流体包裹体岩相学的一些问题探讨

流体包裹体岩相学是流体包裹体研究的基础和前提。在流体包裹体研究过程中,我们十分重视和强调选择什么样的 流体包裹体去做测温和分析。在流体色裹体岩相学中区分原生和次生包裹体十分重要。只有选择了原生流体包裹体后才能 进行显微测温学和流体包裹体成分分析。这种选择包裹体的过程(或步骤),确定流体包裹体的分类以及在显微镜下观察流 体包裹体捕获后的変化,是流体包裹体岩相学(Fluid inclusion petrography)最主要的内容。本文叙述流体包裹体岩相学的内容 和区分原生和次生流体包裹体的一些实例和方法,阐述了流体包裹体与主矿物之关系。     

川东黄龙组古岩溶储层的稳定同位系和流体性质

对川东黄龙组古岩溶储层的碳，氧，锶同位素特征进行了系统研究，结果表明储层中不同溶蚀强度，结构，成分的岩淀岩和胶结物稳定同位素地球化学特征各异，演化规律明显受水－岩反应过程中的水／岩比，流体性质，同位素来源和相对丰度，以及不同条件下同位素分馏平衡效应控制，并可作为判别储层形成过程中流体性质和古水文条件的重要标志。     

含油气盆地分析中流体输导系统的研究

盆地分析研究中流体输导系统的研究是一个重要的方面。在沉积盆地中,烃类流体从源岩到圈闭的过程整个是一个动态的过程。因此,在进行流体导系统的研究时,必须考虑油气源岩、流体输导层、封闭层在时空上的配置关系,然后才能建立起流体输导系统的整体格架,论述了流体输导系统的研究流程,包括源岩分析、构造格架和断层的分析、水动力学的研究等,并进一步强调了动态分析的方法来研究流体输导系统的必要性。最后,给出了流体输导系     

湖北省铜山口铜(钼)矿床成矿流体水岩反应数值模拟

湖北省铜山口铜(钼)矿床是一典型的夕卡岩 斑岩复合型矿床。通过对其流体包裹体的系统研究,确定了成矿流体的成分及温压条件;结合矿床学的研究,将成矿过程分解为两个平行的成矿阶段,即夕卡岩型矿化阶段和斑岩型矿化阶段。根据Johnson和Reed等人建立的水 岩反应模型,对该矿床的成矿流体与围岩的反应并析出金属沉淀的过程进行了数值模拟计算。结果表明:在斑岩型矿化阶段,成矿流体系统出现等焓减压沸腾过程并沉淀出大量的金属矿物,成矿流体分异为低盐度流体和高盐度流体;在夕卡岩型成矿阶段,沉淀出典型的夕卡岩矿物;在整个成矿过程中,成矿流体的pH值逐渐升高。模拟计算结果与实际地质现象非常吻合,说明所建立的水 岩反应模型可以为理解这一类复合型金属热液矿床的形成机制提供一个新的思路。     

地壳中的热流体活动与油气运移

地壳中的热流体活动实际就是地壳流体作用，是最近十多年来才被认识到并发展起来的前沿科学。地壳流体起着传输能量和搬运物质的作用，是地壳中最活跃的一种营力，直接影响和控制着整个地壳的构造、沉积、成岩和成矿等作用。通过对地壳流体的研究可能产生全新的地质科学理论。油气运移是发生在沉积盆地中的热流活动，它贯穿在整个油气的生成、运移、聚集和散失过程中，直接控制着油气藏的形成并影响着盆地中的构造活动和成岩作用。研究油气运移可以为研究整个地壳流体提供一个窗口和借鉴。不连续的幕式排烃机理可以使人们联想到地壳深部的变质流体也可能呈幕式活动并产生幕式的构造运动。在深部流体活动的作用下有必要对石油的无机成因学说、热降解机理和深盆热水运移等问题重新进行评估。     

6122铀矿床蚀变岩中的物质迁移变化

应用水热蚀变过程中不活动元素确定蚀变岩质量变化的方法，对6122铀矿床不同标高蚀变岩的物质组分迁移变化进行了定量计算，探讨了围岩蚀变垂直分带性和成矿流体性质。研究表明，6122铀矿床矿化围岩蚀变过程中TiO2为不活动组分；围岩蚀变垂直分带上存在“土酸下碱”的特征；成矿流体为富含Na^ 、P的碱性流体。     

