核电厂选址的火山安全评价与灾害评估

核电厂址的选址和核电设施运行过程中的火山安全问题是难以避免的重要议题。在过去的核电选址和安全运行评价的过程中,对火山灾害的考虑仅局限于已知10ka内喷发过的全新世火山。2012年国际原子能机构颁布了IAEA/SSG-21号火山安全标准专用安全导则,基于板块俯冲带火山岛弧系统火山活动的特点,提出在过去10Ma内发生过火山活动的地区在未来也可能发生火山活动,是评估一座火山在未来是否将发生任何火山活动的合理依据。同时,IAEA/SSG-21也针对火山熔岩流、碎屑流和火山灰空降等火山灾害可能影响的范围进行了讨论,并提出了不同火山灾害现象的安全评估范围。文中以IAEA/SSG-21号《核设施厂址火山灾害评估》为技术依据,针对中国火山活动的特点,改进了中国大陆核电厂选址的火山灾害评估技术方法,并以海南琼北火山区为例,编制了适应IAEA/SSG-21导则的火山灰灾害概率图。文中研究成果可为中国大陆核电厂选址和核设施安全运行过程中的潜在火山灾害评估提供技术途径。     

长白山火山研讨会在长白山天池火山观测试验站召开

由中国地震局监测预报司主办、中国地震局地质研究所、吉林省地震局和长白山科学研究院承办的长白山火山研讨会于2006年8月28日至31日在吉林省二道白河市新落成的国家野外科学观测研究站———长白山天池火山观测试验站举行。来自中国科技部、中国地震局、中国科学院、高等院校、国土资源部等20余个单位的共70余名代表出席了会议。这是一次全国范围内活动火山监测与研究的盛会,丁国瑜、邓起东和刘嘉麒3位院士参加了会议,并做了重要发言。会议期间代表们考察了中国规模最大和最具潜在喷发危险性的天池火山口,天池巧夺天工的火山地貌给大家留下了十分深刻的印象。长白山地处中国东北的东部和朝鲜北部,主峰海拔2691米,为东北最高峰。位于主峰之颠的天池及其附近的十几个火山群,构成了规模庞大的火山系统,是目前中国境内保存最为完整的新生代多成因复合火山,被认为是世界上最具潜在喷发危险性的火山之一。据地震部门监测,2002年下半年以来长白山火山出现了震群活动,火山活动呈现出趋于活跃的态势。为了交流火山监测与研究的经验,探讨中国大陆火山活动的趋势、火山未来喷发的危险性、火山活动在现今构造活动中的意义,减轻火山重新活动可能带来的灾害,本次会议以“火山活动     

长白山遥测地震台网的建设

长白山天池火山历史上记载有多次喷发.这些年来,我国对近代活动火山的研究又有新的进展.要建立长白山火山地震观测遥测台网对火山活动性进行监测研究,是很多研究人员的期望,吉林省地震局早期就开始了对长白山天池火山的研究与监测. 在1993年～1994年,国家地震局科技监测司下达了由地球物理研究所四室与吉林省     

全球地震、火山分布及其变化特征

地震和火山都反映了地球表层的构造活动,因而地震活动区往往也是火山活动区。根据全球大震、火山活动目录,分析研究了全球地震、火山分布的特征。描述了各区的地震、火山活动分布,总结了地震、火山活动强度的时、空分布特征。全球地震、火山活动可以分为碰撞带、大陆区和大洋区。大陆地震以其片状的分散分布而不同于板块边缘的带状分布,大陆火山活动比大洋火山更受应力场的影响。大洋区地震活动相对较弱,岩浆活动主要是平静的岩浆溢出与洋中脊的扩张,往往没有形成火山喷发。有记录的火山喷发主要来自深部地幔的热柱。俯冲-碰撞活动区地震活动与火山喷发最强烈,大角度俯冲的弧后火山活动最强,当板块运动方向与板块边缘走向成小角度相交时,缺少正面俯冲的动力,火山活动相对平静。>500km深震的地段,火山活动较弱。火山与地震强烈活动的大多在大地水准面(Geoid)异常高的区域。地震与火山平均纬度随时间表现出同步的变化外,火山和大震活动也显示了大致同步的变化     

