多基站模式下的实时与自适应室内定位方法研究

无线通信网络的增值推动了适宜和有效的室内外定位的发展。提出WLAN环境下多基站辅助的自适应定位方法,此方法基于由多个基站信息及其与位置指纹样本点之间的映射关系实时生成的位置指纹库估算移动站的位置。其中,基站与位置指纹样本点对应信号强度之间的映射通过BP神经网络构建。此方法不但能够适应环境中小尺度扰动因素,还能够通过对基站信息的内插适应大尺度环境变化情况。另外,此方法采用的信号强度差分度量,能有效削弱多个设备之间的差异造成的定位误差。试验结果显示该方法能够在动态环境中精确定位目标。     

黑龙江省地理信息产业园与移动公司服务合作

黑龙江省地理信息产业园与中国移动通信集团黑龙江有限公司达成战略合作协议,共同开发黑龙江省位置服务市场。省移动公司在移动通信网络覆盖（基站建设）、信道、线路租用、2G／3G技术支持等方面;省地理信息产业园在导航定位信息分布式计算、电子地图网络化服务、地理信息更新与维护方面,提供技术和数据资源的支撑。共同开展基于位置的导航、定位、监控以及增值业务。     

信号遮挡环境下融合TOA/AOD的5G/SINS组合导航算法模型与精度分析

为解决可观测基站受遮挡情况下仅采用到达时间（time of arrived, TOA）无法定位或精度较差的问题,将第5代移动通信技术（5th generation,5G）中多天线阵列提供的信号离开角（angle of departure, AOD）应用在定位解算中,通过卡尔曼滤波将5G定位与捷联惯性导航（strapdown inertial navigation system,SINS）融合,构成融合TOA/AOD的5G/SINS组合导航方案。通过模拟可观测5G基站数量充足、遮挡这两类场景下的仿真实验,对基于TOA的5G定位、基于TOA/AOD的5G定位、TOA组合导航、TOA/AOD组合导航这4种解算方法的位置误差进行了比较。仿真实验结果表明,当可观测基站受遮挡时,融合TOA/AOD进行5G/SINS组合导航能确保100%的定位成功率,并有效降低组合导航发散的概率,减小40%~70%的位置误差。     

一种基于低功耗蓝牙的室内定位技术

本文提出了一种基于蓝牙基站的室内定位解决方案。该技术方案中,蓝牙基站由低功耗蓝牙模块组成,在需要定位的室内空间均匀部署一定数量的蓝牙基站,每个蓝牙基站可以创建一个信号区域,并周期性地向外界广播自己独有的与位置信息对应的mac(media access control)地址和RSSI(Received Signal Strength Indication)值。当携带有蓝牙终端设备的用户进入该信号区域,就会接收蓝牙基站广播的RSSI值和mac地址,然后通过基于泰勒级数线性化的最小二乘迭代算法进行精确定位。实验结果表明,该系统定位精度在2.5 m以内,满足绝大多数的室内定位需求。     

单基站基于波达角度的刚体位置姿态最大似然估计

针对刚体定位同时估计目标的位置和姿态信息的问题，研究了在三维空间中利用单基站进行刚体定位（RBL）的框架.该框架采用单个基站对安装在刚性目标表面的小规模无线传感器信号的波达方向进行测量，并将其与传感器拓扑信息融合，提出了两种用于RBL的最大似然估计算子.利用改进的高斯-牛顿算法对旋转矩阵和平移向量的最大似然估计算子进行优化估计，解算出了目标物体的三维位置和姿态.仿真结果表明，文中提出的最大似然算子可以接近理论克拉美罗下限，并且在收敛成功率和运算成本方面具有较为出色的性能.      

