岫玉的地震波速、各向异性、弹性力学性质及其构造地质意义

为了研究水化岩石圈地幔和地幔楔的地震波速、各向异性及其与蛇纹石化程度及应变状态的关系,作者实验测量了8块叶蛇纹岩(采自辽宁的岫玉)标本在不同构造主方向(X,Y和Z)上的纵、横波速度随围压(0~600 MPa)的变化规律,详细研究了叶蛇纹石在塑性变形过程中通过(001)[010]位错滑移形成很强的晶格优选定向和高达21%的纵波速度各向异性与24%的剪切波分裂的特征,发现高温叶蛇纹岩与低温利蛇纹岩具有截然不同的地震波性质,例如,在围压600 MPa下,高温叶蛇纹岩的Vp=6.73 km/s、Vs=3.74 km/s,Vp/Vs=1.80,而低温利蛇纹岩的Vp=5.10 km/s、Vs=2.32 km/s,Vp/Vs=2.20。前人利用低温蛇纹石化橄榄岩的波速数据解释温度高于300℃的水化地幔楔和岩石圈地幔的地震波速不可避免地要低估研究区域内蛇纹石化的程度和水含量。本研究查明叶蛇纹岩的地震波性质及其各向异性特征亦为解释全球大洋板块俯冲带乃至青藏高原地区的剪切波分裂资料提供了新的思路。     

利用接收函数研究重庆及周边地区地壳结构

利用中国地震台网33个台站记录的远震资料,采用接收函数扫描法和线性反演方法,对重庆及其邻区的壳幔速度结构进行了研究,获得了研究区内地壳厚度、Vp/Vs以及壳幔速度的分布特征。研究结果表明:重庆区域地壳厚度最厚为CHK台站,为50.4km;最薄为ROC台站,为38.5km;中部地区厚度为41～45km。在所设定测线A—A'上,莫霍面有一定起伏,四川盆地处浅层速度偏低,在WUL台处发现台站下方8～10km处有低速异常,推断这个很薄的低速区很可能是导致川东薄皮褶皱构造的滑脱面。     

利用接收函数方法估算重庆及相邻地区地壳的厚度

利用中国地震台网36个台站记录的远震资料,采用接收函数扫描法和线性反演方法对重庆及其相邻地区的壳幔速度结构进行了研究,获得了研究区内地壳厚度、Vp/Vs以及壳幔速度的分布特征。通过接收函数扫描(H-κ)法与线性反演法得到台站下方地壳厚度,发现研究区地壳厚度变化剧烈。研究结果表明重庆区域地壳厚度最厚的地段为城口(C) HK)台站,有50. 4Km,最薄的地方为荣昌(ROC台站,为38. 5Km,重庆的中部地区厚度为41Km～45Km。     

大地电磁技术测定的准噶尔盆地乌伦古坳陷至北隆起带石炭系及油气前景分析

【研究目的】 本文以准噶尔盆地乌伦古坳陷至乌伦古北隆起带为研究区,研究石炭纪地层沉积、分布特征,为该区地质结构研究和油气勘查工作提供了依据和参考。【研究方法】 采集大地电磁测深数据,结合以往重磁电震资料,采用二维共轭梯度反演、最优化电性分层等技术获取石炭纪地层、断裂构造展布特征,为火成岩覆盖区研究石炭纪地层提供了有效的方法。【研究结果】 利用大地电磁测深技术结合重磁电震资料开展综合处理分析,获得研究区石炭系厚度图、石炭系埋深图,初步确定了上下石炭统的分界面,查明了石炭纪地层的分布特征,索索泉凹陷、福海坳陷和扎河坝坳陷为3个石炭纪地层沉降中心,具有较好的油气勘查前景。【结论】 在火成岩覆盖区,采用大地电磁测深、重磁电震综合处理解释技术为石炭纪地层研究提供了有效的技术支撑。     