长白山火山活动的现状和未来展望

长白山天池火山是中新世以来,特别是中更新世以来多次喷发并造成严重灾害的火山,是一座具有潜在喷发危险性的活动火山,文章主要阐述了全新世和近代火山活动及其喷发物,并对火山的现代活动与未来火山活动及其灾害作了评估。     

腾冲火山地球化学综合观测站建设

在腾冲火山地区开展地球化学综合则监测火山活动重要而有效的方法之一。通过火山地区地下流体观测,可记录地壳应力应变、地温变化、气体及离子组份的释放量、释放方式和释放成分,进而可了解地壳内部岩浆活动与通道开启状况,为火山活动、构造活动、地震活动提供信息,开展监测、预测、对策研究。现腾冲火山地化综合观测站经科学下、选井、选址、选项,已完成基建及仪器安装等建设,基本测项已投入正常观测。     

2017年全球活动火山时空分布以及阿贡火山喷发前后的形变特征

归纳总结2017年度全球81座活火山的活动情况,共计活动1058座次,平均每周记录20座活火山的活动信息。根据火山潜在喷发的危险性和火山活动的强弱程度对上述火山进行分级描述,火山活动主要反映了地球表层的构造活动,其中大角度俯冲带的弧后火山最为强烈,小角度的俯冲带、拉张裂谷和走滑为主的板块边界火山活动较为平静,火山活动频繁的印度尼西亚岛链是受灾最为严重的区域。预计全球火山活动将进一步加剧,印尼岛链受火山灾害威胁的程度依然较大。位于印尼岛链巴厘岛上的阿贡火山自2017年9月开始活动以来,整个喷发过程极具代表性,监测阿贡火山喷发过程可为全球典型火山喷发事件研究提供参考。     

长白山天池火山潜在喷发危险性讨论

根据吉林省新生代以来火山喷溢活动的时空演化历史，特别是全新世以来火山活动频民强度变化特征，以及现代喷发活动史记资料，结合１０多年火山动态观测数据，讨论了长白山天池潜在喷发的危险程度，认为其灾害性潜在喷发危险的时间尺度仍属于地质范畴。     

中国火山危险性等级与活动性分类

介绍了中国大陆全新世活动火山喷发危险性的评价与活动性分类。火山喷发危险性评价是进行火山活动性分类的基础,参照国外火山活动度水平与火山警报等级,根据火山动力背景特征与火山前兆异常特征确定了中国火山喷发危险性评价等级,它们是安全、注意、警惕、警报、危险、灾害、灾难等7级。根据火山活动的危险性,将中国火山的活动性分为4类:1)处于活动状态的火山——长白山天池火山,已经进入扰动期;2)有活动迹象的火山——腾冲火山,仍然处于平静状态,存在潜在的喷发危险;3)有潜在活动可能的火山,包括五大连池、镜泊湖与海口火山,各种地球物理、地球化学观察都处于背景值范围;4)活动性不明的火山     

第四纪火山活动典型地区地震活动特征研究

火山活动区内的地震活动有其特殊性与复杂性。针对我国第四纪典型火山区的火山活动及地震活动特征进行了分析总结,认为第四纪火山区内的地震活动的最大震级不高于6.5级,且火山区内的地震活动强度相对其周边地区来说要弱,这表明火山活动区不利于积累大的弹性应变能,其地壳内岩浆房的存在,可能限制了地壳岩石的孕震能力,从而使火山区无强震发生,火山区内活动断裂的活动主要表现在作为深部岩浆的上涌通道,故对火山区的未来地震危险性评价方面要有所区别。同时由于中强地震多发生在火山区的外部边缘,因此我们要特别注意火山外缘地区的中强地震活动,特别是加强对位于火山外缘地区的活动断裂的研究。     