基于GPS／北斗网络RTK算法实现与结果分析

随着GPS现代化的发展以及中国北斗二代的实施,GPS／BDS组合导航系统在各个行业领域和亚太地区各个国家得到日益广泛的应用,国际海运事业无线电技术委员会（RTCM）增加了北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）星历电文并支持BDS载波相位差分应用使得北斗的地基增强系统在各行业中的应用更加重要。本文介绍相对定位基本模型,单基站实时运态（RTK）与多基站RTK基本原理以及虚拟参考站（VRS）定位方法,通过采集GPS／BDS观测值,分析单基站RTK与多基站定位结果。结果表明,若流动站与基准站距离较短,多基站与单基站定位精度均能得到厘米级定位结果;在流动站与基准站距离较长时,GPS／BDS双频多基站RTK的定位精度能达到厘米级定位结果,可用性强。      

基于不同GNSS增强系统的激光巡线数据分析

无人直升机搭载激光雷达（LiDAR）进行输电线路巡检具有高精度、低成本的优点,为了获取高精度输电线路三维点云高精度地理空间坐标,采用基于基站差分动态后处理（PPK）、江苏省连续运行参考站（JS-CORS）、千寻位置（QX-CORS）等三种不同定位服务方式进行输电线路巡检,分析了三种定位下获取的点位定位精度以及点云质量. 实际结果表明,PPK定位方式平面检核点与高程检核点误差平均值皆在0.1 m以内,其精度最高,数据质量最好,JS-CORS实时定位方式与QX-CORS实时定位方式精度次之. 为无人直升机搭载LiDAR进行输电线路巡检选择定位方式提供了参考.      

地球空间信息科学技术进展（1）

地球空间信息（Geo—Spacial Information）是指与地球上地理空间位置有关的信息。地球空间信息技术主要指遥感（Remote Sensing，RS）、地理信息系统（Geographic Information System，GIS）、定位和导航技术（Global Position System，GPS），俗称3S技术。随着现代通信技术与网络计算技术的发展，地球空间信息技术已经发展成为一个影响经济建设、社会发展、国家安全、科学研究等国家活动和民众生活各个方面的高新技术产业领域。     

超宽带应急定位基站布设研究

针对应急场景下人员位置难以确定的问题,通过合理布设超宽带定位基站,能为人员位置确定提供有力支撑。该文设定了4种定位基站布设方案,通过仿真定位实验统计分析了不同布设方案中精度因子(DOP)值的分布,通过实测定位实验统计分析了测试轨迹的DOP值变化和测试点位的定位误差。结果显示,测试点位的DOP值的变化受到定位基站布设的区域范围、数目和高度等因素影响,当测试点位在基站所围成的几何图形的封闭区域内部、合理增加基站数目以及测试点位与基站的高度角较大的情况下,测试点位的VDOP值和PDOP值较小;同时,定位终端与基站的几何构型影响测距误差,进而影响定位误差。表明,通过合理布设定位基站,优化定位终端与基站的几何构型,减小DOP值,同时顾及测距误差影响,从而提高终端定位精度。     

一种适用于手机基站定位的地图匹配方法

本文提出了一种适用于手机基站定位(Cell-ID)的地图匹配方法,基本思想是先采用线性加权方法提高Cell-ID定位的精度,然后利用定位过程中的历史信息,综合考虑距离、角度等因素来完成地图匹配。实验结果表明在基站分布比较密集的城市区域,该匹配方法能够适用于手机基站定位,满足精度要求比较低的位置服务应用需要。     

Calibrating the dynamic Huff model for business analysis using location big data

The Huff model has been widely used in location‐based business analysis to delineate a trade area containing a store’s potential customers. Calibrating the Huff model and its extensions requires empirical location visit data. Many studies rely on labor‐intensive surveys. With the increasing availability of mobile devices, users in location‐based platforms share rich multimedia information about their locations at a fine spatio‐temporal resolution, which offers opportunities for business intelligence. In this research, we present a time‐aware dynamic Huff model (T‐Huff) for location‐based market share analysis and calibrate this model using large‐scale store visit patterns based on mobile phone location data across the 10 most populated US cities. By comparing the hourly visit patterns of two types of stores, we demonstrate that the calibrated T‐Huff model is more accurate than the original Huff model in predicting the market share of different types of business (e.g., supermarkets versus department stores) over time. We also identify the regional variability where people in large metropolitan areas with a well‐developed transit system show less sensitivity to long‐distance visits. In addition, several socioeconomic and demographic factors (e.g., median household income) that potentially affect people’s visit decisions are examined and summarized.     