当前流体包裹体研究和应用概况

本文概要总结近年来流体包裹体研究和应用的发展情况，包括流体包裹体岩相学，PVTX研究，分析技术和应用等四个方面。岩相学方面的主要进展反映在“流体包裹体组合”概念的提出和应用。在PVTX研究方面，人工包裹体和热液金刚石压腔的应用极大地促进了我们对地质流体体系相特征的了解。各种分析技术不断涌现或改进，其中以Laser-Raman对气体成分和LA-ICP—MS对溶质成分的分析尤其有用。流体包裹体的应用领域一直以矿床学研究为主，当前和今后一段时间仍将如此。但是，流体包裹体在地球科学的其它领域，尤其是石油地质以及岩浆和地球内部过程的研究等方面，正得到越来越多的应用。     

富碱侵入岩与金成矿关系：云南省姚安金矿床 成矿流体形成演化的微量元素和同位素证据

以产在姚安富碱侵入岩体内外接触带上的姚安金矿床为对象，对成矿流体形成演化过程中的微量元素和S、C同位素地球化学进行了综合研究。研究结果表明，富碱侵入岩成岩过程中分异出的岩浆流体提供了姚安金矿床早期成矿作用所必需的成矿流体；从早期成矿阶段至晚期成矿,民矿流体经历了从以岩浆流体为主的流体体系至以大气降水为主的流体体系的转变。因此，钙碱性侵入岩成岩过程中可分异出成矿流体的过程，也存在于富碱浸入岩的成岩过程中。     

川东黄龙组古岩溶储层的稳定同位素和流体性质

对川东黄龙组古岩溶储层的碳、氧、锶同位素特征进行了系统研究，结果表明储层中不同溶蚀强度、结构、成分的岩溶岩和胶结物稳定同位素地球化学特征各异，演化规律明显受水－岩反应过程中的水／岩比、流体性质、同位素来源和相对丰度，以及不同条件下的同位素分馏平衡效应控制，并可作为判别储层形成过程中流体性质和古水文条件的重要标志     

铜陵冬瓜山铜矿成矿流体特征和演化

本文通过对安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜矿床内石英闪长斑岩中石英斑晶和夕卡岩矿物中流体包裹体显微测温及流体氢、氧同位素的研究认为，早期夕卡岩的形成可能涉及到高温岩浆流体过程，而在成矿过程中，以热液流体为主，至少发生了两次构造减压沸腾作用。第一次发生于静岩压力约为112MPa，流体温度主要介于430～465℃之间，盐度介于7．9％～53．7％(NaCl eq．)之间，结果生成大量石英和磁铁矿；第二次发生于静岩压力约为83．6MPa，流体温度集中在340～389℃之间，盐度介于6．6％～52．1oA(NaCl eq．)之间。在成矿近于结束时，有少量大气降水混入，形成了少量低温、低盐度流体。此外，保存在石英斑晶和早期夕卡岩矿物中的高温岩浆流体也曾发生沸腾作用。沸腾作用对冬瓜山铜矿床的形成起到至关重要的作用。     

水文科学研究进展的回顾与展望

对水文科学的研究现状、主要进展和发展趋势进行了系统深入的总结和分析,其结果表明,社会需求是水文科学发展的根本动力,技术进步是水文科学发展的源泉。水文科学不仅要研究地表水文过程,还要研究各圈层界面上水分和能量交换过程,不仅要研究水在运动转化过程中的物理过程,还要研究水中各种化学成分的化学过程,特别需要加强水在水文循环和运动中生物过程的研究,从而使水文学向生态水文学的方向迈进。目前,生态水文学、全球气候变化影响是水文学研究的热点领域之一。今后除了进一步继续完善和深化水文科学的理论体系,还要不断丰富水文科学的社会服务功能,为经济建设和社会发展提供科技支撑。     

Petrogenetic implications of mineral chemical data for the Permian Baima igneous complex, SW China