华北第四纪火山作用研究

根据地层与同位素年代确定华北第四纪火山的时代为更新世 (Qp) ,距今 0 4Ma为火山活动高潮期。山西大同火山群东部火山为拉斑玄武岩 ,西部为碱性玄武岩 ;山东火山岩石碱性最强 ,为橄榄玄武岩 ,Sr同位素87Sr- 86Sr为 0 70 347～ 0 70 4 6 1,推测岩浆为地幔部分熔融的原始岩浆。对玄武岩中幔源包体的矿物进行了大量的电子探针分析 ,计算出其平衡温度为 880～ 110 0℃ ,平衡压力为 0 8～ 2 0GPa。由此推导的上地幔地温线低于由第三纪玄武岩中包体推导的地温线。上地幔的差异应力为 13～ 31MPa ,并随温度的升高而降低 ;应变速率为 7 78× 10 - 2 0 ～ 1 2 1× 10 - 14 s- 1,并随温度的升高而增大。研究结果表明 ,第四纪时期仍然存在上地幔底辟上涌 ,但其规模和活动强度均变弱     

SITE EVALUATION AND VOLCANIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT FOR THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS OF CHINA

Starting from the 1980's of last century, China has launched the national plan of constructing nuclear power plants along the coastline region in eastern China. Currently, in some of these candidate sites, nuclear facilities have been installed and are in operation, but some other nuclear power plants are still under construction or in site evaluation. In 2012 the Atomic Energy Commission issued the specific guide for volcanic hazards in site evaluation for nuclear installations(IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSG-21), which was prepared under the IAEA's program for safety standards. It supplements and provides recommendations for meeting the requirements for nuclear installations established in the safety requirements publication on site evaluation for nuclear installations in relation to volcanic hazards. To satisfy the safety standards for volcanic hazard, we follow the IAEA SSG-21 guidelines and develop a simple and practical diffusion program in order to evaluate the potential volcanic hazard caused by tephra fallout from the explosive eruptions. In this practice, we carried out a case study of the active volcanoes in north Hainan Province so as to conduct the probabilistic analysis of the potential volcanic hazard in the surrounding region. The Quaternary volcanism in north Hainan Island, so-called Qiongbei volcanic field is characterized by multi periodic activity, in which the most recent eruption is dated at about 4 000a BP. According to IAEA SSG-21, a capable volcano is one for which both 1)a future eruption or related volcanic event is credible; and 2)such an event has the potential to produce phenomena that may affect a site. Therefore, the Qiongbei volcanic field is capable of producing hazardous phenomena that may reach the potential nuclear power plants around. The input parameters for the simulation of tephra fallout from the future eruption of the Qiongbei volcanic field, such as the size, density and shape of the tephra, the bulk volume and column height, the diffusion parameter P(z), wind direction and intensity, were obtained by field investigation and laboratory analysis. We carried out more than 10000 tephra fallout simulations using a statistical dataset of wind profiles which are obtained from China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System(CMDSSS). Tephra fallout hazard probability maps were constructed for tephra thickness threshold of 1cm. Our results show that the tephra produced by the future large-scale explosive eruption from the Qiongbei volcanic field can affect the area in a range about 250km away from the eruption center. In summary, the current key technical parameters related to volcanic activity and potential hazards in IAEA/SSG-21 guidelines, such as 10Ma volcanic life cycle and 1×10^-7 volcanic disaster screening probability threshold, etc. are based on the volcanic activity characteristics in the volcanic island arc system. In consideration of the relatively low level of volcanic activity compared with volcanic island arc system due to the different tectonic background of volcanism in mainland China, the time scale of volcanic disaster assessment in IAEA SSG-21 guideline is relatively high for volcanoes in mainland China. We suggest that the study of "conceptual model" of volcanic activity should be strengthened in future work to prove that there is no credible potential for future eruptions, so that these volcanoes should be screened out at early stage instead of further evaluation by probabilistic model.     