基于压力拱理论的水下隧道合理覆岩厚度研究

建立了水下隧道流固耦合数值模型,通过正交试验优化计算方案,分析土岩复合地层和全断面岩层拱顶竖直方向上围岩压力拱的成拱规律,并据此提出以成拱临界板厚为判据求解水下隧道合理覆岩厚度的思路,建立水下隧道合理覆岩厚度回归模型,并通过BP神经网络模型对回归模型进行评价与校验,结合佛莞城际狮子洋隧道工程,进行了合理覆岩厚度回归模型的应用算例分析。研究表明：土岩复合地层上覆岩层岩性较好时,压力拱高度主要受覆岩厚度影响,上覆岩层岩性较差时,压力拱高度主要受上覆软土厚度影响;压力拱高度随覆岩厚度增加线性增加,达到成拱临界板厚时,逐渐减小随后趋于稳定,上覆岩层岩性越差,成拱临界板厚越大;全断面岩层压力拱高度随覆岩厚度的变化比土岩复合地层平稳。算例分析表明,以成拱临界板厚为判据建立的合理覆岩厚度模型能给出较优的覆岩厚度预测值,可为土岩复合地层水下盾构隧道的设计和施工提供参考。     

一种快速建立上覆岩层压力体的方法

上覆岩层压力是地层沉积压实作用的源动力,也是地层孔隙压力计算的重要基础数据。本文通过Eaton公式推导出密度变化与上覆岩层压力和孔隙压力的计算模型,验证了不同厚度下低密度泥岩对上覆岩层压力以及孔隙压力的影响关系,证实密度差异为0.3 g/cm 3、厚度从100~500 m的低密泥岩对孔隙压力的影响最大仅为0.02 psi,从3~250 Hz的频率扫描密度曲线计算得到的上覆岩层压力几乎无差别,证实上覆岩层压力仅代表沉积地层的低频成分,因此根据正常压实地层有效应力和上覆岩层压力的关系确定了基于井控地震层速度场转换上覆岩层压力体的快速方法。以渤海西部某构造为例,新方法求取的上覆岩层压力体被多口钻井一一验证,满足了快速勘探评价的需求。     

主动源与被动源面波联合勘探在黄土覆盖区三维成像中的应用

黄土盖层对地震波、电磁波等有很强的衰减作用,限制了地震反射波法、电磁波法等多种物探方法在黄土覆盖区的应用。针对黄土盖层厚度大、分层细的特点,采用主动源与被动源面波法联合勘探,使两种面波方法优势互补,达到准确探测黄土覆盖区地质分层的目的。研究区位于渭河盆地凤翔县郊,为典型的黄土覆盖区,黄土覆盖层厚度为80～120 m。通过对研究区主动源与被动源面波实测资料的处理,得到的二维横波速度剖面上的主要地层分层位置与实际钻孔测试结果基本一致,同时得到了研究区的三维地层结构。联合成像结果表明采用被动源与主动源面波联合勘探进行黄土覆盖区地层结构分层是可行且有效的,为黄土覆盖区地质填图提供了技术支持和有益思路。     

雪峰山西侧深部构造的特征 ——来自大地电磁测深(MT)的新证据

为了解雪峰山西侧地区的深部构造特征,促进油气勘探战略选区,使用大地电磁(MT)测深技术,结合测区的地质和物性特征,通过定性分析和定量计算,对研究区的断裂、褶皱、地层展布进行地面-地覆对比分析。结果表明,雪峰山西侧地覆的构造单元划分与地面基本一致,MT剖面东段反映的雪峰山隆起区深部巨厚低阻层的属性可能为多次挤压形成的破碎层。西段显示秀山以西低阻标志层清晰,震旦系—寒武系地层发育厚度较大,构造变形相对较弱,侧向延伸稳定,是油气勘探的有利区,为研究区海相下组合油气勘探战略选区提供了重要依据。     

雪峰山西侧深部构造的特征——来自大地电磁测深（MT）的新证据

为了解雪峰山西侧地区的深部构造特征,促进油气勘探战略选区,使用大地电磁（MT）测深技术,结合测区的地质和物性特征,通过定性分析和定量计算,对研究区的断裂、褶皱、地层展布进行地面一地覆对比分析。结果表明,雪峰山西侧地覆的构造单元划分与地面基本一致。MT剖面东段反映的雪峰山隆起区深部巨厚低阻层的属性可能为多次挤压形成的破碎层。西段显示秀山以西低阻标志层清晰,震旦系一寒武系地层发育厚度较大,构造变形相对较弱,侧向延伸稳定,是油气勘探的有利区,为研究区海相下组合油气勘探战略选区提供了重要依据。     

