L波段测风雷达跟踪过顶球及特殊情况下丢球的处理办法

GFE-1型L波段雷达在跟踪〈3000m范围内的过顶球1／1标和当有源目标物的回波强度衰弱或回波频率超出于雷达接收机中心工作频率一次谐波以上时,雷达自动跟踪目标常常失败。通过分析探空气球低空过顶的气象条件,建立起低空过顶跟踪模式及该模式的应用方法,提出优化电池释放电量进程,降低回波强度衰减量与回波频率漂移量,探讨电池浸泡方法。提高新一代L波段雷达在探测过程中对探测目标的稳定跟踪,保证探测质量及探测资料的完整性、准确性,杜绝因低空丢球导致重放球事件的发生。     

毫米波云雷达观测和反演云降水微物理及动力参数方法研究进展

云雷达是探测和反演云降水微物理及动力参数精细结构的重要手段。回顾了世界和我国云雷达观测模式、数据质量控制和数据融合方法,特别是脉冲压缩、相干积累和非相干积累技术在提高云雷达灵敏度的应用,分析了基于回波强度与粒子下落速度关系、单波段云雷达小粒子跟踪方法、双波段云雷达回波强度谱密度比值方法等空气垂直运动速度反演和雨滴谱反演方法,并讨论了这些方法的特色,为今后云雷达观测方法设定和数据分析提供参考。     

L波段雷达受地物回波干扰的分析与处理

针对高空气象探测业务中L波段雷达（GFE(L)1型二次测风雷达）跟踪有源目标物技术方法,有时出现探测信号受干扰,进而影响探空数据的连续性和正确性,导致观测质量下降的现象。以梧州高空观测站L波段雷达跟踪信号受干扰异常表征为例,对探空仪器信号问题、雷达元器件故障、外讯号电磁干扰和地物回波影响等进行分析研究。结果表明,采用改进小发射机、调节大发射机频率等措施可以解决信号干扰问题,有效保障高空气象观测资料的质量。 为减少此类问题的出现,对雷达保障工作提出几点建议。     

W波段和Ka波段云雷达探测回波对比分析

通过分析W波段和Ka波段云雷达同时探测回波的差异,验证了W波段云雷达初样机的探测性能。结果表明：1）W波段云雷达初样机工作稳定,两个波段雷达都可以探测云层、云的边界、云厚等宏观参数,也可以反映出云的精细结构及云内微物理参数的变化,回波强、速度小、谱宽大的冰晶云含有上升气流及较多过冷水。2）增强模式的W波段云雷达在近地面探测雾、霾的能力比Ka波段云雷达强;两部云雷达对云层较薄的云探测能力基本相当,对多层云、云层较厚、含水量较多的云及降水的探测,由于强衰减的作用,W波段雷达所测云厚度小、云顶低、回波强度小,并且非瑞利散射也会造成W波段雷达的回波强度降低。     

X波段相控阵气象雷达回波数据的对比分析

为探究、验证X波段相控阵气象雷达系统及其回波数据的可靠性,基于X波段相控阵气象雷达系统及地基外场试验,对比分析了X波段相控阵气象雷达系统与X波段机械式天线气象雷达系统的回波数据。在脉宽为6μs和1μs两种探测模式下,通过散点分布和概率分布方法对比分析了相控阵天气雷达的回波强度和径向速度数据的差异性。结果表明:(1)在脉宽为6μs和1μs的探测模式下,X波段相控阵气象雷达与常规天气雷达有比较接近的探测能力和可靠的数据质量;在远距离处,相控阵气象雷达的回波数据呈现层次结构清晰、轮廓显著的特性;(2)宽波束以及波束宽度展宽等特性平滑了相控阵气象雷达的回波强度,改变回波结构,弱回波区面积减小,强回波区增大;(3)天线增益不均匀影响相控阵雷达数据质量,理论上可以用1/(cosθcosφ)的增益修正因子对回波强度进行修订。     

L波段雷达低空低仰角探测技术

根据新一代L波段测风雷达的测风原理,探讨了海岛测站在大风、台风天气雷达低仰角探测中,低空难以实现角度自动跟踪与近距离抓球等问题。阐述了丢球的原因和解决方法,并以个例分析来说明低空低仰角丢球、旁瓣球的特征。提出在地面风速大的情况下,低空低仰角丢球可利用风速判断仰角范围、配合下风方位帮助抓球。总结L波段雷达的探测经验,为台站灵活使用L波段雷达提供借鉴。     