THE HISTORICAL RECORDS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN THE KOREAN PENINSULA

The historical document record is of vital significance to determine the volcanic eruption history age in the volcanology research and it cannot be replaced by ¹⁴C dating and other methods. The volcanoes are widely distributed in the northeast area of China, but there is lack of relevant historical records. However, there are the records of the volcanic eruption in the historical documents of Goryeo Dynasty(AD918-1392)and Joseon Dynasty(AD1391-1910)in the Korean Peninsula which is separated by a river with China only. Some of the records have been widely used as important information to the research of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano eruption history by researchers both at home and abroad, but they have different opinions. On the basis of the historical documents in the Korean Peninsula, that is, the History of Goryeo Dynasty and the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty so on, the phenomena of volcanic eruptions, including the intuitive eruptive events and the doubtful volcanic eruption phenomenon such as "the ash fall", "the white hair fall", "the sky fire", "the dust fall" are investigated and put in order systematically in this paper. The results are as follows:1)The intuitive eruptive events are the 1002AD eruption of Mt. Halla volcano on Jeju Island, Korea Peninsula, and the 1007AD volcanic eruption offshore to the west of Jeju Island, Korea Peninsula, as well as the 1597AD eruption of Mt. Wangtian'e volcano in Changbai County, Jilin Province, China; 2)"The ash fall" is airborne volcanic ash, and those "ash falls" happening in 1265, 1401-1405, 1668, 1673 and 1702AD are possibly the tephra of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano; 3)"The white hair fall" is Pele's hair and it is speculated that the "white hair fall "happening in 1737AD is related to Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic eruption; 4)If regarding "the sky fire" as the volcanic eruption phenomenon, "the sky fire" happening in 1533AD is possibly the Changbaishan volcanic eruption event, and "the sky fire" in 1601-1609AD may be the eruptive event of the Longgang volcano in Jilin Province, China or Changbaishan Tianchi volcano; 5)"The dust fall" is recorded in many historical documents. However, "the dust fall" is not the volcanic ash fall but the phenomenon of loess fall. So, it is improper to determine the eruptive events of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano on the basis of "the dust fall".     

黑龙江省莲花山第四纪火山

本文论述了黑龙江省莲花山火山的火山景观、喷发时代、岩石学和岩石化学、构造和经济地质。根据莲花山火山石龙岩同位素测年和第四纪地层层序资料,其喷发时代属早更新世。新取得的岩石的稀土元素、微量元素、幔源包体和巨晶资料表明其岩性和五大连池相似,又略有差别。作者认为莲花山和尖山为五大连池火山往-西南的延伸。广义的五大连池火山群包括五大连池、莲花山和尖山,共21座火山锥。     

吉林龙岗火山碎屑分形研究

用分形理论分析了吉林龙岗火山碎屑物粒度的分形结构特征。结果显示,射气喷发碎屑物分维值>射气岩浆喷发碎屑物分维值>岩浆喷发碎屑物分维值,分维值可作为区分火山不同喷发类型的定量参数。而对于龙岗岩浆喷发碎屑物,不同火山喷发的碎屑物其分维值也有差别,晚期喷发的金龙顶子火山碎屑分维值>2,早期喷发的小金龙顶子碎屑分维值>2,火山碎屑物分维值可作为区分不同喷发源和划分火山喷发地层序列的一种指标。研究表明,分维值<2的火山碎屑中有不同含量的非等轴颗粒,且分维值与非等轴颗粒的含量呈负相关     

吉林省数字化测震台网建设

“十五”期间吉林省地震局建成了由1个区域台网中心,36个数字化地震台站组成的测震观测台网和火山观测台网。应用SDH光纤实现数据实时传输,有效提高了吉林省区域地震监测、应急速报能力,填补了吉林省数字化测震台网的空白。     