陆相断陷盆地油气空间互补分布成因及分布范围的确定方法

为了研究陆相断陷盆地油气分布规律,在构造和地层-岩性油气藏、下伏和上覆调整油气藏之间空间分布关系研究的基础上,通过分析不同类型油气藏分布及形成条件之间关系,对陆相断陷盆地油气空间互补分布成因及分布范围的确定方法进行了研究。结果表明：油气聚集圈闭类型和侧向运移条件的差异是造成构造和地层-岩性油气藏平面互补分布的主要原因;反转断裂沟通与下伏油气藏调整程度是造成下伏与上覆调整油气藏剖面互补分布的主要原因。利用地层砂地比值大小可以确定构造和地层-岩性油气藏平面互补分布范围。当地层砂地比大于40%时,主要形成以构造为主的油气藏;当地层砂地比小于20%时,主要形成以地层-岩性为主的油气藏。利用下伏油气藏内反转断裂分布范围便可以确定出上覆调整油气藏范围,上覆调整油气藏分布范围即为其与下伏油气藏剖面互补分布范围。     

科其喀尔冰川表碛区冰崖消融的度日因子研究

度日因子.冰崖坡向的变化也对度日因子产生了影响,总体表现为NEE-SE方向及SW-W方向的度日因子较大,NWW-N-NE方向的较小,S方向的最小,这主要与该地区的辐射、气温等气象条件的变化特征有关.研究还表明,冰崖的坡度对度日因子的影响较小.     

A prediction method using grey model for cumulative plastic deformation under cyclic loads

Being able to predict cumulative plastic deformation of soil under cyclic loading has been quite a popular subject for researchers both in the past and at present. In this paper, a non-equal interval non-homogeneous exponential grey model NNGM (1, 1) for cumulative plastic deformation has been put forward by improving the traditional grey model GM (1, 1). The proposed model was evaluated by numerous experimental data of existing literatures and found to be valid for a wide range of soils. It is also valid for predicting long-term settlement of subgrade under subway loads and has a better performance than the traditional model GM (1, 1) as well as non-homogeneous exponential model NEM.     

波阻抗反演在南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物勘探中的应用

针对神狐海域的地质构造和天然气水合物的赋存特征,以重点测线三维地震数据为基础,分析讨论了基于宽带约束的模拟退火波阻抗反演方法、流程和关键技术问题,定量获得了含天然气水合物沉积物的波阻抗特征。结果表明:基于宽带约束的模拟退火波阻抗反演数据具有较高的有效垂向分辨率和较好的横向连续性;神狐海域高波阻抗异常反映了含天然气水合物沉积层,而不连续异常低波阻抗层是水合物层之下游离气的表现,这与钻探结果吻合。由此可见,基于宽带约束的模拟退火波阻抗反演可为天然气水合物层识别和预测、勘探目标圈定、钻探井位选择提供重要依据。     

Comparison of the basin-scale effect of dredging operations and natural estuarine processes on suspended sediment concentration

Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) data from San Pablo Bay, California, were analyzed to compare the basin-scale effect of dredging and disposal of dredged material (dredging operations) and natural estuarine processes. The analysis used twelve 3-wk to 5-wk periods of mid-depth and near-bottom SSC data collected at Point San Pablo every 15 min from 1993–1998. Point San Pablo is within a tidal excursion of a dredged-material disposal site. The SSC data were compared to dredging volume, Julian day, and hydrodynamic and meteorological variables that could affect SSC. Kendall's τ, Spearman's ?, and weighted (by the fraction of valid data in each period) Spearman's ρ, correlation coefficients of the variables indicated which variables were significantly correlated with SSC. Wind-wave resuspension had the greatest effect on SSC. Median water-surface elevation was the primary factor affecting mid-depth SSC. Greater depths inhibit wind-wave resuspension of bottom sediment and indicate greater influence of less turbid water from down estuary. Seasonal variability in the supply of erodible sediment is the primary factor affecting near-bottom SSC. Natural physical processes in San Pablo Bay are more arally extensive, of equal or longer duration, and as frequent as dredging operations (when occurring), and they affect SSC at the tidal time scale. Natural processes control SSC at Point San Pablo even when dredging operations are occurring.     

An approach for valid covariance estimation via the Fourier series

The use of kriging for construction of prediction or risk maps requires estimating the dependence structure of the random process, which can be addressed through the approximation of the covariance function. The nonparametric estimators used for the latter aim are not necessarily valid to solve the kriging system, since the positive-definiteness condition of the covariance estimator typically fails. The usage of a parametric covariance instead may be attractive at first because of its simplicity, although it may be affected by misspecification. An alternative is suggested in this paper to obtain a valid covariance from a nonparametric estimator through the Fourier series tool, which involves two issues: estimation of the Fourier coefficients and selection of the truncation point to determine the number of terms in the Fourier expansion. Numerical studies for simulated data have been conducted to illustrate the performance of this approach. In addition, an application to a real environmental data set is included, related to the presence of nitrate in groundwater in Beja District (Portugal), so that pollution maps of the region are generated by solving the kriging equations with the use of the Fourier series estimates of the covariance.     