基于移动终端的位置地图服务研究综述

位置信息服务已经成为目前现代服务业的重要构成之一,也是未来移动应用的发展方向之一。作为位置信息服务中的位置地图成为支撑位置服务业发展的关键。本文重点对位置地图服务中涉及的移动终端、移动地理信息和移动地图三个关键技术问题进行了研究分析,总结了目前研究中存在的问题,并提出了今后发展趋势和研究方向,为移动位置服务,尤其是移动位置地图的研究,提供重要的借鉴和参考。     

A Location Aware Mobile Tool for Direct and Indirect Climate Data Sensors

Access to GIS data from mobile platforms continues to be a challenge and there is a wide range of fields where it is extremely useful. In this work, we combined three key aspects: climate data sensors, mobile platforms and spatial proximity operations. We published and made use of a web 2.0 network of climate data, where content is user‐collected, by means of their meteorological stations, and exposed as available information for the virtual community. Moreover, we enriched this data by giving the users the opportunity to directly inform the system with different climate measures. In general, management of this type of information from a mobile application could result in an important decision tool, as it enables us to provide climate‐related data according to a context and a geographical location. Therefore, we implemented a native mobile application for iPhone and iPad platforms by using ArcGIS SDK for iOS and by integrating a series of ArcGIS webmaps, which allows us to perform geospatial queries based on the user's location, offering, at the same time, access to all the data provided by the climate data sensor network and from direct users.     

A Test Environment for Location-Based Services Applications

Location‐Based Services (LBS) are the delivery of information to mobile devices customised to location and context of the user. Some research has focused on data content, while other studies have emphasised the role of multimedia communication. However, very few objective tests have been carried out concerning usage and behaviour. In this paper, a conceptual model and a LBS test environment are presented which aim to study the behaviour and interaction between environments, individuals and mobile devices. The test environment was created, for this purpose, with three main components: urban VR models that allow individuals to ‘walk around’ at street level, a mobile device as information source which simulates LBS applications, and software for recording participant actions and reactions within the test environment. Multi‐source data were collected regarding movement tracking, information accessed through mobile device and participant observations using a combination of automated and semi‐automated methods. A case study on pedestrian wayfinding in urban settings is presented. This illustrates how the test environment can be used for LBS applications and how the data collected can be analysed. The research presented in this paper provides a novel approach in studying and understanding the interaction between environments, individuals and mobile devices.     

Location-based services: technical and business issues

Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies are expanding their traditional applications to embrace a stream of consumer-focused, location-based applications. Through an integration with handheld devices capable of wireless communication and mobile computing, a wide range of what may be generically referred to as 'Location-Based Services' (LBS) may be offered to mobile users. A location-based service is able to provide targeted spatial information to mobile workers and consumers. These include utility location information, personal or asset tracking, concierge and route-guidance information, to name just a few of the possible LBS. The technologies and applications of LBS will play an ever increasingly important role in the modern, mobile, always-connected society. This paper endeavours to provide some background to the technology underlying location-based services, and to discuss some issues related to developing and launching LBS. These include whether wireless mobile technologies are ready to support LBS, which mobile positioning technologies can be used and what are their shortcomings, and how GIS developers manipulate spatial information to generate appropriate map images on mobile devices (such as cell phones and PDAs). In addition, the authors discuss such issues as interoperability, privacy protection and the market demand for LBS. Electronic Publication     

基于LBS的嵌入式GIS研究--以北京市综合交通信息平台设计为例

GIS是LBS的位置定位、导航及地图表达的基础技术支撑。针对LBS的固定服务端与移动终端的信息交互需求，提出了平台GIS与移动GIS的概念；针对移动GIS，提出了嵌入式、软件插件组合技术，确定了无线下载的事件表结构；将此用于北京市交通综合信息平台设计，实现了LBS的数据与业务分离、实时信息的自动交互、移动终端的位置确定与表达。     