中国火山温泉气体地球化学特征及其在火山监测中的应用

中国火山温泉主要分布在吉林长白山、云南腾冲和黑龙江五大连池等火山区。这些火山虽然处于休眠状态,但大面积的温泉分布指示着岩浆房存在的可能性。本文总结了前人研究成果,分析了中国主要火山区温泉气体地球化学特征,并探讨了温泉气体在火山监测中的应用。长白山、腾冲和五大连池火山区温泉气体地球化学性质类似,都以CO₂为主要气体,含量在80%以上,最高可达99%以上,其它气体组分包括CH₄、N₂、O₂、SO₂、H₂S、He和H₂等。长白山火山温泉气体中氦同位素比值（3He/4He）最高,约为4—6R_A,CO₂中碳同位素比值（δ13C）为-7.9‰—-1.3‰,CH₄中碳同位素为-48.0‰—-28.7‰;腾冲火山温泉气体氦同位素比值为3—5.5R_A,CO₂中的碳同位素为-6.49‰—-2.07‰,CH₄中碳同位素为-23.5‰—-9.3‰;五大连池火山温泉气体氦同位素比值约为3R_A,CO₂中的碳同位素比值为-9.6‰—-3.1‰,CH₄中碳同位素为-47.2‰—-44.4‰。3个火山区的温泉气体均显示地幔来源的岩浆气体特征,并在上升运移过程中受地壳或古俯冲物质的影响。     

PRELIMINARY VOLCANIC HAZARD ZONATION IN JINLONGDINGZI VOLCANO,LONGANG VOLCANO AREA,JILIN PROVINCE,CHINA

Longgang volcano cluster is 150km away from the Tianchi volcano, located in Jingyu and Huinan Counties, Jilin Province, China. It had a long active history and produced hundreds of volcanoes. The latest and largest eruption occurred between 1 500 and 1 600 years ago by Jinlongdingzi(JLDZ)volcano which had several eruptions in the history. This paper discusses the volcanic hazard types, and using the numerical simulations of lava flow obtained with the Volcflow model, proposes the hazard zonation of JLDZ volcano area. JLDZ volcano eruption type is sub-plinian, which produced a great mass of tephra fallout, covering an area of 260km². The major types of volcanic hazards in JLDZ area are lava flow, tephra fallout and spatter deposits. Volcflow is developed by Kelfoun for the simulation of volcanic flows. The result of Volcflow shows that the flows are on the both sides of the previous lava flows which are low-lying areas now. According to the physical parameters of historical eruption and Volcflow, we propose the preliminary volcanic hazard zonation in JLDZ area. The air fall deposits are the most dangerous product in JLDZ. The highly dangerous region of spatter deposits is limited to a radius of about 2km around the volcano. The high risk area of tephra fallout is between 2km to 9km around the volcano, and between 9km to 14km is the moderate risk area. Out of 14km, it is the low risk area. Lava flow is controlled by topography. From Jinchuan Town to Houhe Village near the volcano is the low-lying area. If the volcano erupts, these areas will be in danger.     

黑龙江省科洛火山群火山地质研究

科洛火山群的新生代火山共有23座,坐落于科洛河两岸,火山岩面积约为350km2,岩性主要为碱性玄武岩.由于地处NE向断陷盆地这一特殊的构造位置,科洛地区的火山活动及展布主要受到区域基底断裂的制约.火山喷发形式总体为中心式,属斯通博利式火山.火山活动可划分为上新世、更新世和全新世3期.上新世在断陷盆地边缘形成了一系列NE向线性展布的中心式溢出型火山,其中部分火山因风化剥蚀而失去了原有的火山地貌特征,仅保留盾形熔岩台地.早更新世火山活动相对平静.中-晚更新世火山活动仍受到NE向基底断裂的控制,但喷发中心、喷发方式及喷发强度均发生改变,火山由碱玄质火山渣锥和熔岩流组成.进入全新世以后南山喷发,其火山结构保存完好,裸露的熔岩台地保留了较好的微地貌特征.该期火山亦由碱玄质火山渣锥和熔岩流构成.在科洛火山群的火山活动过程中,其熔岩流覆盖了早期沉积地层,并对盆地中的河流进行了改造,最终导致该区断陷盆地初始地貌的改变.     

图们江流域新生代火山岩Sr、Nd同位素初步研究

中国地震局地质研究所; 中国地震局地质研究所 北京