The Late Permian Fe-Ti oxide ore-bearing Baima igneous complex (BIC) is one of three gabbro-granitoid complexes with the Emeishan large igneous province. Mineral compositions are determined for the BIC layered gabbro in order to constrain subsolidus and magma chamber processes. The averaged compositions of cumulus olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase within individual samples range from Fo_65-76, Mg# = 75 to 82 and An_49-64 but they are not correlative. The observed mineral compositions are consistent with those modeled using the pHMELTS program. Highly variable magnetite compositions are consistent with extensive subsolidus re-equilibration and exsolution. The occurrence of reversely-zoned granular olivine in Fe-Ti oxide ores is a manifestation of Mg transfer between Fe-Ti oxides and olivine at relatively high (<1150?°C) subsolidus temperatures. The primary oxide is inferred to be an aluminous titanomagnetite. Similar to other layered intrusions in the region, the gabbroic unit of the BIC displays Zr depletion which is consistent with loss of a residual liquid during magma differentiation. If the most Zr-rich syenites of the complex are taken into account, the Zr budgets between the combined gabbro-syenite and the basalts are similar. This indicates that the BIC most likely represents a closed system in terms of magma extraction.     

阔尔真阔腊浅成低温热液金矿床成矿作用与成矿模式初探

对阔尔真阔腊金矿床的成矿温度、微量元素与稀土元素含量、流体包裹体成份、硫、氢、氧、铷、锶等同位素资料的分析对比 ,探讨了该金矿床的成矿作用及其主要过程。认为该金矿床是一产于地洼区的浅成低温热液矿床 ,具有一系列多因复成矿床的基本成矿特征 ,其成矿至少经历了海西期地槽阶段的低温热液富集及中亚期地洼阶段的活化改造这两个重要阶段 ,并建立了其新的成矿模式。     

Interpretation of trace element and isotope features of basalts: relevance of field relations, petrology, major element data, phase equilibria, and magma chamber modeling in basalt petrogenesis

The concentrations and ratios of the major elements determine the physical properties and the phase equilibria behavior of peridotites and basalts in response to the changing energy contents of the systems. The behavior of the trace elements and isotopic features are influenced in their turn by the phase equilibria, by the physical character of the partial melting and partial crystallization processes, and by the way in which a magma interacts with its wall rocks. Concentrating on the trace element and isotope contents of basalts to the exclusion of the field relations, petrology, major element data, and phase equilibria is as improvident as slaughtering the buffalo for the sake of its tongue. The crust is a cool boundary layer and a density filter, which impedes the upward transfer of hot, dense “primary” picritic and komatiitic liquids. Planetary crusts are sites of large-scale contamination and extensive partial crystallization of primitive melts striving to escape to the surface. Escape of truly unmodified primitive melts to the surface is a rare event, requiring the resolution of daunting problems in chemical and mechanical engineering. Primary status for volumetrically abundant basalts such as mid-ocean ridge basalt, ocean island basalt, and continental flood basalts is denied by their low-pressure cotectic character, first remarked upon on petrological grounds in 1928 and on experimental grounds in 1962. These basalt liquids are products of crystal-liquid separation at low pressure. Primary status for these common basalts is further denied by the phase equilibria of such compositions at elevated pressures, when the required residual mantle mineralogy (magnesian olivine and orthopyroxene) is not stable at the liquidus. It is also denied by the picritic or komatiitic nature of partial melts of candidate upper-mantle compositions at high pressures—a conclusion supported by calculation of the melt composition, which would need to be extracted in order to explain the chemical variation between fertile and residual peridotite in natural ultramafic rock suites. The subtleties of magma chamber partial crystallization processes can produce an astounding array of “pseudospidergrams,” a small selection of which have been explored here. Major modification of the trace element geochemistry and trace element ratios, even those of the highly incompatible elements, must always be entertained whenever the evidence suggests the possibility of partial crystallization. At one extreme, periodically recharged, periodically tapped magma chambers might undergo partial crystallization by ∼95% consolidation of a succession of small packets of the magma. Refluxing of the 5% residual melts from such a process into the main body of melt would lead to eventual discrimination between highly incompatible elements in that residual liquid comparable with that otherwise achieved by 0.1 to 0.3% liquid extraction in equilibrium partial melting. Great caution needs to be exercised in attempting the reconstruction of more primitive compositions by addition of troctolite, gabbro, and olivine to apparently primitive lava compositions. Special attention is focussed on the phase equilibria involving olivine, plagioclase (i.e., troctolite), and liquid because a high proportion of erupted basalts carry these two phases as phenocrysts, yet the equilibria are restricted to crustal pressures and are only encountered by wide ranges of basaltic compositions at pressures less than 0.5 GPa. The mere presence of plagioclase phenocrysts may be sufficient to disqualify candidate primitive magmas. Determination of the actual contributions of crustal processes to petrogenesis requires a return to detailed field, experimental, and forensic petrologic studies of individual erupted basalt flows; of a multitude of cumulate gabbros and their contacts; and of upper-mantle outcrops.     