基于SVG的开放式LBS系统设计与实现

基于SVG适合互联网传输的矢量数据格式 ,讨论了在基于位置的服务 (LBS)系统和移动终端上应用SVG作为GIS数据传输的可行性 ,结合J2ME和J2EE的技术特点 ,设计了一个开放的、可支持多种终端的LBS系统 ,并以掌上电脑作为移动终端 ,实现了该LBS系统。     

Identifying stops from mobile phone location data by introducing uncertain segments

Identifying stops is a primary step in acquiring activity‐related information from mobile phone location data to understand the activity patterns of individuals. However, signal jumps in mobile phone location data may create “fake moves,” which will generate fake activity patterns of “stops‐and‐moves.” These “fake moves” share similar spatiotemporal features with real short‐distance moves, and the stops and moves of trajectories (SMoT), which is the most extensively used stop identification model, often fails to distinguish them when the dataset has coarse temporal resolution. This study proposes the stops, moves, and uncertainties of trajectories (SMUoT) model to address this issue by introducing uncertain segment analysis to distinguish “fake moves” and real short‐distance moves. A real mobile phone location dataset collected in Shenzhen, China is used to evaluate the performance of SMUoT. We find that SMUoT improves the performance (i.e., 15 and 19% increase in accuracy and recall rate for a one‐hour temporal resolution dataset, respectively) of stop identification and exhibits high robustness to parameter settings. With a better reliability of “stops‐and‐moves” pattern identification, the proposed SMUoT can benefit various individual activity‐related research based on mobile phone location data for many fields, such as urban planning, traffic analysis, and emergency management.     

Mobile Space-Time Envelopes for Location-Based Services

The convergence and miniaturisation of a range of information and communication technologies, together with increasing bandwidth availability and near ubiquity of mobile phones, are giving rise to a technological environment in which location‐based services (LBS) can realistically develop. In this paper we review the nature of location‐based services and the implications for data and spatial queries. In doing so, we put forward a research agenda that arises for geographical information science and engineering. Central to LBS are problems of response time and the information utility of responses to queries and any pushed alerts, where information utility refers to content, timeliness and geographical footprint. Within a publish/subscribe model of LBS provision, we propose mobile space‐time envelopes as a novel approach to event brokerage. These envelopes simultaneously provide ‘soft clip’ pruning of candidate data sets in anticipation of queries, and provide the trigger that subscribers are pertinently in‐range for alerts. We present the geometrical, algebraic and algorithmic concepts of mobile space‐time envelopes and provide an example of these mobile envelopes in action. We conclude with a discussion of how this initial implementation could be further developed to incorporate added spatio‐temporal intelligence.     

Enhancing mobile applications by combination of GNSS and W-CDMA

The location requirements for emergency callers outside urban areas can hardly be fulfilled without global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Consequently, interest in positioning techniques based on use of a GNSS such as GPS or on the cellular network infrastructure itself is growing rapidly in the mobile-telephone community. Moreover, the increasing demand for commercial location-based services (LBS) has driven cellular-phone and network manufacturers to focus on positioning solutions which are even more accurate than the regulatory mandates for positioning of emergency callers. One example of these upcoming LBS is our PARAMOUNT project, which aims at improving user-friendly info-mobility services for hikers and mountaineers by combining wireless communications (GMTS), satellite navigation (GNSS) and geographic information systems (GIS), based on a mobile client/server architecture. The availability of mobile phones or PDAs with combined GNSS and cellular network-based wireless communication on a high integration level is one primary demand of such LBS applications. Based on this, we will give some initial answers to the question of whether mobile handset architecture synergies exist for the combination of GNSS with wireless location in CDMA cellular wireless networks. In order to identify synergies, we will outline similarities and differences between wireless communication and satellite navigation. In this respect, we pay particular attention to the so-called RAKE receiver architecture employed in mobile CDMA cellular handsets. Our initial investigations will show that the RAKE receiver architecture, on which mobile CDMA cellular handsets are based, will most likely be the one most suitable for achieving synergies between the two positioning techniques within the same mobile handset architecture. Consequently, several receiver components could be used to handle both types of signals (navigation and communications), resulting in a reduction of manufacturing costs and in a decrease in energy consumption. Electronic Publication