Rare earth element abundances and distribution patterns in hydrothermally altered basalts: Experimental results

Oceanic tholeiites that have been experimentally reacted with seawater at 500–600° C, 800–1000 bars, have rare earth element (REE) abundances and distribution patterns that are essentially identical to those of the unaltered basalts. Although the data indicate the possibility of some REE leaching and redistribution, the net effects are small and the REE patterns of basalts affected by submarine hydrothermal processes may still be valid petrogenetic indicators.     

BLP approach for the estimation of variogram parameters

Variograms of hydrologic characteristics are usually obtained by estimating the experimental variogram for distinct lag classes by commonly used estimators and fitting a suitable function to these estimates. However, these estimators may fail the conditionally positive-definite property and the better results for the statistics of cross-validation, which are two essential conditions for choosing a valid variogram model. To satisfy these two conditions, a multi-objective bilevel programming estimator (MOBLP) which is based on the process of cross-validation has been developed for better estimate of variogram parameters. This model is illustrated with some rainfall data from Luan River Basin in China. The case study demonstrated that MOBLP is an effective way to achieve a valid variogram model.     

基于地质空间数据挖掘的区域成矿预测方法

以多源地质空间数据库和空间数据挖掘技术为基础,顾及地质数据的空间特征和不确定性,提出一种基于地质空间数据挖掘的区域成矿预测方法,主要包括:连续型地质空间数据离散化、成矿空间关系提取及属性化、成矿关联规则提取及质量评价、成矿关联规则综合评价与潜力制图.最后,以青海省东昆仑地区铁矿资源潜力预测为例进行实验,并将地质空间数据...     

分布式异构多级空间数据中心的研究与设计

多年来作为国土管理工作重要依据的空间数据不能进行及时有效地更新交换, 上下级之间数据不能同步, 以至各级审批节点只能进行费时、费力的“定性”审批.通过对国土资源数据现状的分析, 提出了树状层次结构数据中心部署模型, 详细分析了数据中心体系模型和数据中心交换模型; 在模型的基础上, 提出了表文件级更新和地理实体全球唯一编码的记录级数据更新方式, 完成了异构数据更新和传输子模块的设计, 实现了多级分布式数据中心之间的数据更新机制.实践表明, 在湖南省国土资源多级数据交换体系中成功应用后, 省厅与长沙市局之间能够远程动态实时交换空间数据, 实现了政务审批工作从定性粗放到定量精细的飞跃.      

Paleomagnetic study of the Messejana Plasencia dyke (Portugal and Spain): A lower Jurassic paleopole for the Iberian plate

The only Iberian lower Jurassic paleomagnetic pole come from the “Central Atlantic Magmatic Province”-related Messejana Plasencia dyke, but the age and origin of its remanence have been a matter of discussion. With the aim of solving this uncertainty, and to go further into a better understanding of its emplacement and other possible tectonic features, a systematic paleomagnetic investigation of 40 sites (625 specimens) distributed all along the 530 km of the Messejana Plasencia dyke has been carried out. Rock magnetic experiments indicate PSD low Ti-titanomagnetite and magnetite as the minerals carrying the NRM. The samples were mostly thermally demagnetized. Most sites exhibit a characteristic remanent component of normal polarity with the exception of two sites, where samples with reversed polarities have been observed. The paleomagnetic pole derived from a total of 35 valid sites is representative of the whole structure of the dyke, and statistically well defined, with values of PLa = 70.4°N, PLo = 237.6°E, K = 47.9 and A₉₅ = 3.5°. Paleomagnetic data indicates that: (i) there is no evidence of a Cretaceous remagnetization in the dyke, as it was suggested; (ii) most of the dyke had a brief emplacement time; furthermore, two dyke intrusion events separated in time from it by at least 10,000 y have been detected; (iii) the high grouping of the VGPs directions suggests no important tectonic perturbations of the whole structure of the dyke since its intrusion time; (iv) the pole derived from this study is a good quality lower Jurassic paleopole for the Iberian plate; and (v) the Messejana Plasencia dyke paleopole for the Iberian plate is also in agreement with quality-selected European and North American lower Jurassic paleopoles and the magnetic anomalies data sets that are available for rotate them to Iberia.