伸展盆地转换带分析──以松辽盆地北部为例

转换带可划分为５种类型：离散型转换带，汇聚型高凸起与低凸起转换，同向型高凸起与低凸起转换带。其中当伸展增加时，高凸起转换带可能发展为低凸起转换带。转换带的形成是由于变形地壳物质组成的不均一笥或区域张应力场的不均一性，而使伸展断层呈侧列或雁列式发生。松辽地发育种类型转换带，而以同向型高凸起低凸起转换带最为发育，推测高凸起转换带是盆岭式裂谷系的典型转换带。转换带是油气有利聚集区。     

Isotopic Evolution of Saline Lakes in the Low-Latitude and Polar Regions

Isotopic fractionations associated with two primary processes (evaporation and freezing of water) are discussed, which are responsible for the formation and evolution of saline lakes in deserts from both low-latitude and the Polar regions. In an evaporative system, atmospheric parameters (humidity and isotopic composition of water vapor) have strong influence on the isotopic behavior of saline lakes, and in a freezing system, salinity build-up largely controls the extent of freezing and associated isotope fractionation. In both systems, salinity has a direct impact on the isotopic evolution of saline lakes. It is proposed that a steady-state “terminal lake” model with short-term hydrologic and environmental perturbations can serve as a useful framework for investigating both evaporative and freezing processes of perennial saline lakes. Through re-assessment of own work and literature data for saline lakes, it was demonstrated that effective uses of the isotope activity compositions of brines and salinity-chemistry data could reveal dynamic changes and evolution in the isotopic compositions of saline lakes in response to hydrologic and environmental changes. The residence time of isotopic water molecules in lakes determines the nature of responses in the isotopic compositions following perturbations in the water and isotope balances (e.g., dilution by inflow, water deficit by increased evaporation, and/or reduction in inflow). The isotopic profiles of some saline lakes from the Polar regions show that they switched the two contrasting modes of operation between evaporative and freezing systems, in response to climate and hydrological changes in the past.     

Compound-specific isotopic analyses: a novel tool for reconstruction of ancient biogeochemical processes

Patterns of isotopic fractionation in biogeochemical processes are reviewed and it is suggested that isotopic fractionations will be small when substrates are large. If so, isotopic compositions of biomarkers will reflect those of their biosynthetic precursors. This prediction is tested by consideration of results of analyses of geoporphyrins and geolipids from the Greenhorn Formation (Cretaceous, Western Interior Seaway of North America) and the Messel Shale (Eocene, lacustrine, southern Germany). It is shown (i) that isotopic compositions of porphyrins that are related to a common source, but which have been altered structurally, cluster tightly and (ii) that isotopic differences between geolipids and porphyrins related to a common source are equal to those observed in modern biosynthetic products. Both of these observations are consistent with preservation of biologically controlled isotopic compositions during diagenesis. Isotopic compositions of individual compounds can thus be interpreted in terms of biogeochemical processes in ancient depositional environments. In the Cretaceous samples, isotopic compositions of n-alkanes are covariant with those of total organic carbon, while delta values for pristane and phytane are covariant with those of porphyrins. In this unit representing an open marine environment, the preserved acyclic polyisoprenoids apparently derive mainly from primary material, while the extractable, n-alkanes derive mainly from lower levels of the food chain. In the Messel Shale, isotopic compositions of individual biomarkers range from -20.9 to -73.4% vs PDB. Isotopic compositions of specific compounds can be interpreted in terms of origin from methylotrophic, chemautotrophic, and chemolithotrophic microorganisms as well as from primary producers that lived in the water column and sediments of this ancient lake.     

