted by simultaneous inversion of P and S arrival times. Compared with the previous tomographic results, the spherical finite difference technique is suitable for the strong heterogeneous velocity structure, and may improve the accuracy in the travel time and three-dimensional ray tracing calculations. The V _p and V _p/V _s structures derived from joint inversion and the relocated earthquakes can provide better constraints for analyzing the lateral heterogeneity and deep tectonic characters in the crust and upper mantle. Our tomographic results reveal significant relations between the seismic wavespeed structure and the tectonic characters. In the shallow depth, sedimentary basins and orogen show distinct wavespeed anomalies, with low V _p, high V _p/V _s in basins and high V _p, low V _p/V _s in orogen. As the suture zone of Eurasian Plate and Philippine Sea Plate, Longitudinal Valley is characterized by a significant high V _p/V _s anomaly extending to the middle-lower crust and upper mantle, which reflects the impact of rock cracking, partial melting, and the presence of fluids. In the northeast Taiwan, the V _p, V _p/V _s anomalies and relocated earthquakes depict the subducting Philippine Sea Plate under the Eurasian Plate. The high V _p of oceanic plate and the low V _p, high V _p/V _s atop the subducted oceanic plate extend to 80 km depth. Along the east-west profiles, the thickness of crust reaches 60 km at the east of Central Range with eastward dipping trend, which reveals the eastward subduction of the thickened and deformed crust of the Eurasian continental plate. Supported by Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX3-SW-234-2), National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB411701), National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2006AA09A101-0201) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40804016, 40704013)     

Vp/Vs ratios in the Yellowstone National Park region, Wyoming

In this paper we study the variation of V_p/V_s and Poisson's ratio (δ) in the Yellowstone National Park region, using earthquakes which were well recorded by a local seismic network. We find that the average V_p/V_s value within the geothermally active Yellowstone caldera is about 7% lower than in the area outside the caldera. Within the caldera itself there may be a further 2–7% reduction of V_p/V_s in the hydrothermally active Norris Geyser Basin, the Upper and Lower Geyser Basins, and the Yellowstone Lake and Mud Volcano regions. After considering various possible causes for V_p/V_s changes, such as geologic and structural differences, thermal effects, partial melting, and hydrothermal activity, we conclude that the most plausible explanation for the observed V_p/V_s reduction is the presence of hot-water at temperatures and pore-pressures near the water steam transition in the caldera geothermal reservoirs.     

兴蒙造山带诺敏河火山群地壳厚度与波速比研究

利用布设于兴蒙造山带诺敏河火山群地区的宽频带流动地震台站资料,基于接收函数方法,获取了该地区的地壳厚度与波速比值.研究结果显示,该地区的地壳厚度介于32~38 km,莫霍面深度在空间上分布特征与五大连池为中心的火山带分布具有较好的一致性：沿着火山带延展方向地壳较薄.该地区的波速比介于1.74~1.84,波速比在空间上与地壳厚度变化具有一致性：高波速比主要集中于靠近五大连池火山带地区,向诺敏河火山和小古里河火山延展.研究认为：诺敏河火山与五大连池火山带可能具有相同的岩浆来源,可能与富钾岩石圈地幔拆沉作用造成的地幔热物质上涌有关.研究区地壳厚度与波速比呈现负相关关系,暗示该地区可能发生过岩浆底侵作用.     

Petrogenetic grid for ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in the model system CaO-MgO-SiO2-CO2-H2O

Abstract Petrogenetic grids for ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism were calculated at different X_co2 conditions in the model system CaO-MgO-SiO₂-CO₂-H₂O involving coesite (Co), diopside (Di), dolomite (Do), enstatite (En), forsterite (Fo), magnesite (Ms), quartz (Qz), talc (Tc), tremolite (Tr) using a published internally consistent thermodynamic data set. Two P-T grids at X_co2= 0.01 and 0.5 are described. In the calculated P-T grid at X_co2= 0.01, four out of 10 stable invariant points, Co-En-Ms-Tc, Co-Di-En-Tc-Tr, Co-Di-Ms-Tc-Tr and Di-En-Ms-Tc-Tr lie within the stability field of coesite. If the fluid phase has X_co2= 0.5, no invariant point is stable under UHP conditions. Some magnesite-bearing assemblages are stabilized by the following three reactions: Di + Ms = Do + Fo + CO₂, Ms + Tr = Do + Fo + CO₂+ H₂O and Ms + Tc = Fo+ CO₂+ H₂O at X_co2= 0.01 and by reaction Ms + Tc = Fo + CO₂+ H₂O together with these three at X_co2= 0.5. Ten possible UHP assemblages for mafic and ultramafic compositions at very low X_co2 conditions include the following: Co-Do-Ms, Co-Di-Ms, Co-Di-Tc, Di-Ms-Tc, Di-En-Tc-, Di-En-Ms, Co-Di-En, Di-En-Fo, Di-Fo-Ms, Di-Do-Fo. Among them, talc-bearing assemblages are restricted to X_co2 < 0.02 and their high-P limit is 31.7 kb (749°C) at X_co2= 0.01. Dolomite-magnesite-silica assemblages have large P-T stability fields even if X_co2 is as low as 0.1, and could occur in cold subduction zones with very low geothermal gradients. Reported UHP coesite-dolomite assemblage is restricted only to a calc-silicate rock interlayered with marble where X_co2 is relatively higher; no such assemblage appears for mafic and ultramafic rocks with low X_co2 evidenced by the occurrence of diopside (or omphacite) at the expense of dolomite + coesite. The effect of X_co2 on the stability of coesite-dolomite-magnesite, diopside-enstatite-magnesite, diopside-talc assemblages is examined and the occurrence of coesite-dolomite, magnesite-bearing and talc-bearing assemblages in the Dabie UHP rocks are interpreted by employing the calculated P-T grids.     