固态毫米波雷达探测模式的对比评估与分析

利用2014年广东阳江和青藏高原外场观测中多种探测仪器的观测资料,对比了灾害天气国家重点实验室与航天科工23所联合研制的固态毫米波雷达三种探测模式最小可测回波强度、可测液态水(冰水)含量、观测同一目标时回波强度的差异以及与K波段微降水雷达回波强度的差异等。结果表明:(1)毫米波雷达不同模式最小可测回波强度差异与理论差异一致,边界层模式和降水模式能观测近地面全部层云和积云,卷云能观测5km高度冰水含量在0.0007 g·m~(-3)以上的卷云,随着高度上升探测能力有所下降;(2)毫米波雷达使用不同模式观测同一目标时,不同观测模式宏观回波强度一致,大部分差异不超过3.5 dB;(3)K波段微降水雷达和Pasivel2激光雨滴谱仪的近地面回波强度一致,毫米波雷达与K波段微降水雷达存在系统差异。     

多部X波段天气雷达测量偏差分布及组网拼图结果分析北大核心CSCD

在与附近新一代天气雷达对比的基础上,利用自2013年6月起中国科学院大气物理研究所的三部X波段天气雷达在江苏开展了组网观测试验的观测资料,初步对雷达的探测能力和雨区衰减做了分析和订正,同时使用了中国气象科学研究院三维组网系统,将X波段天气雷达与业务雷达资料组网,探索了X波段天气雷达的对业务雷达的补充效果。结果表明:(1)X波段天气雷达的观测数据分别受到了地物回波、遮挡及雨区衰减的影响,已对基数据做了初步的质量控制;(2)通过回波结构和廓线图的对比,经地物抑制、衰减汀正等方法质控后的数据存一定范围内具有较高的可靠性,同时三部X波段天气雷达能够有效探测到60 km内的降水结构,其回波分布较为合理,准确的反映了降水区域的特征;(3)将三部X波段天气雷达观测资料与业务中的新一代天气雷达组网后,得到了结构连续、分布更广、平滑作用更低的资料,补充了新一代天气雷达的低空盲区。     

多部X波段天气雷达测量偏差分布及组网拼图结果分析

在与附近新一代天气雷达对比的基础上,利用自2013年6月起中国科学院大气物理研究所的三部X波段天气雷达在江苏开展了组网观测试验的观测资料,初步对雷达的探测能力和雨区衰减做了分析和订正,同时使用了中国气象科学研究院三维组网系统,将X波段天气雷达与业务雷达资料组网,探索了X波段天气雷达的对业务雷达的补充效果。结果表明:(1)X波段天气雷达的观测数据分别受到了地物回波、遮挡及雨区衰减的影响,已对基数据做了初步的质量控制;(2)通过回波结构和廓线图的对比,经地物抑制、衰减汀正等方法质控后的数据存一定范围内具有较高的可靠性,同时三部X波段天气雷达能够有效探测到60 km内的降水结构,其回波分布较为合理,准确的反映了降水区域的特征;(3)将三部X波段天气雷达观测资料与业务中的新一代天气雷达组网后,得到了结构连续、分布更广、平滑作用更低的资料,补充了新一代天气雷达的低空盲区。     

S波段相控阵天气雷达与新一代天气雷达探测云回波强度及结构误差的模拟分析

由中国气象科学研究院国家灾害天气重点实验室与中国电子科技集团南京第14研究所联合研制的S波段相控阵天气雷达采用宽波束发射多波束接收,从而很大程度上缩短雷达扫描周期,但是由于相控阵雷达其波束宽度的增加以及波束宽度与增益不再是定值而是随着仰角而发生变化,必然在一定程度上牺牲雷达探测分辨率,造成其回波细节的缺失。为了比较该S波段相控阵天气雷达与S波段多普勒天气雷达在探测云反射率因子大小和结构方面的差异,采用双线性插值方法,模拟出空间分辨率很高的降水云团,并模拟相控阵天气雷达和S波段新一代天气雷达的波束特性对其进行扫描,通过模拟扫描得到的反射率回波,分析了对同一降水云团、相同距离位置,相控阵天气雷达与S波段常规多普勒天气雷达回波在水平方向和垂直方向的差异,结果表明:相控阵雷达对回波水平方向上和垂直方向上的平滑作用在一定程度上改变了回波的结构,减弱了回波的中心强度,使一些小的强回波中心消失。相对于S波段多普勒天气雷达,减少了极弱回波与强回波的面积,增加了中间强度回波的面积。探索了模拟分析相控阵天气雷达与多普勒天气雷达数据的方法,为相控阵天气雷达的定标和定量测量提供了理论参考。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.