An Overview of the Applications of Lipid Carbon Isotope Compositions in the Paleoenvironmental and Paleoecological Reconstructions in Lacustrine and Peat Deposits

Lipids preserved in geological materials mainly originate from cell membrane and leaf waxes, and have the potential to infer biological sources, metabolic pathways, and environmental information. Thus,lipid-based proxies have been widely applied to reconstruct paleoenvironment and paleoecology in the Quaternary. Except the concentration and molecular composition, the carbon isotope compositions of lipids are also a type of important signal sources. For photoautotrophs, the carbon isotope compositions of lipids are mainly mediated by the carbon isotope discrimination during the photosynthesis and lipid biosynthesis processes. In contrast, the carbon isotope compositions of heterotroph derived lipids are controlled by substrates and the carbon isotope fractionation during biosynthesis. In this review, we overview the advances of applications of lipid carbon isotope ratios in lacustrine and peat deposits. In the near future, more attention is suggested to pay to instrumental techniques, such as reduce the sample amount, direct analysis the carbon isotope compositions of molecules with relatively large molecular weight (e.g. BHPs, GDGTs), and widely application of compound-specific radiocarbon isotope analysis. In addition, combination of carbon isotope ratios from multi lipids, or the application of dual carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of lipids, will shed more information on the response of ecological processes to climate changes. Furthermore, more works are worthy to investigate the relation between biogeochemical processes and paleoclimate changes in the Quaternary.     

Multiple ways of producing intermediate and silicic rocks within Thingmúli and other Icelandic volcanoes

Major and trace element compositions of rocks and coexisting phenocrysts of the Thingmúli volcano suggest a revision of the existing models for the formation of intermediate and silicic melts in Iceland. The new data define two compositional tholeiitic trends with a significant gap between them. A high-iron trend (HFe) contains 6–14 wt% total FeO in silicic rocks with c. 1 wt% MgO, as well as sodic plagioclase and hedenbergite phenocrysts. A low-iron trend (LFe) contains 3–5 wt% FeO at c. 1 wt% MgO, which is typical of Iceland but higher than MORB compositions. The most evolved phenocrysts of the LFe trend do not reach iron-rich end members. The HFe trend is interpreted as a result of fractional crystallization; numerical modelling using the MELTS algorithm suggests that crystallization took place under redox conditions constrained to one-log unit below the fayalite-magnetite-quartz oxygen buffer (FMQ-1). The LFe trend is explained by a combination of mixing between rhyolite and ferrobasalt, assimilation of hydrated crust and fractional crystallization under higher redox conditions (FMQ). The two trends and the gap are best defined in a plot of Mg# versus SiO₂ that is useful to unravel petrogenetic processes. For example, intermediate and silicic rocks of the Holocene volcanic systems of spreading rifts (e.g. Krafla), propagating rifts (e.g. Hekla) and off-rifts (Öræfajökull) also fall into high- and low-iron fields and outline a gap similar to Thingmúli. The identification of two compositional trends in erupted intermediate and silicic volcanic products shows that processes in the deep roots of single volcanic systems are highly diverse and likely controlled by local variations in the thermal gradients and the extend of hydrothermal alteration. Generalizations about the relationship between the compositions of intermediate and silicic rocks and plate tectonic setting, therefore, should be avoided.     

变质作用高峰期后的离子再交换与纯转换反应及对温度压力计算的影响

变质程度达角闪岩相及麻粒岩相的各类变质岩石在变质作用高峰期后，如果降温速率比较慢，往往发生退变质性质的离子再交换反应与纯转换反应。这两类退变质反应不可避免地改造了变质高峰期的矿物成分，使岩石不能准确记录变质作用各阶段的矿物成分和变质作用p-T轨迹。对这两类反应的研究已成为近年来变质岩石学研究的热点之一。本文通过研究实例，简要综述了基性麻粒岩中石榴子石-斜方辉石之间的Fe-Mg再交换反应、酸性麻粒岩中斜长石-碱性长石之间的K-Na再交换反应、泥质片麻岩中石榴子石变斑晶边部的部分分解(纯转换)反应，以及恢复变质高峰期矿物成分和计算变质高峰期p-T条件的方法。指出只有在准确恢复变质高峰期变质矿物成分的基础上，获得的变质作用p-T-t轨迹才能反映客观地质事实。