The empirical relationships between M s, m b and M L for China and vicinity

Data from 753 earthquakes are used to determine a relationship between surface-wave magnitude (M _s) and bodywave magnitude (m _b), and from 541 earthquakes to determine a relationship between surface-wave magnitude (M _s) and local magnitude (M _L) for China and vicinity: M _s=0.9883 m _b-0.0420, M _s=0.9919 M _L-0.1773. The relationship of M _s versus m _b is obtained for 292 events occurred in the Chinese mainland in the time period from 1964 to 1996, 291 events occurred in Taiwan in the time period from 1964 to 1995 and 170 events occurred in the surrounding area. Standard deviation of the fitting is 0.445. Relationship of M _s versus M _L is obtained for 36 events occurred in the Chinese mainland, 293 events occurred in Taiwan, China and 212 events occurred in the surrounding area. The total amount is 541 events. Standard deviation of the fitting is 0.4673. The uncertainties of the converted M _s in different magnitude intervals can be estimated using complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF). In the relationship of M _s versus m _b, taking ±0.25 as a range of uncertainties, in magnitude interval m _b 4.0–4.9, the probabilities for the converted M _s taken value less than (M _s-0.25) and more than (M _s+0.25) are 17% and 27% respectively. Similarly, we have probabilities for m _b 5.0–5.9 are 34% and 20% and that for m _b 6.0–6.9 are 11% and 47%. In the relationship of M _s versus M _L, if the range of uncertainties is still taken as ±0.25, the corresponding probabilities for magnitude interval M _L 4.0–4.9 are 22% and 38%, for M _L 5.0–5.9 are 20% and 15% and for magnitude interval M _L 6.0–6.9, are 15% and 29%, respectively. The relationships developed in this paper can be used for the conversion of one magnitude scale into another magnitude scales conveniently. The estimation of uncertainties described in this paper is more accurate and more objective than the usual estimation expressed by deviation. The estimations described in this paper indicate various dispersions in different magnitude intervals of original data. The estimations of uncertainties described by probabilities can be well connected with the total estimations of uncertainties in seismic hazard assessment.     

Ultrasonic measurements of Vp and Qp: relaxation spectrum of complex modulus on basalt melts

Ultrasonic compressional wave velocity V_p and quality factor Q_p have been measured in alkali basalt, olivine basalt and basic andesite melts in the frequency range of 3.4–22 MHz and in the temperature range of 1100–1400°C. Velocity and attenuation of the melts depend on frequency and temperature, showing that there are relaxation mechanisms in the melts. Complex moduli are calculated from the ultrasonic data. The results fit well a complex modulus of Arrhenius temperature dependence with log-normal Gaussian distribution in relaxation times of attenuation. The analysis yields average relaxation time, its activation energy, relaxed modulus, unrelaxed modulus and width of Gaussian distribution in relaxation times. Relaxed modulus is smaller (17.5 GPa) for basic andesite melt of high silica and high alumina contents than for the other two basalt melts (18.1–18.4 GPa). The most probable relaxation times decrease from ～ 3 × 10^?10 s for basic andesite to ～ 10^?11 s for alkali basalt at 1400°C. Activation energies of attenuation, ranging from 270 to 340 kJ mol^?1 in the three melts, are highest in basic andesite. Longitudinal viscosity values and their temperature dependences are also calculated from V_p and Q_p data. The volume viscosity values are estimated from the data using the shear viscosity values. Longitudinal, volume and shear viscosities and their activation energies are highest in the basic andesite melt of the most polymerized structure.